王 靜, 許 歡
(1. 商丘師范學(xué)院 化學(xué)系,河南 商丘 476000;2. 蘭州大學(xué) 功能有機(jī)分子化學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 甘肅 蘭州 730000)
有機(jī)半導(dǎo)體材料(如并五苯)應(yīng)用在場(chǎng)效應(yīng)晶體管中表現(xiàn)出很好的性質(zhì),甚至可以與非晶硅相媲美[1~3]。然而,并五苯及其衍生物在室溫條件下表現(xiàn)出極差的穩(wěn)定性。通過(guò)在分子中引入N, S, O等雜原子來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)分子的HOMO-LUMO能級(jí)位置可以提高分子的穩(wěn)定性[4,5]。例如,在并苯分子中引入噻吩基團(tuán),可以增大分子的HOMO-LUMO帶隙,穩(wěn)定HOMO能級(jí)[6],從而達(dá)到提高穩(wěn)定性的目的。目前研究人員[4,7,8]設(shè)計(jì)并合成了既具有高的遷移率,又穩(wěn)定的新型半導(dǎo)體材料。茚并芴-6,12-二酮衍生物[9~11]由于具有較好的器件性能和使用壽命引起人們的廣泛關(guān)注。
本文以茚并芴-6,12-二酮的結(jié)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ),設(shè)計(jì)并合成了一系列新型并噻吩五元雜環(huán)酮衍生物(1a~1d, Scheme 1), 其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)NMR, IR, MS和元素分析表征。
KER 3100-08S型精密恒溫控溫臺(tái)(測(cè)熔點(diǎn));Bruker 400 M型核磁共振儀(CDCl3為溶劑,分別以77.00或39.52定標(biāo));Bruker V70型傅立葉紅外光譜儀(KBr);傅立葉變換離子回旋共振質(zhì)譜儀;UBC型元素分析儀。
Scheme1
噻吩(2a), 2-乙基噻吩(2b), 2-正己基噻吩(2c),正丁基鋰,Alfa Aesar公司;2,5-二溴對(duì)二甲苯(5),百靈威化學(xué)試劑公司;溴代正十二烷,硼酸三甲酯,上海國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司;其余所用試劑均為分析純;THF,經(jīng)鈉,二甲苯酮處理,使用前現(xiàn)蒸;催化劑(三苯基磷)合鈀[Pd(PPh3)4]按文獻(xiàn)[12]方法制備。
(1) 2-十二烷基噻吩(2d)的合成[13]
在三口瓶中加入2a1.05 g(12.50 mmol),抽真空、通氬氣,加入THF 20 mL,攪拌下于-78 ℃緩慢滴加2.5 mol·L-1n-BuLi 6 mL(15. 00 mmol),滴畢,反應(yīng)30 min;緩慢滴加溴代正十二烷3.72 g(15.00 mmol),滴畢,緩慢升至室溫,回流反應(yīng)過(guò)夜。倒入水中,分液,水層用乙醚(3×10 mL)萃取,合并有機(jī)相,用無(wú)水硫酸鎂干燥,減壓蒸餾,收集140 ℃~142 ℃餾分得無(wú)色液體2d1.89 g,產(chǎn)率60%;1H NMRδ: 7.09(dd,J=5.1 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.90(dd,J=5.1 Hz, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 6.77(dd,J=3.4 Hz, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 2.82(t,J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 1.67(q,J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 1.34(m, 18H), 0.89(t,J=6.6 Hz, 3H); ESI-MSm/z: 252(M+)。
(2) 4的合成(以4a為例)
在三口瓶中加入2a1.05 g(12.50 mmol),抽真空、通氬氣,加入THF 20 mL,攪拌下于-78 ℃緩慢滴加2.5 mol·L-1n-BuLi 6 mL(15. 00 mmol),反應(yīng)30 min;緩慢升至室溫,反應(yīng)1.5 h;再冷卻至-78 ℃,緩慢滴加硼酸三甲酯2.60 g(25.00 mmol)的THF(15 mL)溶液(-78 ℃),滴畢,緩慢升至室溫,反應(yīng)過(guò)夜。加入2 mol·L-1鹽酸5 mL,分液,水層用乙醚(3×10 mL)萃取,合并有機(jī)相,用無(wú)水硫酸鎂干燥,減壓蒸除溶劑,殘余物用熱甲苯溶解,攪拌下滴加飽和NaOH溶液至不再出現(xiàn)白色沉淀,于室溫?cái)嚢?0 min,抽濾,濾餅依次用甲苯和石油醚洗滌,真空干燥得白色固體2-噻吩硼酸鈉鹽(4a) 1.37 g(直接用于下一步反應(yīng))。
用類(lèi)似方法合成白色固體4b~4d。
4a: 產(chǎn)率65%, m.p.>300 ℃;1H NMR(D2O)δ: 7.32(dd,J=4.8 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.04(dd,J=3.6 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01(dd,J=4.8 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 1H); IRν: 3 217, 1 454, 1 194, 810, 726, 645, 546 cm-1。
4b: 產(chǎn)率60%, m.p.>300 ℃;1H NMR(D2O)δ: 6.78(d,J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.65(d,J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.75(q,J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32(t,J=7.6 Hz, 3H); IRν: 3 414, 2 958, 1 443, 1 229, 936, 530 cm-1。
