許友卿 謝亮亮 丁兆坤
VE與Se都是人和動(dòng)物包括水生動(dòng)物體的必需微量元素,除分別發(fā)揮重要的生理功能外,同時(shí)使用能互補(bǔ)、協(xié)同、增效[1]。Cemek等(2010)[2]報(bào)道,VE 與 Se能協(xié)同對(duì)有機(jī)磷誘發(fā)的組織損傷發(fā)揮顯著的保護(hù)作用。Yang等(2011)[3]指出,同時(shí)添加VE與Se可抑制N-亞硝甲基芐胺 (N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine,NMBzA)誘發(fā)的大鼠食道癌,且于早期添加VE與Se的效果更顯著。新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VE與Se可能協(xié)同抗氧化、治療和預(yù)防癌癥[4-8]。但是過量Se會(huì)致機(jī)體中毒[9]。
Brigelius-Flohé R(2009)[10]指出,VE 是唯一未被完全理解的維生素。VE與Se的作用與機(jī)理尚待研究[8,11-12]。
本文重點(diǎn)綜述VE與Se協(xié)同促進(jìn)人和動(dòng)物機(jī)體生長、發(fā)育、免疫、抗氧化、抗病、抗應(yīng)激等方面的作用,旨在更好地研究、調(diào)控和利用VE與Se的協(xié)同增效作用及機(jī)理,為科學(xué)研究和生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐服務(wù)。
VE包括生育酚(tocopherols)和生育三烯酚(tocotrienols),各有4種衍生物——α、β、γ、δ 型。除 α-生育酚外,其他不能被α-生育酚轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(α-TTP)所識(shí)別,所以人類只能吸收和利用α-生育酚[13]。VE具有許多生理功能,其中最重要的是:①抗氧化作用[13-14];②免疫抗病作用[15];③影響基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá)[2,9,13]。
Se在各種硒蛋白的活性位點(diǎn)主要以硒半胱氨酸的形式存在。硒蛋白可分為酶和非酶兩類。酶類如谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)[16]、硫氧還蛋白等。非酶類如參與硒運(yùn)輸與調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體硒分布的硒蛋白P和肌肉新陳代謝所必需的硒蛋白W[17]。
Se通過消化道被生物吸收后發(fā)揮重要的生理生化作用,主要功能:①抗氧化作用[18];②免疫作用[19];③防護(hù)、保健作用[20]。
VE可促進(jìn)Se的吸收,二者互補(bǔ),協(xié)同作用。
VE和Se協(xié)同抗氧化,保護(hù)組織細(xì)胞的正常功能。Roth等(2010)[21]報(bào)道,在對(duì)過氧化物適應(yīng)的過程中,只補(bǔ)充Se不能提高神經(jīng)元的存活,而同時(shí)補(bǔ)充VE和Se能使神經(jīng)元非常敏感地挑戰(zhàn)過氧化物。VE是非特異性生物抗氧化劑,它結(jié)合在細(xì)胞膜上使細(xì)胞免受自由基攻擊和過氧化損傷,是抗氧化作用的第一道防線[9];而Se作為GSH-Px的必需成分,可通過GSH-Px等阻斷自由基對(duì)DNA的氧化破壞,是抗氧化作用的第二道防線[22]。Se尚可通過GSH-Px的功能,防御缺VE對(duì)肝的損害[17]。而VE能維持體內(nèi)Se的活性,防止Se的排出和膜脂氧化,減少過氧化物的生成,從而節(jié)約GSH-Px和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)去清除過氧化物;VE還能增強(qiáng)Se的作用,預(yù)防DNA被破壞和預(yù)防癌癥[23]。VE和Se能夠增加皺紋盤鮑(Haliotis discus hannai)血清抗氧化活力,特別顯著增強(qiáng)過氧化氫酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和谷胱甘肽還原酶(GR)的活力。當(dāng)飼料中VE含量為450 IU/kg、Se為0.6 mg/kg時(shí),能使皺紋盤鮑血清中的抗氧化物酶系統(tǒng)總體達(dá)到相對(duì)平衡,有效地抵抗氧化損害[24]。
曾有一假說[25]認(rèn)為,VE和Se相互協(xié)同抗氧化作用機(jī)理是,在不飽和脂肪酸—ROOH—ROH過氧化鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)中,一方面,VE可阻止ROOH的形成,另一方面,Se可通過提高相關(guān)過氧化物酶的活力,催化ROOH的降解,二者在過氧化鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)的不同階段協(xié)同作用。但是該假說尚缺少實(shí)驗(yàn)支持。
