吳良華,丁 芳,李 慧,萬純黔,張晉琳△
(1.四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院血液科,四川 成都 610072;2.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院研究生院2009級(jí),貴州 遵義 563003)
患者,男,68歲。因“口腔潰瘍1+月,發(fā)現(xiàn)血小板降低10+天”于2011年8月5日收入四川省人民醫(yī)院血液科,冶游史不清?;颊?+月前無明顯誘因出現(xiàn)口腔潰瘍伴疼痛,口干,舌體活動(dòng)時(shí)疼痛加劇,否認(rèn)反復(fù)發(fā)作及毒物接觸史,無發(fā)熱、眼干、視物模糊、皮膚損害、光過敏、脫發(fā)、關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,無咳嗽咳痰、胸悶、氣緊,無腹痛、腹瀉及尿頻尿急,自服中成藥、維生素B12片及阿莫西林膠囊0.5 g tid 6天,未好轉(zhuǎn)。10+天前就診于四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院口腔科,查血常規(guī)提示血小板5×109/L,余正常,按“口腔潰瘍”,給予局部處理后潰瘍好轉(zhuǎn)。入院查體:體溫36.2℃,呼吸20次/分,脈搏66次/分,血壓122/76 mmHg,皮膚鞏膜未見瘀點(diǎn)瘀斑,淺表淋巴結(jié)未觸及腫大,舌尖口底充血,舌體見10余個(gè)小潰瘍灶,最大直徑約0.5 cm,軟腭部充血,散在很多潰瘍面,雙肺部呼吸音清晰,心率66次/分,各瓣膜區(qū)未聞及病理性雜音,腹部平軟,無壓痛及反跳痛,肝脾肋下未捫及,雙下肢無浮腫,生理反射正常,病理反射征未引出。血常規(guī):血小板14×109/L,余正常;凝血功能正常。肝腎功能:總膽固醇6.65 mmol/L,高密度脂蛋白2.62 mmol/L,余正常。骨髓涂片提示:粒系統(tǒng)輕度成熟障礙,散在血小板減少(全片見巨核細(xì)胞3個(gè),未見產(chǎn)板型巨核細(xì)胞,顆粒型巨核細(xì)胞2/3,幼稚巨核型細(xì)胞1/3)。骨髓活檢提示:小梁間幾乎為脂肪細(xì)胞填塞,僅見極少造血細(xì)胞(造血組織占5%,非造血組織占95%,粒紅比為2︰1,巨核細(xì)胞1個(gè)/HPF,三系細(xì)胞分布無異常,網(wǎng)狀纖維染色+),增生極度低下。乙肝標(biāo)志物:乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)+,乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(HBeAg)+,乙型肝炎病毒核心抗體(HBcAb)+,乙型肝炎病毒(HBV-DNA)定量2.2E+05 IU/ml(上升),人類免疫缺陷病毒抗體(HIV-Ab)可疑+。疾控中心確診實(shí)驗(yàn):HIV-1+,CD4細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)23 Cells/ul(極度下降);尿常規(guī):蛋白可疑+,余陰性;大便常規(guī)正常。心電圖提示:竇性心律,ST 段改變(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、AVF、V5、V6<0.05 mV);B超提示肝內(nèi)多發(fā)囊腫(直徑最大1.7 cm),肝內(nèi)膽管結(jié)石,余未見異常;胸片未見異常。臨床診斷:①繼發(fā)性免疫性血小板減少癥(secondary immunethrombocytopenia);②人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染/獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征(AIDS);③乙型肝炎病毒攜帶;④口腔潰瘍。給予輸注氫化可松琥珀酸鈉300 mg qd 6天。病毒學(xué)資料回報(bào)后,考慮激素使用可能激活病毒復(fù)制立即改用醋酸潑尼松片口服逐漸減量,血康口服液提升血小板等處理。住院治療8天后復(fù)查血小板提升至27×109/L,隨后就診當(dāng)?shù)丶部刂行闹委煛?/p>