4c: 產(chǎn)率50%, m.p.>300 ℃;1H NMR(D2O)δ: 6.78(d,J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.65(d,J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.71(t,J=7. 6 Hz, 2H), 1.58~1.63(m, 2H), 1.20~1.40(m, 6H), 0. 84(t,J=6. 8 Hz, 3H); IRν: 3 400, 2 945, 1 450, 1 230, 933, 526 cm-1。
4d: 產(chǎn)率70%, m.p.>300 ℃;1H NMR(D2O)δ: 6.76(d,J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.64(d,J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.70(t,J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.56~1.63(m, 2H), 1.20~1.32(m, 18H), 0.84(t,J=6.8 Hz, 3H); IRν: 3 371, 2 920, 1 465, 1 441, 1 237, 931, 524 cm-1。
(3) 8的合成(以8a為例)
在三口圓底燒瓶中加入4a1.68 g(10.00 mmol), 2,5-二溴對(duì)二苯甲酸甲酯(7) 880 mg(2.50 mmol)和NaHCO3840 mg(10.00 mmol)的飽和水溶液,抽真空、通氬氣,加入Pd(PPh3)4115 mg(0.10 mmol)和THF 10 mL,攪拌下于70 ℃反應(yīng)至終點(diǎn)(TLC跟蹤)。冷卻至室溫,傾入飽和NH4Cl溶液中,分液,水層用乙酸乙酯(3×10 mL)萃取,合并有機(jī)層,用無(wú)水Na2SO4干燥,濃縮至干后經(jīng)硅膠柱層析[洗脫劑:A=V(石油醚) ∶V(二氯甲烷)=1 ∶1]分離得黃綠色固體2,5-二(2-噻吩基)對(duì)二苯甲酸甲酯(8a) 358 mg。
用類(lèi)似方法合成黃綠色固體8b~8d。
8a: 產(chǎn)率40%, m.p.170 ℃~172 ℃;1H NMRδ: 7.82(s, 2H), 7.39(dd,J=4.8 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.11(dd,J=3.6 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.08(dd,J=4.8 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.78(s, 6H);13C NMRδ: 168.1, 140.3, 133.6, 133.4, 131.9, 127.5, 127.0, 126.7, 52.6; IRν: 3 444, 2 952, 1 729, 1 428, 1 288, 1 247, 1 209, 1 109, 848, 718 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Calcd for C18H14O4S2{[M+H]+} 359.040 6, found 359.041 1。
8b(洗脫劑:A=4 ∶1): 產(chǎn)率65%, m.p.86 ℃~90 ℃;1H NMRδ: 7.75(s, 2H), 6.91(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 6.75(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.80(s, 6H), 2.87(q,J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.34(t,J=7.6 Hz, 6H);13C NMRδ: 168.4, 149.1, 137.5, 133.2, 133.1, 131.5, 126.6, 123.9, 52.5, 23.5, 15.8; IRν: 3 440, 2 969, 2 848, 1 727, 1 433, 1 289, 1 238, 1 189, 1 108, 815 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Calcd for C22H22O4S2{[M+Na]+} 437.085 2, found 437.084 6。
8c(洗脫劑:A=5 ∶1): 產(chǎn)率84%, m.p.88 ℃~90 ℃;1H NMRδ: 7.74(s, 2H), 6.90(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 6.73(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.79(s, 6H), 2.82(t,J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.66~1.73(m, 4H), 1.30~1.40(m, 12H), 0.90(t,J=6.8 Hz, 6H);13C NMRδ: 168.5, 147.7, 137.6, 133.2, 133.1, 131.4, 126.4, 124.5, 52.6, 31.6(overlapping signal), 30.2, 28.8, 22.6, 14.0; IRν: 3 440, 2 924, 2 852, 1 725, 1 433, 1 290, 1 235, 1 188, 1 110, 805 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Calcd for C30H38O4S2{[M+H]+} 527.228 4, found 527.227 2。
