蘇鴻鈞 榮潤國 歐俊廷 李民瞻
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(obstructive sleep apnoea hypopneu syndrome,OSAHS)是一種常見的兒童疾病,其特點是睡眠時上呼吸道間歇性的部分或完全閉塞,導(dǎo)致氣體交換暫停、間歇缺氧、頻繁的覺醒和影響睡眠質(zhì)素。該疾病的患病率全取決于不同的診斷標準,如按照ICSD-II的診斷標準,在香港約有4.8%的兒童患?。?-2]。引起OSAHS的原因眾多,肥胖是其中主要原因之一,大多過胖人士的頸部都會因有過多的脂肪積聚,而令上呼吸道收窄,容易形成阻塞。另外呼吸道的多余軟組織(例如較為肥大的扁桃腺),舌頭或喉嚨肌肉太過松弛時也可能會阻塞呼吸道[3]。早前大部分有關(guān)兒童OSAHS的論著都集中于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)及認知的影響,甚少觸及心血管系統(tǒng)。近年卻發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童OSAHS會伴隨出現(xiàn)心血管系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥[4-5]。心血管系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥在兒童期出現(xiàn),也可能會影響其成年以后的生活。本文將提出具體的心血管系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,并介紹它們在兒童OSAHS的相關(guān)機制和潛在的影響。
香港中文大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院兒科學(xué)系聯(lián)同精神科學(xué)系在2003年2月至2006年12月期間,進行了一項兒童OSAHS的流行病學(xué)研究。研究的其中一個目的是探討兒童OSAHS與血壓的關(guān)系。透過隨機抽樣,從13所小學(xué)抽取共306名年齡介乎6至13歲的學(xué)生,參與睡眠檢查和動態(tài)血壓(ambulatory blood pressure,ABP)監(jiān)測[6]。研究結(jié)果顯示,患有OSAS的兒童無論在日間或夜間的血壓都比正常兒童高。血壓的增幅隨著OSAS的嚴重性而上升。至于患有中度至嚴重程度OSAS的兒童,其患上夜間收縮期高血壓及舒張期高血壓的風(fēng)險分別比正常兒童高出近4倍及3.3倍。另即使兒童只患有單純鼾癥,其血壓也有顯著的上升[7]。事實上,Guilleminault等[8]早在1976年就發(fā)表了OSAHS患兒有較高的血壓值。爾后Marcus及Kohyama等[9-10]的研究結(jié)果也顯示,兒童OSAHS患者相比習(xí)慣性打鼾的兒童的動脈血壓顯著較高。這些研究結(jié)果近年來已進一步獲得證實[11-12]。
采用24 h ABP監(jiān)測被認為是高血壓診斷的標準,在OSAS兒童使用24 h ABP監(jiān)測,能額外為兒童已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)血液動力學(xué)的改變提供支持論點。Amin等[13]報導(dǎo)OSAS兒童會出現(xiàn)以下情況:①ABP的變異性增加;②夜間/日間血壓比值較大。Leung等[14]的研究也顯示OSAS兒童的24 h收縮壓平均值及夜間舒張壓明顯較高,盡管這些兒童與對照組相比有較高的身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)值。
顯然,不同程度的OSAHS對兒童血壓的影響仍是初步的,擴大的人口隊列研究能有助評估OSAS的嚴重程度對ABP升高的實際影響。然而,根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的有限證據(jù),仍可合理推算兒童OSAHS會導(dǎo)致血壓升高的各種假定機制。影響自主神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)可能是主要的機制,最終導(dǎo)致患者的血管彈性持續(xù)下降導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)性高血壓[15-16]。其他實驗室報告進一步表明,睡眠時間歇缺氧也會影響腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)[17]。
