魏丹鴻

2012年2月10日是“俄羅斯現(xiàn)代文學(xué)之父”普希金逝世175周年的日子。當(dāng)天，普希金的逝世地圣彼得堡舉行一系列活動(dòng)，紀(jì)念這位偉大的文學(xué)家。

民眾紛紛來(lái)到教堂，為紀(jì)念普希金而祈禱，并在14時(shí)45分默哀，紀(jì)念他逝去的時(shí)刻。1837年2月8日，37歲的普希金在圣彼得堡與他人決斗時(shí)身負(fù)重傷，于2月10日14時(shí)45分在他的公寓中去世。公寓中書(shū)房的時(shí)鐘也停留在這一時(shí)刻。普希金的后人特意從比利時(shí)趕到圣彼得堡，來(lái)到當(dāng)年普希金決斗的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，與人們一起朗誦普希金的詩(shī)歌。

位于圣彼得堡莫伊卡河岸12號(hào)的普希金公寓博物館經(jīng)過(guò)半年多的裝修，也重新開(kāi)館，接待包括中國(guó)游客在內(nèi)的來(lái)自世界各地的參觀者。

在中國(guó)，對(duì)于稍年長(zhǎng)的一代人來(lái)說(shuō)，普希金是一段揮之不去的美好的文化記憶，是一筆無(wú)法割舍的精神財(cái)富。

普希金是俄羅斯著名的文學(xué)家、最偉大的詩(shī)人及現(xiàn)代俄國(guó)文學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人、19世紀(jì)俄國(guó)浪漫主義文學(xué)主要代表，同時(shí)也是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的奠基人，現(xiàn)代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)俄語(yǔ)的創(chuàng)始人，被譽(yù)為“俄國(guó)文學(xué)之父”、“俄國(guó)詩(shī)歌的太陽(yáng)”。他諸體皆擅，創(chuàng)立了俄羅斯民族文學(xué)和文學(xué)語(yǔ)言，在詩(shī)歌、小說(shuō)、戲劇乃至童話等文學(xué)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域都給俄羅斯文學(xué)提供了典范。普希金還被高爾基譽(yù)為“一切開(kāi)端的開(kāi)端”。以普希金詩(shī)篇作腳本的歌劇《葉甫根尼·奧涅金》《鮑里斯·戈都諾夫》《黑桃皇后》《魯斯蘭與柳德米拉》《茨岡》等等，無(wú)一不是偉大的音樂(lè)作品；普希金的抒情詩(shī)被譜上曲，成了膾炙人口的藝術(shù)歌曲；有的作品還被改編成芭蕾舞，成為舞臺(tái)上不朽的經(jīng)典。

普希金創(chuàng)作了不少謳歌自由、憧憬未來(lái)的詩(shī)篇，他在《自由頌》中義無(wú)反顧地高唱:“我要為世人歌唱自由，我要懲罰皇位上的罪行?！彼凇吨麓蠛！分薪柚桧炞匀痪坝^的壯麗，抒發(fā)自己對(duì)美好未來(lái)的深情向往，“再見(jiàn)吧，大海！我不會(huì)忘記，你那美麗莊嚴(yán)的景象，我將久久地、久久地傾聽(tīng)，你在黃昏時(shí)分發(fā)出的轟響”。普希金的優(yōu)秀作品達(dá)到了內(nèi)容與形式的高度統(tǒng)一，他的抒情詩(shī)內(nèi)容豐富、感情深摯、形式靈活、結(jié)構(gòu)精巧、韻律優(yōu)美。他的“用語(yǔ)言把人們的心靈燃亮”的崇高使命感和偉大抱負(fù)深深感動(dòng)著一代又一代人。

每年的6月6日是俄羅斯的詩(shī)歌節(jié)，也被稱(chēng)作普希金節(jié)。這個(gè)節(jié)日是為了紀(jì)念普希金而設(shè)的，因?yàn)樗Q生在1799年的6月6日。普希金廣場(chǎng)上豎起的普希金紀(jì)念碑，是俄羅斯人為詩(shī)人而建的第一座紀(jì)念碑。1999年6月6日，是普希金誕辰200周年。整個(gè)俄羅斯沉浸在熱烈的節(jié)日氣氛中。在莫斯科，在圣彼得堡，在各城市鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的大街小巷，到處懸掛著畫(huà)像、標(biāo)語(yǔ)。那畫(huà)像，是普希金；那標(biāo)語(yǔ)，寫(xiě)的是這位詩(shī)人作品的片斷。首都莫斯科的慶祝活動(dòng)持續(xù)了3天。6月4日，莫斯科市在普希金紀(jì)念館舉行了“普希金誕辰200周年紀(jì)念會(huì)”開(kāi)幕儀式和一個(gè)音樂(lè)會(huì)。6月5日，活動(dòng)達(dá)到高潮。在普希金廣場(chǎng)，紀(jì)念活動(dòng)正式拉開(kāi)帷幕。嘉賓們向普希金紀(jì)念碑獻(xiàn)了鮮花。之后，散布在大街上的十多個(gè)露天舞臺(tái)開(kāi)始上演節(jié)目，所有演出，內(nèi)容只有一個(gè)：普希金的作品。莫斯科市市長(zhǎng)盧日科夫驕傲地說(shuō)：“世界上還沒(méi)有哪一個(gè)國(guó)家像俄羅斯這樣慶祝一個(gè)詩(shī)人生日的?！?/p>

