John Murtagh
譯者按:醫(yī)療負(fù)性事件是指由于衛(wèi)生服務(wù)方面的原因所導(dǎo)致的病人疾病、損傷甚至死亡。研究表明, 藥物負(fù)性事件占負(fù)性事件的絕大部分, 而且大多數(shù)負(fù)性事件是可以通過(guò)服務(wù)質(zhì)量改進(jìn)行動(dòng)而避免的。全科醫(yī)學(xué)服務(wù)中同樣存在醫(yī)學(xué)負(fù)性事件,Murtagh教授在這個(gè)案例中討論了因藥物導(dǎo)致病人哮喘的事件,并探討怎樣從藥物管理、加強(qiáng)醫(yī)患溝通、完善病歷等方面, 預(yù)防負(fù)性事件的發(fā)生。
病人, 彭敏, 女, 67歲, 身體一直很健康。這次來(lái)全科醫(yī)學(xué)診所就診, 主訴原因是感到頭疼和頸項(xiàng)疼。病人以往有偏頭疼、輕度高血壓、頸椎病。目前服用的藥物有氯噻酮 (利尿降壓藥)500 mg/d, 并在需要的時(shí)候服用撲熱息痛。體檢發(fā)現(xiàn), 病人血壓較高, 185/105 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)。
治療效果:給病人開(kāi)心血管選擇性β -受體阻滯劑。初步療效不錯(cuò), 病人感覺(jué)好多了, 偏頭疼減輕, 血壓穩(wěn)定在145/90 mm Hg。
就診主訴是夜間突發(fā)嚴(yán)重的咳嗽。給病人進(jìn)行身體檢查,并安排X光檢查。體檢和放射檢查均未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常。
治療和效果:我安慰她, 讓她消除顧慮, 并給她開(kāi)潤(rùn)喉止咳糖漿, 讓她夜間服用。幾天后, 病人的丈夫給我打電話:“大夫!彭敏晚上咳嗽的非常厲害, 簡(jiǎn)直快讓我瘋掉了!我特別懷疑你給她的藥是不是能真的有作用。我也去藥店了, 想試試各種不同的止咳藥, 可是根本不管用?!?/p>
我約病人再來(lái)看病。晚上病人如約而至, 我給她做體檢,聽(tīng)診發(fā)現(xiàn)哮喘音。給病人做簡(jiǎn)單的肺功能測(cè)試, 證實(shí)病人存在阻塞性肺功能障礙, 且通過(guò)支氣管擴(kuò)張噴霧劑可以緩解癥狀。我詢問(wèn)病人是否以前被診斷過(guò)支氣管哮喘, 病人驚叫著說(shuō):“我的天啊, 大夫, 我從小到大就沒(méi)得過(guò)哮喘??!”
治療和效果:彭敏的病, 是由于服用β -受體阻滯劑引起的醫(yī)源性哮喘。從她的病歷記載中, 并不能提示她的這種病情, 但是作為全科醫(yī)生, 我應(yīng)該在給病人開(kāi)藥前, 詢問(wèn)病人是否存在這個(gè)問(wèn)題。我的治療措施是讓病人停止服用β -受體阻滯藥, 改用血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑 (ACE), 同時(shí)給病人開(kāi)舒喘寧。
彭敏的哮喘一直沒(méi)有好轉(zhuǎn)。7 d后讓病人來(lái)復(fù)診, 發(fā)現(xiàn)病人的情況沒(méi)有任何改善, 我給病人加上了皮質(zhì)類固醇噴霧劑。2個(gè)星期后病人再來(lái)復(fù)診, 發(fā)現(xiàn)情況仍然沒(méi)有改善, 我又讓病人短期口服類固醇??诜惞檀嫉拇_緩解了病情, 可是一旦停用類固醇, 繼續(xù)用噴霧劑, 哮喘就會(huì)再出現(xiàn)。
經(jīng)過(guò)這番周折, 病人終于緩解了病情。不過(guò)遺憾的是, 因β -受體阻滯藥導(dǎo)致的哮喘病將伴隨病人的余生。
在墨爾本舉行的一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)上, 一些全科醫(yī)生報(bào)告和分析了病人錯(cuò)誤使用抗哮喘噴霧劑的情況。醫(yī)生們認(rèn)為這種情況很多, 主要表現(xiàn)為病人把抗哮喘噴霧劑:
直接噴在胸部
直接噴在腋下
通過(guò)鼻孔噴入
噴在床上 (殺螨蟲(chóng))
1) 集葉率與作業(yè)效率都與手持作業(yè)時(shí)移動(dòng)剪葉器的速度有關(guān),過(guò)快雖作業(yè)效率高,但集葉率相對(duì)要低一些;過(guò)慢作業(yè)效率低,但集葉效果要好。因此,在具體操作過(guò)程中,要兼顧效率和集葉效果,掌握好移動(dòng)速度。
大多數(shù)錯(cuò)誤使用抗哮喘噴霧劑的病人是老年人, 你可能怪罪病人不懂或老糊涂了。但我們應(yīng)該非常清楚, 在日常診療服務(wù)中存在一些嚴(yán)重的醫(yī)患溝通問(wèn)題。
要針對(duì)第一次使用噴霧劑的病人, 詳細(xì)地解釋正確噴霧的方法。而且要在隨診過(guò)程中檢查病人的使用方法。
夜間咳嗽 (特別是兒童)往往提示初期的支氣管哮喘。如果病人主訴是夜間咳嗽, 一定不要忘記這種診斷的可能性。
一定要盡可能地詳細(xì)和準(zhǔn)確地記錄病人的病歷, 并有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的 “病人問(wèn)題”清單, 特別是病人的過(guò)敏史。
β -受體阻滯劑 (包括滴眼液)可以導(dǎo)致哮喘, 有哮喘傾向的人更容易患病。老年人犯病更難控制。在給患有高血壓和其他心血管病的病人開(kāi)藥時(shí), 要特別當(dāng)心。
譯者注:負(fù)性事件 (adverse events):中國(guó)尚沒(méi)有開(kāi)展負(fù)性事件流行率的研究, 為數(shù)不多的中文文獻(xiàn)只是限于理論討論和特定案例分析, 中國(guó)的醫(yī)院管理質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和評(píng)審標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均沒(méi)有把負(fù)性事件作為評(píng)價(jià)醫(yī)療質(zhì)量及其改善行動(dòng)的指標(biāo)。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)負(fù)性事件的研究已經(jīng)有30多年的歷史, 各國(guó)對(duì)負(fù)性事件發(fā)生率的報(bào)告也從2.9%~16.6%不等。澳大利亞研究者Graeme Miller等[1]研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 全科醫(yī)學(xué)服務(wù)場(chǎng)所的藥物負(fù)性事件發(fā)生率為10.4%, 45歲及以上、 4歲以下、女性患者的藥物負(fù)性事件發(fā)生率較高。藥物負(fù)性事件中, 71.9%由已知的藥物不良反應(yīng)造成, 12.4%由藥物敏感性造成, 11.0%由藥物過(guò)敏引起。有7.6%的全科醫(yī)學(xué)藥物負(fù)性事件導(dǎo)致了患者住院治療。
1 Graeme Miller, Helena Britt, Lisa Valenti.Adverse drug events in general practice patients in Australia[J] .The Medical Journal of Australia, 2006, 184 (7):321-324.