高血壓是引起左心室代償性肥大和室間隔增厚的公認機制。最近的研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)OSAHS不僅可以引致高血壓,更能導(dǎo)致心臟重塑[18]。此外,成人OSAHS患者已被證明能誘發(fā)左心室收縮和舒張功能障礙[19-21]。
迄今為止,只有很少研究探索心臟功能和結(jié)構(gòu)與兒童OSAHS的關(guān)系[22]。有研究顯示OSAHS兒童的心室舒張功能下降,但是當(dāng)OSAHS改善后這種情況亦會改善。此外,這些證據(jù)亦顯示,雖然高血壓可能是干擾因素,但OSAHS兒童確實有左心室肥大的問題,這樣至少反映血壓升高和OSAHS很可能改變了左心室的結(jié)構(gòu)[23-24]。
本課題組的研究正好在這方面提供了進一步的證據(jù),對101名6至13歲兒童進行多導(dǎo)睡眠圖(polysomnography,PSG)和心臟B超檢查,按PSG結(jié)果把他們分為三組,參考組[呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(apnea hyponea index,AHI)<1,n=35],輕度 OSAHS組(AHI 1~5,n=39),中度至重度組(AHI>5,n=27)[25]。治療包括扁桃體切除術(shù)或鼻類固醇提供給輕度,中度至重度OSAHS組。結(jié)果顯示中度至重度OSAHS組比對參考組有較高的右心室(right ventricle,RV)和收縮期容積指數(shù)(right ventricular stroke volume index,RVSVI),較低的RV射血分數(shù)(right ventricular ejection fraction,RVEF)和更高的RV心肌性能指數(shù)(right ventricular myocardial performance index,RVMPI)。他們也有較顯著的左心室舒張功能不全及重構(gòu),其心室間隔較厚,心壁厚度也相對較大。以上影響?yīng)毩⒂诜逝忠蛩?。降低AHI(>50%)能有效改善上述異常情況。
同樣,亦有證據(jù)顯示37%的OSAHS兒童有右心室功能不全的問題,并可致肺動脈壓升高[26-27]。對于治療兒童OSAHS是否可以解決肺動脈高壓和右室功能障礙仍需進一步的探討。此外,兒童時期經(jīng)常暴露于缺氧環(huán)境,可能首先影響肺循環(huán),其影響甚至延續(xù)到成年,更容易導(dǎo)致肺動脈高血壓[28]。
動脈彈性是通過脈波傳導(dǎo)速度(pulse wave velocity,PWV)的測量來估計的,在成人中它是心血管風(fēng)險的一個重要預(yù)報因子[29]。在習(xí)慣性打鼾的兒童中檢查PWV和血壓(blood pressure,BP)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們比對照組有更高的收縮壓,舒張壓和平均血壓。此外,在習(xí)慣性打鼾的兒童中,PWV明顯上升,動脈彈性下降[30]。最近一項研究也提供了OSAHS兒童存在內(nèi)皮細胞功能不良的證據(jù)。內(nèi)皮充血是內(nèi)皮細胞功能受損的標志,有26名OSAHS兒童被發(fā)現(xiàn)有這種情況,并且在治療以后的4~6個月,這情況得以改善,證明內(nèi)皮細胞的功能是可逆的,特別在那些沒有心血管疾病家史的人士中[31]。
現(xiàn)今醫(yī)學(xué)界對于兒童OSAHS與心血管疾病的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)日漸增加。這些研究結(jié)果有著重要的臨床意義,因兒童心血管疾病有著與成年人心血管疾病和代謝綜合癥相似的高危因素,故此兒童和成人出現(xiàn)心血管疾病時,同樣會面對相同的風(fēng)險,包括較易出現(xiàn)腦血管疾病和充血性心力衰竭。所以當(dāng)兒童出現(xiàn)OSAHS的相關(guān)癥狀時,應(yīng)及早接受檢查,以確定是否患有OSAHS,并給予相應(yīng)的治療。研究人員應(yīng)繼續(xù)進行更多有關(guān)兒童OSAHS的研究。此外,其它睡眠問題如睡眠不足、失眠等與心血管疾病的關(guān)系亦有待進一步研究,以便讓人們對睡眠與心血管的關(guān)系有更全面的了解。
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