普希金與中國(guó)有著不解的情緣。我國(guó)有許多普希金研究者。此次，俄羅斯邀請(qǐng)了高莽和鄭體武兩位中國(guó)學(xué)者前往俄羅斯參加紀(jì)念活動(dòng)。鄭體武教授在俄羅斯科學(xué)院舉行的研討會(huì)上作了專(zhuān)題發(fā)言。他回顧了1900年，普希金的名字在上海出版的《俄國(guó)政治通考》上首次出現(xiàn)，以及1903年普希金的第一本中文譯著《俄國(guó)情史》（又名《花心蝶夢(mèng)錄》，即《上尉的女兒》）在上海出版等歷史，向俄羅斯同行講述了上海與普希金的關(guān)系。他25分鐘的演講過(guò)程，數(shù)次被熱烈的掌聲打斷。俄羅斯人為中國(guó)人民對(duì)這位詩(shī)人的推崇而鼓掌、而感動(dòng)。

位于莫斯科西北800公里處的米哈伊洛芙斯基是普希金家族的世襲領(lǐng)地，由于詩(shī)人普希金曾在這里度過(guò)難忘的歲月并在這里寫(xiě)出許多不朽的詩(shī)篇，所以人們也習(xí)慣地把它叫做普希金小村。普希金的住房是由木板造成的，帶有8個(gè)白色窗框的玻璃窗。庭院旁的小木屋的房門(mén)是敞開(kāi)的，這敞開(kāi)的門(mén)好像是在對(duì)參觀者說(shuō)：普希金正在林間小路上散步……在普希金住房的后面是兩個(gè)大湖，索羅季河水正緩緩地淌過(guò)。

普希金的安寢地——圣山修道院建于1569年。今天它名滿(mǎn)天下，世界各地的游人都前來(lái)拜謁，那是因?yàn)檫@里安寢著俄羅斯最偉大的詩(shī)人普希金。普希金的墓碑用白色大理石筑成，下面黑色大理石基座上用金字寫(xiě)道：亞歷山大·謝爾蓋耶維奇·普希金。普希金的墓碑上鋪滿(mǎn)了鮮花?！熬拖胥懹涀约旱某鯌僖粯?，俄羅斯心中不會(huì)把你遺忘。”這兩句出自俄國(guó)詩(shī)人丘特切夫紀(jì)念普希金的一首詩(shī)。

這位偉大的詩(shī)人對(duì)自己的人生有過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)，他說(shuō)：“我給自己建立了非人手所能造的紀(jì)念碑?！逼障＝馂樽约航ㄔ斓摹凹o(jì)念碑”，不僅是俄羅斯文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)的一部分，現(xiàn)代俄羅斯人在精神世界依然離不開(kāi)它，而且它也是人類(lèi)文化寶庫(kù)中最璀璨的明珠之一?！?/p>

Pushkin: A Timeless Poet

By Wei Danhong

February 10, 2012 marked the 175th an-niversary of the death of Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837), the founder of modern Russian literature. On the day, a series of commemora-tion events were held in St. Petersburg. People attended memorials at churches and mourned him at 2: 45 in the afternoon. He died at this minute 175 years ago in his apartment in St. Petersburg after he was fatally wounded in a duel. His descendants came back from Belgium to read Pushkins poems at the spot where the poet fought his last duel. His apart-ment, now a museum, opened to the public after a 6-month refurbishment project. Some Chinese visited the museum on the day.

For some Chinese, Pushkin is a fascinat-ing memory as well as a spiritual wealth. He is considered by many as the greatest Rus-sian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. He wrote poems, novels, plays, and stories for children. His writings served as models for modern Russian literature and standardized the language for literary creativ-ity. Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), a Russian and Soviet author who was influential in China for a long while in the mid 20th cen-tury, lauded Pushkin as the beginning of all the beginnings.

Russia is arguably the worlds most poet-ry-loving nation, though China outshines its northern neighbor in the number of poets and in the history of poem writing. Russia cel-ebrates poetry on June 6 in commemoration of Pushkin, for the poet was born that day. Previously it was known as Pushkin Poetry Festival. The day now is called Pushkin Day.

During the 200th anniversary of the birth of the great poet in 1999, Russia held a series of events and celebrations across the na-tion. Pushkin Square in Moscow is about 2 kilometers northwest of Kremlin. The statue of Pushkin at the square was Russias first-ever monument to a poet. His portraits could be seen everywhere in Moscow and St. Petersburg and other cities and towns across the nation. Moscow started the 3-day celebrations on June 4. At the Pushkin Museum, a launching ceremony for the 200th anniversary memorial was held and a concert was staged. The following day witnessed performances of Pushkins works on more than ten out-door stages at Pushkin Square.

Chinese scholars have long since taken interest in the great Rus-sian poet. In the 20th century, Chinese scholars translated the best of Russian literary works into Chinese. Zheng Tiwu, a professor of Russian literature with Shanghai International Studies University, and Gao Man, a prominent translator and honorary academician of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, were invited to attend an academic exchange program in honor of the 200th anniversary of the birthday of Pushkin in 1999. Professor Zheng made a 25-minute presentation at a symposium held by Russia Academy of Sciences. He recalled how Pushkins name first appeared in a book published in Shanghai in 1900, how a Chinese translation of poets “The Cap-tains Daughter” first appeared in Shanghai in 1903. His presenta-tion was highly appreciated.□