VE和Se協(xié)同抗應(yīng)激反應(yīng)主要表現(xiàn)在抗熱和中毒應(yīng)激反應(yīng)等方面。熱應(yīng)激時(shí),機(jī)體通常表現(xiàn)為血液GSH-Px、SOD活性明顯下降,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量明顯上升,自由基大量生成,細(xì)胞損傷。如果在飼料中添加VE和納米Se能夠顯著增加動(dòng)物血漿中VE和Se的含量,提高血清中GSH-Px酶活性和總抗氧化能力(TAOC),降低MDA和活性氧(ROS)水平,減少熱應(yīng)激對(duì)動(dòng)物的氧化損傷[26]。Sahin等[27]報(bào)道,當(dāng)養(yǎng)殖溫度為34℃時(shí),在干飼料中添加VE 250 mg/kg和Se 0.2 mg/kg,日本鵪鶉生長、消化能力和肉質(zhì)達(dá)到最佳效果,同時(shí)能夠有效防止熱應(yīng)激帶來的負(fù)面影響。
在機(jī)體對(duì)某些有毒物質(zhì)引起的應(yīng)激中毒反應(yīng)中,VE和Se能協(xié)同作用,防止中毒。殺蟲劑有機(jī)磷酸酯會(huì)造成機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激,增加生成自由基、降低機(jī)體抗氧化劑含量和抗氧化酶的活性,引起機(jī)體中毒[28]。然而,VE和Se協(xié)同作用能夠保護(hù)機(jī)體不受有機(jī)磷酸酯的氧化破壞[2]。Aboul-Soud等(2011)[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)充VE和Se對(duì)殺蟲劑馬拉硫磷(MTN)誘發(fā)的大鼠肝氧化應(yīng)激及其損傷提供部分保護(hù)。與此同時(shí),Leal等[30]報(bào)道,補(bǔ)充VE和Se對(duì)用Haemonchus contortus感染小羊的氧化應(yīng)激提供抗氧化保護(hù)。
VE和Se在協(xié)同抗氧化作用中,同時(shí)提高機(jī)體免疫力和抗病力。抗原能使T淋巴細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化率和自然殺傷細(xì)胞(natural killer cell,NK細(xì)胞)活性降低,而適量添加VE和Se,能明顯提高NK細(xì)胞活性和T淋巴細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化率。VE和Se對(duì)淋巴細(xì)胞和有絲分裂原的增殖反應(yīng)有交互作用,其互作機(jī)理可能與GSH-Px的協(xié)同作用相關(guān)[31]。Finch等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VE和Se能夠協(xié)同提高機(jī)體抗體水平、噬菌細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞的功能,從而增強(qiáng)抗病力。Reagan-Shaw等[4]報(bào)道,VE和Se的協(xié)同作用能夠提高Bax蛋白量,降低Bcl-2蛋白量,從而導(dǎo)致人類前列腺癌細(xì)胞的凋亡。但是,Lippman等[5]認(rèn)為,VE和Se并不能防止前列腺癌的發(fā)生。因此尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
機(jī)體缺乏VE和Se會(huì)導(dǎo)致肌肉營養(yǎng)不良、肌肉特異蛋白(muscle speci fi c proteins)溶于血漿和貧血等癥狀[17]。Thorarinsson等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn),在飼料中添加VE和Se能夠明顯提高大鱗大馬哈魚(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)的成活率,同時(shí)VE還能夠顯著增加體重和血細(xì)胞壓積值(hematocrit values),Se能增強(qiáng)血漿中 GSH-Px活性。Poston等[34]報(bào)道,在飼料中添加VE和Se能夠顯著提高大西洋鮭(Salmo salar)的成活率,促進(jìn)生長發(fā)育。VE和Se之所以能促進(jìn)生長發(fā)育,是由于Se參與機(jī)體蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪和碳水化合物的代謝,同時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)酶促反應(yīng)和氧化還原過程;而VE是機(jī)體的重要生物催化劑,對(duì)上述生理生化過程有協(xié)同促進(jìn)和增效作用。VE和Se通過協(xié)同抗氧化作用,清除自由基和其他氧化物,從而提高免疫力、抗病力和成活率[35]。
