徐麗南, 林 楠, 何 科, 蔡 堅(jiān), 楊建波
(1中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,廣州 廣東 510080; 2中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院肝膽外科, 廣州 廣東 510630)
1000-4718(2012)09-1618-05
2012-05-13
2012-07-16
廣東省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No. 2010B031600313)
△通訊作者 Tel:020-87334870;E-mail:drxulinan@gmail.com
腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞在晚期卵巢癌組織中的浸潤與腫瘤浸潤淋巴細(xì)胞表型、免疫效能之間的關(guān)系*
徐麗南1△, 林 楠2, 何 科1, 蔡 堅(jiān)1, 楊建波1
(1中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,廣州 廣東 510080;2中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院肝膽外科, 廣州 廣東 510630)
目的探討晚期卵巢癌組織中浸潤的腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(tumor-associated macrophage,TAM)與腫瘤浸潤淋巴細(xì)胞(tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)表型及免疫效能的關(guān)系。方法免疫組化方法分析175例低分化卵巢癌組織病理切片中TAM分布密度,以中位數(shù)為界限將病例分為TAM高密度組和TAM低密度組,對(duì)照組為32例良性卵巢病變組織;應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析TAM高密度組與TAM低密度組中TIL的CD8+和CD25+表型變化情況;體外擴(kuò)增培養(yǎng)TIL后取細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液,ELISA法分析各組TIL中白細(xì)胞介素2(IL-2)、白細(xì)胞介素-10(IL-10)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(TGF-β)和干擾素γ(IFN-γ)細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)變化。結(jié)果175例低分化卵巢癌組織中TAM平均浸潤密度為62.8/高倍鏡視野(HP,×400),中位數(shù)為53.3/HP,其中TAM高密度組87例,TAM低密度組88例;對(duì)照組TAM平均浸潤密度10.5/HP(P<0.05)。CD8+在TAM高密度組中表達(dá)平均值為24%,在TAM低密度組中表達(dá)平均值為52%(P<0.05);CD25+在TAM高密度組中表達(dá)平均值為48%,在TAM低密度組中表達(dá)平均值為25%(P<0.05);對(duì)照組中CD8+和CD25+的TIL平均浸潤密度為7%, TAM高密度組及TAM低密度組中CD8+和CD25+的TIL平均浸潤密度顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。與TAM低密度組比較,TAM高密度組中TIL的殺傷性細(xì)胞因子IL-2和IFN-γ表達(dá)明顯減少(P<0.05),而抑制性細(xì)胞因子IL-10和TGF-β表達(dá)明顯增加(P<0.05)。結(jié)論高密度TAM浸潤的卵巢癌組織中,CD25+的TIL表型增多,CD8+的TIL表型減少,抑制性細(xì)胞因子IL-10和TGF-β表達(dá)增加,殺傷性細(xì)胞因子IL-2和IFN-γ表達(dá)減少,提示TAM浸潤密度與TIL表型及免疫效能相關(guān)。
腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞; 腫瘤浸潤淋巴細(xì)胞; 卵巢腫瘤; 腫瘤逃逸
近年來針對(duì)腫瘤的免疫方法取得了一定的療效。腫瘤浸潤淋巴細(xì)胞(tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes,TIL)就是其中一類重要細(xì)胞[1-2],將體外激活并擴(kuò)增的TIL回輸至患者體內(nèi)后,殺瘤效應(yīng)明顯,且副作用相對(duì)較小。但實(shí)驗(yàn)研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用TIL治療晚期腫瘤效果并不明顯,個(gè)體差異較大,療效的差異與TIL的表型及免疫效能的差異相關(guān)[3]。同時(shí)相關(guān)研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),在晚期腫瘤組織中均出現(xiàn)腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAM)的浸潤[4],而TAM浸潤程度與TIL表型及免疫功能的關(guān)系,及其與預(yù)后的相關(guān)性尚有待進(jìn)一步研究。本文擬通過觀察晚期卵巢癌組織中TAM浸潤程度與TIL的表型及免疫效能變化的關(guān)系,探討卵巢癌組織中TAM協(xié)助腫瘤免疫逃逸的可能機(jī)制。
1病例選擇
選取2010年3月至2011年6月期間于中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院婦科就診的卵巢惡性腫瘤患者,按準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇175例用于相關(guān)研究:(1)首次治療的上皮性卵巢癌病例,術(shù)后病理提示為低分化;(2)手術(shù)后分期為III期或IV期;(3)從未進(jìn)行過化療或放療治療的病例;(4)從未接受相關(guān)免疫學(xué)治療的病例;(5)無合并其它免疫系統(tǒng)疾病。同時(shí)選擇同期在中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院婦科就診并行手術(shù)切除的卵巢良性腫物病例(32例)作為對(duì)照組。
2方法
2.1免疫組化檢測(cè)腫瘤組織中TAM浸潤情況 常規(guī)方法切片脫蠟,微波修復(fù)抗原后將組織切片放入已預(yù)熱至100 ℃的EDTA修復(fù)液(1 mmol/L,pH 8.0)浸泡15 min,孵Ⅰ抗(鼠抗人CD68購于Santa Cruz)4 ℃過夜,DAB顯色,蘇木精復(fù)染,中性樹膠封片,PBS為陰性對(duì)照。高倍鏡下(×400)觀測(cè)5個(gè)視野下TAM,取平均值為此例病理切片的TAM浸潤密度。
