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從2012年6月六級(jí)真題看聽力命題手法

2012-09-12 01:10洪薇薇
新東方英語(yǔ) 2012年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:真題錄音手法

洪薇薇

總體來(lái)說(shuō),2012年6月六級(jí)考試聽力部分的試題難度適中,但命題者隱藏答案、設(shè)置線索、安插干擾信息的手法非常多元化。對(duì)于參加這次考試的考生而言,這套題需要他們使出渾身解數(shù),運(yùn)用各種答題技巧才能順利過(guò)關(guān);而對(duì)于即將參加六級(jí)考試的考生而言,這套題是不可多得的經(jīng)典備考材料。下面筆者就以最具代表性的考題為切入點(diǎn),細(xì)數(shù)聽力各部分題型的命題手法。

命題手法一:難詞干擾

特征:“難詞干擾”這種命題手法常見(jiàn)于短對(duì)話。由于短對(duì)話在篇幅上對(duì)考生答題構(gòu)不成難度,所以命題者常在短對(duì)話中增加一些生僻詞、超綱詞等來(lái)制造理解障礙,提高題目難度。

攻略:考生要清楚一點(diǎn),即難詞都是“浮云”,與判斷答案基本上沒(méi)有關(guān)系。換言之,對(duì)于聽不懂的單詞,考生可以直接忽略。

下面我們以本次六級(jí)聽力真題的第11題為例進(jìn)行分析。

11. A) The serious accident may leave Anna paralyzed.

B) The man happened to see Anna fall on her back.

C) The injury will confine Anna to bed for quite a while.

D) The doctors therapy has been very successful.

錄音原文:

W: Did you hear that Anna needs to stay in bed for 4 weeks?

M: Yeah. She injured her spine in a fall and a doctor told her to lie flat on her back for a month so it can mend.

Q: What can we learn from the conversation?

解析:在考完后,很多考生反映沒(méi)聽懂這道題錄音中的spine一詞,spine表示“脊柱”,屬于解剖學(xué)詞匯,確實(shí)較有難度。但是,本題真正的解題線索在于男士說(shuō)的“a doctor told her to lie flat on her back for a month”,意思是“醫(yī)生告誡她要臥床休息一個(gè)月”,故選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。由此可見(jiàn),spine一詞在該題中純屬“打醬油”,起到的作用無(wú)非是提高了考生聽錄音時(shí)的“緊張指數(shù)”。其實(shí),與答案直接相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容都頗為簡(jiǎn)單。在聽力部分,命題者往往不會(huì)安排過(guò)多的超綱詞匯,所以考生做題時(shí)要學(xué)會(huì)抓“大”放“小”,放棄個(gè)別聽不懂的詞匯,多利用上下文的語(yǔ)義連貫性推測(cè)對(duì)話要旨。

在這道題中,還有一個(gè)現(xiàn)象值得注意:中國(guó)考生聽英語(yǔ)時(shí)往往較易辨識(shí)出個(gè)別單詞,尤其是實(shí)義詞,再根據(jù)孤立的單詞拼湊出整個(gè)句子的意思。所以,當(dāng)考生聽到lie flat on her back這樣的詞組時(shí),首先會(huì)對(duì)flat、back等單個(gè)的單詞印象較深,故而錯(cuò)選含有這些單詞的選項(xiàng)B。鑒于不少考生在答題時(shí)存在這樣的思維誤區(qū),再結(jié)合“短對(duì)話的答案選項(xiàng)一般不會(huì)太過(guò)直白地包含錄音中提到的一模一樣的詞”這一出題特點(diǎn),筆者建議考生做題時(shí)遵循以下原則:直接聽到的不要選。不過(guò),在長(zhǎng)對(duì)話和短文理解題中,由于錄音內(nèi)容較長(zhǎng),命題的考查重點(diǎn)也會(huì)隨之改變,所以上述規(guī)律僅適合于短對(duì)話。對(duì)于不同題型,考生應(yīng)靈活應(yīng)變。

命題手法二:語(yǔ)氣轉(zhuǎn)折

特征:“語(yǔ)氣轉(zhuǎn)折”這種命題手法是指錄音中說(shuō)話人的發(fā)言帶有鮮明的含義轉(zhuǎn)折,且95%以上情況用but引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)氣。

攻略:考生要注意,錄音中轉(zhuǎn)折詞之后的內(nèi)容往往含有題目答案。

下面我們以本次六級(jí)聽力真題的第13題為例進(jìn)行分析。

13. A) He will send someone right away.

B) He has to do other repairs first.

C) The woman can call later that day.

D) The woman can try to fix it herself.

錄音原文:

W: Hello, my bathroom drain is blocked and Im giving a party tonight. Do you think you could come and fix it for me?

M: Sorry, maam. Im pretty busy right now. But I can put you on my list.