8d(洗脫劑:A=7 ∶1): 產(chǎn)率88%, m.p.74 ℃~76 ℃;1H NMRδ: 7.74(s, 2H), 6.90(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 6.73(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.79(s, 6H), 2.82(t,J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.66~1.73 (m, 4H), 1.26~1.38(m, 36H), 0.88(t,J=6.8 Hz, 6H);13C NMRδ: 168.5, 147.7, 137.6, 133.2, 133.1, 131.4, 126.5, 124.6, 52.5, 31.9, 31.6, 30.2, 29.7, 29.6, 29.5, 29.4, 29.3, 29.1(overlapping signal), 22.7, 14.1; IRν: 3 440, 2 918, 2 850, 1 726, 1 434, 1 291, 1 236, 1 190, 1 111, 803 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Calcd for C42H62O4S2{[M+H]+} 695.416 2, found 695.415 6。
(4)9的合成(以9a為例)
在圓底燒瓶中加入8a483 mg(1.35 mmol), NaOH 216 mg(5.40 mmol),乙醇27 mL和水3 mL,攪拌下回流反應(yīng)過(guò)夜。蒸除約1/2溶劑,加入少量水,分液,水層加鹽酸析出沉淀,過(guò)濾,濾餅干燥得黃色固體2,5-二(2-噻吩基)對(duì)二苯甲酸(9a) 290 mg。
用類(lèi)似方法合成黃色固體9b~9d。
9a: 產(chǎn)率65%, m.p.308 ℃~310 ℃;1H NMR(DMSO-d6)δ: 13.44(b, 2H), 7.70(s, 2H), 7.67(d,J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 7.25(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 7.15(dd,J=4.8 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 2H);13C NMR(DMSO-d6)δ: 169.7, 139.7, 134.5, 131.5, 130.2, 127.9, 127.5, 127.2; IRν: 2 880, 2 641, 2 530, 1 685, 1 438, 1 405, 1 285, 1 255, 1 211, 1 127, 837, 708 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Calcd for C16H10O4S2{[M-H]-} 328.994 8, found 328.995 2。
9b: 產(chǎn)率85%, m.p.210 ℃~214 ℃;1H NMR(DMSO-d6)δ: 13.38(b, 2H), 7.6 (s, 2H), 7.06(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.85(q,J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.27(t,J=7.6 Hz, 6H);13C NMR(DMSO-d6)δ: 168.9, 148.3, 136.9, 134.2, 131.1, 129.7, 126.8, 124.6, 22.8, 15.7; IRν: 2 978, 2 848, 2 655, 2 564, 1 683, 1 423, 1 288, 1 244, 1 209, 1 140, 814 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Calcd for C20H18O4S2{[M-H]-} 385.057 4, found 385.057 1。
9c: 產(chǎn)率96%, m.p.130 ℃~132 ℃;1H NMR(DMSO-d6)δ: 13.44(b, 2H), 7.61(s, 2H), 7.05(d,J=3.3 Hz, 2H), 6.85(d,J=3.3 Hz, 2H), 2.80(t,J=7.5 Hz, 4H), 1.58~1.65 (m, 4H), 1.20~130 (m, 12H), 0.86(t,J=6.6 Hz, 6H);13C NMR(DMSO-d6)δ: 169.1, 146.9, 137.1, 134.2, 131.2, 129.7, 126.8, 125.4, 31.2, 31.0, 29.4, 28.3, 22.1, 14.0; IRν: 2 923, 2 854, 2 634, 2 558, 1 699, 1 425, 1 289, 1 242, 1 211, 1 125, 803 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Calcd for C28H34O4S2{[M-H]-} 497.182 6, found 497.181 6。
9d: 產(chǎn)率91%, m.p.318 ℃~320 ℃;1H NMR(DMSO-d6)δ: 13.44(b, 2H), 7.56(s, 2H), 7.04(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 6.81(d,J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.78(t,J=7.5 Hz, 4H), 1.60~1.64(m, 4H), 1.15~1.41(m, 36H), 0.84(t,J=6.6 Hz, 6H) ;13C NMR(DMSO-d6)δ: 169.2, 146.5, 137.3, 134.5, 130.9, 129.5, 126.6, 125.2, 31.4, 31.2, 29.4(overlapping signals), 29.1, 29.0(overlapping signal), 28.8, 28.6, 22.2, 14.0; IRν: 2 919, 2 850, 2 639, 2 559, 1 702, 1 405, 1 288, 1 240, 1 209, 1 126, 802 cm-1; HR-MSm/z: Calcd for C40H58O4S2{[M-H]-} 665.370 4, found 665.371 5。