近年國際工作小組將有基礎(chǔ)疾病或明確始發(fā)因素的免疫性血小板減少性紫癜(Immune thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP)定義為繼發(fā)性免疫性血小板減少癥,并與基礎(chǔ)疾病或相關(guān)藥物已明確的其他類型的免疫性血小板減少癥相區(qū)別,需要括號(hào)注明基礎(chǔ)疾病。若繼發(fā)性ITP與藥物相關(guān),則明確注明某藥物誘導(dǎo),不包括化療藥物所致的骨髓抑制;但肝素誘導(dǎo)的血小板減少癥因其獨(dú)特的臨床特征,故需保留原命名。如血中能夠檢測到抗核抗體和或抗心磷脂抗體,而患者無典型的臨床表現(xiàn)仍歸屬原發(fā)性ITP,而不能診斷為繼發(fā)性ITP,保留胎兒和新生兒同種免疫性血小板減少性紫癜、輸血后紫癜的命名不變[1]。
研究表明各種微生物感染與ITP發(fā)生的關(guān)系密切[2~9],其中病毒感染研究較多。兒童發(fā)生血小板減少癥前1~4周往往存在原發(fā)性病毒感染,這種情況下血小板一般2~8周內(nèi)恢復(fù),個(gè)別患兒可持續(xù)至幾個(gè)月[10];成人血小板減少癥發(fā)生最常見的是感染HIV、嗜肝病毒、幽門螺桿菌[11~13]。嗜肝病毒事實(shí)上都可引發(fā)自身免疫反應(yīng)的能力,因而所有嗜肝病毒似乎能引起ITP[14],其中丙型肝炎病毒感染所致的血小板減少的報(bào)道較多見,但HBV感染導(dǎo)致血小板減少罕見,有極個(gè)別案例報(bào)道[15]。據(jù)伊朗學(xué)者報(bào)道[16],慢性乙型肝炎病毒患者血小板減少癥的患病率是17.7%,而其攜帶者患病率是10.6%,他們通過一項(xiàng)研究排除了肝硬化門脈高壓、脾功能亢進(jìn)所致的血小板減少,從而推出可能存在其他尚未明確的機(jī)制。急性HBV感染的確切機(jī)制尚不清楚,一般認(rèn)為病毒感染的ITP患者其血清中血小板相關(guān)抗體(PAIgG)增高,且PAIgG的增高與血小板數(shù)量及血小板壽命呈負(fù)相關(guān),血小板自身抗體結(jié)合在血小板糖蛋白(GP)IIb/IIIa或Ib/Ix復(fù)合物上,而巨核細(xì)胞在成熟過程中也表達(dá)GPIIb/GPIIIa或GPIb/Ix,因此血小板與自身抗體的結(jié)合不僅導(dǎo)致血小板的破壞,且干擾巨核細(xì)胞生成、成熟并通過激活補(bǔ)體及吞噬作用破壞巨核細(xì)胞。所以血小板自身抗體的產(chǎn)生與免疫復(fù)合物吸附在血小板表面使網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)對其清除的增加,被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致血小板減少的主要原因[17]。
國外20多年前就有多中心研究報(bào)道HIV感染者伴嚴(yán)重性血小板減少[18],其后研究表明HIV相關(guān)的血小板減少癥中約 5% ~30%感染 HIV-1[19]。HIV感染的ITP患者在早期引起血小板減少的原因主要是類似于經(jīng)典ITP引起血小板減少,多為繼發(fā)性血小板的破壞,其血清中血小板的IgM抗體及抗GPIIIaIgG抗體水平在其中發(fā)揮了重要作用,而AIDS期(CD4淋巴細(xì)胞<200/ml)發(fā)生血小板減少主要是血小板產(chǎn)生減少和無效造血,可能機(jī)制為:①病毒直接破壞或者通過機(jī)體對病毒的免疫反應(yīng),使血小板糖蛋白遭受破壞或成分改變,導(dǎo)致異常血小板增多而被網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)清除;②血小板生成素(TPO)在HIV相關(guān)性血小板減少的患者中有輕微升高,推測HIV-1感染了骨髓巨核細(xì)胞,改變了巨核細(xì)胞表面的TPO受體的數(shù)量和功能,從而導(dǎo)致巨核細(xì)胞的凋亡[20~34]。
本例患者為重癥繼發(fā)性免疫性血小板減少癥(乙肝病毒和艾滋病病毒感染),其病毒感染前期臨床表現(xiàn)不典型,因此有條件的醫(yī)院、臨床醫(yī)師在診斷免疫性血小板減少癥前,應(yīng)將乙型肝炎病毒、HIV、丙肝病毒等病原學(xué)檢查列為常規(guī)檢測項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行篩查,對早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷、干預(yù)治療及方案選擇、預(yù)后判定有所幫助。
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