Q: What does the man mean?

解析:本題問(wèn)的是男士說(shuō)的話是什么意思,導(dǎo)向性很明確,讓考生回味男士的言外之意。而在男士說(shuō)的話中,一開始并未提到重點(diǎn),后半句通過(guò)but語(yǔ)氣一轉(zhuǎn),說(shuō):“I can put you on my list.”其意思是說(shuō)請(qǐng)女士排隊(duì)等待,也就是先要修理別人的東西,所以選項(xiàng)B是正確答案。在每一年的六級(jí)聽力真題中,所有選擇題無(wú)論篇幅長(zhǎng)短,都會(huì)考到語(yǔ)氣轉(zhuǎn)折,考生在復(fù)習(xí)備考時(shí)對(duì)此要多留意。

命題手法三:往年原題重現(xiàn)

特征:“往年原題重現(xiàn)”這種命題手法多見(jiàn)于短對(duì)話。命題者在出題時(shí)有時(shí)會(huì)使用往年真題中考過(guò)的短對(duì)話題目,這些題目往往是距離本次考試三年以上的題目。命題者可能會(huì)對(duì)題目選項(xiàng)稍作改動(dòng),但錄音內(nèi)容往往基本相同。

攻略:考生要反復(fù)做往年真題,不能輕視年份較早的題目。

下面是本次六級(jí)聽力真題第16題和2007年6月六級(jí)聽力真題第13題的錄音原文和問(wèn)題,考生可以作一下對(duì)比。

16. M: Just look at this newspaper: nothing but robbery, suicide and murder. Do you still believe people are basically good?

W: Of course. But many papers lack interest in reporting something positive like peace, love and generosity.

Q: What are the speakers talking about?

13.W: Just look at this newspaper! Nothing but murder, death and war! Do you still believe people are basically good?

M: Of course I do! But newspapers hardly ever report stories about peace and generosity. They are not news!

Q: What do we learn from the conversation?

解析:通過(guò)對(duì)比考生可以發(fā)現(xiàn),這兩道短對(duì)話題幾乎一模一樣。由此可見(jiàn),考生復(fù)習(xí)備考時(shí)應(yīng)以歷年真題為最佳訓(xùn)練素材。

命題手法四:考查專有名詞

特征:“考查專有名詞”這種命題手法常見(jiàn)于長(zhǎng)對(duì)話、短文理解等長(zhǎng)篇幅選擇題。由于篇幅長(zhǎng),信息量大,這些題型往往不會(huì)以個(gè)別的語(yǔ)言難點(diǎn)為考點(diǎn),轉(zhuǎn)而考查考生聽完長(zhǎng)篇敘述后能否辨識(shí)和記住某些重要細(xì)節(jié)。錄音中提到人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名等專有名詞常代表重要細(xì)節(jié),對(duì)話說(shuō)完后,往往會(huì)有針對(duì)這些細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)的題目。但值得注意的是,如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有某個(gè)選項(xiàng)含有專有名詞,這一選項(xiàng)往往因過(guò)于顯眼而不被設(shè)置為正確答案。

攻略:考生在錄音中聽到專有名詞時(shí),對(duì)其后的內(nèi)容要特別關(guān)注;看到四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中唯一一個(gè)包含專有名詞的選項(xiàng)時(shí),可以將其排除掉。

下面我們以本次六級(jí)聽力真題第24題為例進(jìn)行分析。

24. A) It was named after a land owner in the old days.

B) It is located in the eastern part of Harrogate.

C) It is protected as parkland by a special law.

D) It will be used as a centre for athletic training.

錄音原文:

W: And is it protected?

M: Oh, yes, indeed. As a special law, no one can build anything on the Stray. Its protected forever.

W: So it will always be parkland?

M: Thats right.…

Q: What does the man say about the area called the Stray?

解析:六級(jí)聽力選擇題的題干不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在試卷上,所以考生在聽完整個(gè)對(duì)話前,不知道會(huì)有題目針對(duì)Stray提問(wèn),聽錄音時(shí)也就不會(huì)關(guān)注與其相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié),最后答題自然有困難??忌挥惺孪攘私怃浺糁械膶S忻~必與答案相關(guān)這種命題手法,做到有的放矢地聽,才能提高答題正確率??赡苡械目忌鷷?huì)說(shuō),既然錄音中的專有名詞是重點(diǎn)訊號(hào),那么當(dāng)題目中其他選項(xiàng)都是普通句子,只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)包含專有名詞時(shí),它是不是就一定是答案呢?有這種想法的考生就中了命題者的招了。一般來(lái)說(shuō),如果把既容易聽懂又容易記牢的專有名詞項(xiàng)設(shè)置成正確答案,題目就會(huì)變得太簡(jiǎn)單了。因此,命題者在出題時(shí)會(huì)盡量避免把特征太鮮明的選項(xiàng)設(shè)為答案。所以,在本題中,我們可先排除選項(xiàng)B,然后根據(jù)與Stray相關(guān)的錄音原文,得出正確答案為選項(xiàng)C。