(5)10的合成(以10a為例)
在抽真空、通氬氣的三口瓶中加入9a178 mg(0.54 mmol),干燥二氯甲烷30 mL和幾滴干燥DMF,攪拌下于室溫反應(yīng)12 h。蒸除溶劑得10a,不經(jīng)提純,直接用于下一步反應(yīng)。
用類(lèi)似方法合成10b~10d。
(6)1的合成(以1a為例)
在抽真空、通氬氣的三口瓶中加入10a198 mg(0.54 mmol),干燥二氯甲烷30 mL,攪拌下于0 ℃加入無(wú)水AlCl3216 mg(1.62 mmol)的干燥二氯甲烷(10 mL)懸浮液,反應(yīng)20 min;于室溫反應(yīng)3 h。傾入鹽酸冰水溶液中(出現(xiàn)藍(lán)色沉淀),過(guò)濾,濾餅依次用正己烷和乙醇洗滌,干燥得藍(lán)色粉末1a103 mg。
用類(lèi)似方法合成綠色晶體1b~1d。
1a: 產(chǎn)率65%, m.p.350 ℃~352 ℃; IRν: 3 387, 3 107, 3 072, 1 711, 1 435, 1 320, 778, 463 cm-1; LR-MS(APCI)m/z: Calcd for [M+H]+295, found 295; Anal.calcd for C16H6O2S2: C 65.29, H 2.05, O 10.87, S 21.79; found C 65.35, H 2.08, O 10.80, S 21.77。由于1a的溶解性極差,未能測(cè)得NMR數(shù)據(jù)。
1b(柱層析分離,洗脫劑: A=3 ∶1): 產(chǎn)率70%, m.p.256 ℃~258 ℃;1H NMRδ: 7.11(s, 2H), 6.81(s, 2H), 2.83(q,J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.33(t,J=7.6 Hz, 6H);13C NMRδ: 186.5, 156.0, 153.1, 140.8, 140.0, 139.9, 117.5, 114.0, 24.0, 15.6; IRν: 3 396, 2 924, 2 854, 1 708, 1 434, 1 315, 776, 474 cm-1; LR-MS(APCI)m/z: Calcd for [M+H]+351, found 351; Anal.calcd for C20H14O2S2: C 68.54, H 4.03, O 9.13, S 18.30; found C 68.53, H 4.06, O 9.10, S 18.31。
1c(柱層析分離,洗脫劑: A=5 ∶1): 產(chǎn)率70%, m.p.168 ℃~170 ℃;1H NMRδ: 7.12(s, 2H), 6.80(s, 2H), 2.78(t,J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.64~1.70(m, 4H), 1.29~1.40(m, 12H), 0.90(t,J=6.8 Hz, 6H);13C NMRδ: 186.5, 156.1, 151.5, 140.8, 139.9, 139.8, 118.2, 114.0, 31.5, 31.3, 30.6, 28.6, 22.5, 14.0; IRν: 3 392, 2 918, 2 848, 1 729, 1 468, 1 321, 773, 480 cm-1; LR-MS(APCI)m/z: Calcd for [M+H]+463, found 463; Anal.calcd for C28H30O2S2: C 72.69, H 6.54, O 6.92, S 13.85; found C 72.75, H 6.57, O 6.91, S 13.77。
1d(柱層析分離,洗脫劑: A=5 ∶1): 產(chǎn)率65%, m.p.146 ℃~148 ℃;1H NMRδ: 7.11(s, 2H), 6.79(s, 2H), 2.78(t,J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.66~1.69(m, 4H), 1.19~1.41(m, 36H), 0.88(t,J=6.8 Hz, 6H);13C NMRδ: 186.5, 156.1, 151.6, 140.8, 140.0, 139.9, 118.2, 114.0, 31.9, 31.3, 30.6, 29.6(overlapping signal), 29.5, 29.4, 29.3, 28.9(overlapping signal), 22.7, 14.1; IRν: 3 388, 2 951, 2 850, 1 697, 1 466, 1 317, 774, 483 cm-1; LR-MS(APCI)m/z: Calcd for [M+H]+631, found 631; Anal.calcd for C40H54O2S2: C 76.14, H 8.63, O 5.07, S 10.16; found C 76.23, H 8.55, O 5.12, S 10.10。
參照文獻(xiàn)[13,14]方法首先以2a為起始原料合成了2d和4c。以5為原料,經(jīng)高錳酸鉀氧化成酸,再與甲醇發(fā)生酯化合成了7[15]。7與4a~4d發(fā)生Suzuki偶聯(lián)反應(yīng),高產(chǎn)率地制得8a~8d;8a~8d經(jīng)皂化反應(yīng)生成酸(9a~9d); 再與草酰氯反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為酰氯(10a~10d); 活潑的酰氯不用分離提純直接在無(wú)水AlCl3催化下發(fā)生分子內(nèi)Friedel-Crafts成環(huán)反應(yīng)得到目標(biāo)分子1a~1d。1a為藍(lán)色粉末,由于分子中沒(méi)有助溶基團(tuán),溶解性極差,只能溶解在部分極性溶劑中。1b~1d都是具有金屬光澤的綠色晶體,具有很好的溶解性,能夠溶解在二氯甲烷、氯仿、THF等常用的有機(jī)溶劑中。
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