VE與Se協(xié)同抗氧化作用,使細(xì)胞膜和組織免受ROS氧化,一方面使肌肉脂質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)免受氧化而保證肉色和味道;另一方面又提高肉中VE、β-胡蘿卜素、維生素C(VC)和谷胱甘肽的含量而提高肌肉品質(zhì)[36]。VE和Se通過協(xié)同作用可防止肌紅蛋白或氧合肌紅蛋白氧化成正鐵肌紅蛋白,加深肌肉紅色度[37];還可直接阻止細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)氧化,有利于保持機(jī)體PUFAs的含量,提高肌肉的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值[1]。Buchanan等[38]報(bào)道,在金槍魚飼料中添加VE、VC和Se能夠延長其肉色的保持時(shí)間,同時(shí)提高肉質(zhì)中VE和VC的含量。
雖然VE和Se對(duì)動(dòng)物繁育性能的影響不同,VE主要影響雌性動(dòng)物的繁殖性能,而Se主要影響雄性動(dòng)物的生殖性能[39]。但是,VE與Se協(xié)同對(duì)哺乳動(dòng)物精子的運(yùn)動(dòng)性和穿透反應(yīng)發(fā)揮重要的作用[40]。VE與Se協(xié)同作用,可以改善胎盤血液循環(huán)及其機(jī)能,增加營養(yǎng)供應(yīng),促進(jìn)和支持胎兒的正常生長發(fā)育,還能夠提高哺乳期幼體增重率、成活率和抗病力[41]。Ruder等[42]指出,女性繁殖力跟體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激狀況相關(guān),氧化應(yīng)激會(huì)阻止懷孕,而VE和Se的協(xié)同作用能有效防止氧化應(yīng)激對(duì)懷孕的影響。Koyuncu等[43]報(bào)道,給母羊飼喂含0.1%Na2SeO3和250 g/kg VE的飼料,能明顯提高母羊的發(fā)情、繁殖力和生產(chǎn)力,還能提高仔羊增重率和生長速度。
雖然VE和Se都具有抗氧化作用,但是VE主要在細(xì)胞外發(fā)揮作用,而Se則主要在細(xì)胞內(nèi)抗氧化[1]。盡管在一定條件下,兩者可相互有限地代替,但是不能完全替代。如果VE和Se兩者都高于最低需求量,可通過補(bǔ)充另者來互補(bǔ)。然而,如果兩者中之一低于最低需求量,另者即使過量也不能預(yù)防其缺乏癥。因此,應(yīng)同時(shí)補(bǔ)充VE和Se。
不同環(huán)境、不同生理狀態(tài)下的不同魚類、不同個(gè)體對(duì)VE和Se的需求量及其適宜比例相異。例如大西洋鮭對(duì)VE的需求量為30~60 mg/kg[44],而鯉魚(Cyprinus carpio L.)為 200~300 mg/kg[45]。盡管個(gè)體對(duì) VE 的需求不同,VE添加量應(yīng)隨飼料中PUFAs含量提高而增加,以保護(hù)PUFAs不被氧化。Lin等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)飼料中粗脂肪含量為4%和9%時(shí),點(diǎn)帶石斑魚(Epinephelusmalabaricus)幼魚最適VE需求量分別為61~68 g/kg和104~115 g/kg。不同魚類對(duì)Se的需求也不同,如虹鱒對(duì)Se的需求量為0.38 mg/kg[47],點(diǎn)帶石斑魚幼魚是 0.7 mg/kg[48]。Wise 等[49]報(bào)道,斑點(diǎn)叉尾鮰(Letalurus punetaus)幼魚添加VE的最適量為60 mg/kg,Se為0.2 mg/kg,超過此水平能增強(qiáng)其幼魚巨噬細(xì)胞的功能。
綜上所述,VE和Se具有廣泛的協(xié)同作用,但是它們的某些作用和機(jī)理尚需進(jìn)一步研究,尤其是VE和Se在水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物的協(xié)同作用及其機(jī)理,亟待深入研究。研究VE和Se對(duì)海水幼魚生長發(fā)育、營養(yǎng)、生理、生化和分子生物學(xué)的影響及機(jī)理,理解幼魚對(duì)VE和Se的最適需求量及其比例,不但為調(diào)控海水幼魚營養(yǎng)和配制高效合理的飼料提供科學(xué)依據(jù),而且能促進(jìn)海水幼魚生長發(fā)育,提高成活率,對(duì)解決目前成活率低于20%的問題,發(fā)展可持續(xù)的水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)具有重要的意義。
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