命題手法五:科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)是答案

特征:“科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)是答案”這種命題手法常見(jiàn)于聚焦社科內(nèi)容的短文理解題。這類題目的錄音內(nèi)容通常圍繞科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)、研究成果展開。

攻略:當(dāng)考生聽到“the study/research/survey … found that …”這種句型時(shí),要注意that從句中通常含有題目答案。

下面我們以本次六級(jí)聽力真題第28題為例進(jìn)行分析。

28. A) They moved out of the college dorms at the end of the semester.

B) They were more appreciative of the universitys housing policy.

C) They generally spend more time together than white pairs.

D) They broke up more often than same-race roommates.

錄音原文:

That same study found that randomly assigned interracial roommates at Ohio State broke up before the end of the quarter about twice as often as same-race roommates.

Q: What did the study find about randomly assigned interracial roommates at Ohio State University?

解析:考生在聽錄音時(shí),當(dāng)聽到“the same study found that …”句型時(shí),要重點(diǎn)聽緊隨其后的內(nèi)容。錄音原文的意思是“在俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),被隨機(jī)分配同住一室的不同種族室友季度末時(shí)選擇分開的概率是同種族室友的兩倍”。所以,正確答案為選項(xiàng)D。

命題手法六:采訪對(duì)象的發(fā)言是題目答案

特征:“采訪對(duì)象的發(fā)言是題目答案”這種命題手法常見(jiàn)于短文理解題。2012年6月六級(jí)聽力的短文理解部分有向閱讀理解形式靠攏的趨勢(shì),而且文章來(lái)源相仿。比如,2012年6月的短文理解一選自2009年7月的《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》(The New York Times),原文標(biāo)題為“Interracial Roommates Can Reduce Prejudice”,短文理解二選自路透社2011年初的一篇報(bào)道,原文題目為“South Carolina Scientist Works to Grow Meat in Lab”。多數(shù)媒體報(bào)道中都會(huì)出現(xiàn)采訪對(duì)象,采訪對(duì)象的言論往往體現(xiàn)報(bào)道的核心內(nèi)容,因而也常常是考試的答案所在。

攻略:聽到錄音中有“Someone says/implies/tells/indicates/announces/shows/believes …”這樣的句式,那么在says等表示看法的詞之后往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)題目答案。

下面我們以本次六級(jí)聽力真題第30題為例進(jìn)行分析。

30. A) It will become popular gradually.

B) It will change the concept of food.

C) It has attracted worldwide attention.

D) It can help solve global flood crises.

錄音原文:

Its a product he believes could help solve future global food crises resulting from shrinking amounts of land available for growing meat the old-fashioned way.

Q: What does Dr. Mironov think of bioengineering cultured meat?

解析:對(duì)于第30題來(lái)說(shuō),考生在聽錄音時(shí)應(yīng)把關(guān)注點(diǎn)放在“he believes”之后,這樣一來(lái),就能輕松得出正確答案了,即選項(xiàng)D。

命題手法七:聽寫只考實(shí)詞

特征:“聽寫只考實(shí)詞”這種命題手法常見(jiàn)于復(fù)合式聽寫。在該題型中,八道單詞聽寫題只考名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,尤以名詞居多。

攻略:既然單詞聽寫的詞性范圍固定,那么考生便可利用播放考題之前錄音中讀答題要求的時(shí)間,瀏覽每個(gè)單詞空格前后的信息,預(yù)測(cè)考點(diǎn)。

下面我們以本次六級(jí)聽力真題第36題為例進(jìn)行分析。

About 700,000 children in Mexico dropped out of school last year as recession-stricken families pushed kids to work, and a weak economic recovery will allow only a (36) _________ improvement in the drop-out rate in 2010 …

解析:在聽錄音前,考生可以根據(jù)空格前后的信息預(yù)測(cè)考點(diǎn)。第36題的空格前是不定冠詞a,空格后是名詞improvement,在四大類實(shí)詞的選擇范圍中,此處只能填用作定語(yǔ)的形容詞。接下來(lái),根據(jù)錄音內(nèi)容,考生可知此空格處的答案應(yīng)是slight。另外,歷年復(fù)合式聽寫的短文在文章結(jié)構(gòu)上均為“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu),即全文首句是總起句,之后的內(nèi)容都是圍繞主題來(lái)具體論述??忌稍诓シ趴碱}前迅速瀏覽首句,掌握段落要旨,以便在短時(shí)間內(nèi)理解短文內(nèi)容。

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