Min P, aged 67, who enjoyed good health, presented for review becauseof headaches and neck pain.She had a history ofmigraine, mild hypertension and cervical spondylosis.Hermedication was chlorthalidone500mgdaily and paracetamolas required.On examination her blood pressurewaselevated at185/105mmHg.A cardio selective beta blocker was prescribed.The initial response was good.She felt better, her′migraine type′headaches abated and her BPsettled to145/90.She returned comp laining of severe spasms of coughing during the night.Physical and radiological examination of her chest revealed no abnormality.I reassured her and prescribed a cough linctus at night.Some days later her husband telephoned to say."Doc, Ming′s cough is drivingmemad at night.Surely in this day and age ofwondermedicine you can fix the problem.I′ve gone to the pharmacy and we′ve tried some different typesof coughmedicinesand they are nothelping the cough".
Min came in the following evening asarranged and on examination wheezing could be heard on auscultation.Simple pulmonary function tests revealed an obstructive pattern with a positive response to an aerosolbronchodilator.When Iconfronted her with the diagnosisof bronchialasthma she exclaimed"Goodnessme, Doctor, Ihaven′t had asthma since Iwas a child".
Min had developed iatrogenic asthma induced by thebetablocker.Her problem list in hermedical record did not include this importanthistory but, of course, Ishould have inquired about this issue before prescribing the medication.The beta blocker was withdrawn and an ACE inhibitorwas substituted.Iprescribed a salbutamol inhaler.Follow up
Min′sasthma persisted and at review 7 days later therewasno improvement so Iadded a corticosteroid based inhaler.At review in 2 weeks there was still no improvement so I prescribed a short course of oral steroids.Her asthma improved but the wheezing returned after she completed the course and returned to the inhalers.I organised a homemedication review by thepharmacistwho checked comp liance and asked to observe the inhaler technique.Would you believe she had not been taking the caps off the inhalers so there was no delivery of the active substance? She eventually improved but unfortunately the beta blocker induced asthma bothered her for the rest ofher life.Other extraordinary aerosol delivery tales
A group of doctors at a seminar in Melbourne were comparing themany incorrect ways in which patients used their anti-asthma aerosols.The following were recorded.
Sprayed directly onto the chest
Sprayed under the arm
Sprayed up the nose
Sprayed onto the bed(to killmites)
Most of the patientswere elderly butwe do have some serious communication breakdowns.Lessons learned
It is important to teach correct inhaler technique initially and check the technique at follow up
Nocturnal cough is often the presenting problem of incipient bronchial asthma, especially in children, and this diagnostic possibility should be considered foremost in patients presenting with this problem
Patients′medical records should contain an accurate problem list, and important historical features such as allergic disorders should be enquired aboutand listed if present.
Beta blocking agents including topical eye drops can induce asthma in those with a tendency to this unfortunate disorder.It can be difficult to control in the elderly.Consider this carefully if prescribing it for hypertension or other cardiac conditions.