2.2TIL細(xì)胞分離培養(yǎng) 見參考文獻(xiàn)[1]。
2.3TIL細(xì)胞表型分析 取生長旺盛,處于對(duì)數(shù)生長期,且存活率為95%以上的TIL細(xì)胞長至80%以上融合后,棄去培養(yǎng)液,加入PBS液洗滌細(xì)胞2次,加入0.25%胰蛋白酶+0.01% EDTA將TIL消化下來并離心,棄上清液后再用PBS重懸細(xì)胞,制成1×109cells/L的細(xì)胞懸液,將其分裝至1.5 mL的EP管內(nèi)后,加入10 μL熒光標(biāo)記抗體CD8-FITC、CD25-FITC,另設(shè)1管為空白對(duì)照,室溫避光孵育30 min;PBS再洗2~3次,減少非特異性結(jié)合;加入200 μL PBS混勻細(xì)胞,4 ℃保存,上流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)。
2.4ELISA法檢測(cè)TIL培養(yǎng)液上清中白細(xì)胞介素2(interleukin-2,IL-2)、白細(xì)胞介素10(interleukin-10,IL-10)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(transforming growth factor β, TGF-β)和干擾素γ(interferon γ, IFN-γ)細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá) 體外擴(kuò)增培養(yǎng)TIL并應(yīng)用植物凝集素刺激(2 mg/L)后將生長良好的TIL培養(yǎng)液上清收集起來,12 000 r/min 離心10 min去除細(xì)胞碎片。按ELISA試劑盒(購自R&D,靈敏度=150 ng/L)說明書分別設(shè)空白孔、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)孔、待測(cè)樣品孔??瞻卓准訕悠废♂屢?00 μL,余孔分別加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品或待測(cè)樣品100 μL,輕輕晃動(dòng)混勻,酶標(biāo)板加上蓋或覆膜,37 ℃反應(yīng)120 min。甩干棄去液體。每孔加配置好的生物素標(biāo)記的抗體工作液100 μL,37 ℃反應(yīng)60 min。后甩干棄去液體,洗板3次,每次浸泡1~2 min,350 μL/well,甩干。每孔加辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記親和素工作液100 μL,37 ℃、60 min。后甩干棄去液體,洗板5次,每次浸泡1~2 min,350 μL/well,甩干。依序每孔加底物溶液90 μL,37 ℃避光顯色。依序每孔加終止溶液50 μL,終止反應(yīng)。酶聯(lián)儀450 nm波長依序測(cè)量各孔的吸光度。每個(gè)樣本檢測(cè)重復(fù)3次。
3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
1卵巢癌組織及卵巢良性組織中TAM浸潤情況
本組所有病例的癌組織中均可見TAM浸潤,在間質(zhì)及癌巢中均可見棕色(CD68+)的陽性TAM分布,高倍鏡下(×400)可見TAM胞漿中表達(dá)棕黃色顆粒。175例卵巢癌病理切片中TAM平均浸潤密度62.8/高倍鏡視野(high power, HP)(×400),中位數(shù)為53.3/HP(×400)。以中位數(shù)為界將卵巢癌組分為兩亞組:TAM高密度組(88例)和TAM低密度組(87例)。卵巢良性病變組織切片中可見巨噬細(xì)胞稀疏散在浸潤,數(shù)量少,TAM平均浸潤密度10.5/HP(×400),見圖1;卵巢良性組織中浸潤的TAM與卵巢癌組織中浸潤的TAM相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖2。
Figure 1. The immunohistochemistry photographs of tumor-associated macrophage according to infiltraion density.A: the representative immunohistochemistry image of TAM in benign ovarian tissue, few positive results were showed;B: the representative immunohistochemistry image of TAM in malignant ovarian cancer tissue,there were lesser positive results (black arrows);C:the representative immunohistochemistry picture of TAM in malignant ovarian cancer tissue,there were major positive results (black arrows).
圖1不同浸潤密度的TAM免疫組化圖片
圖2惡性腫瘤組與良性腫瘤組浸潤巨噬細(xì)胞的比較
2流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析TIL表型變化情況
TAM高密度組中CD8+表達(dá)平均值為24%,CD25+表達(dá)平均值為35%;TAM低密度組中CD8+表達(dá)平均值為38%,CD25+表達(dá)平均值為18%;對(duì)照組中CD8+及CD25+表達(dá)平均值均為7%;3組間CD8+及CD25+的TIL比較均有顯著差異(P<0.05),見圖3。
圖33組中腫瘤浸潤淋巴細(xì)胞的表型變化情況
33組中TIL培養(yǎng)液上清中IL-2、IL-10、TGF-β和IFN-γ的表達(dá)情況
隨著TAM浸潤密度的增加,TIL表達(dá)的IL-2和IFN-γ細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)減少(對(duì)照組> TAM低密度組> TAM高密度組,P<0.05),同時(shí)TIL表達(dá)的IL-10和TGF-β抑制性細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)增多(TAM高密度組> TAM低密度組> 對(duì)照組,P<0.05),見圖4。
圖43組中IL-2、IL-10、TGF-β和IFN-γ的表達(dá)水平
巨噬細(xì)胞是一類重要的免疫細(xì)胞,廣泛參與免疫應(yīng)答、免疫效應(yīng)與免疫調(diào)節(jié)。一般認(rèn)為,激活的巨噬細(xì)胞能更有效地發(fā)揮殺瘤作用,但是相關(guān)研究卻發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤部位浸潤的巨噬細(xì)胞量越大,活性越強(qiáng),其抗腫瘤效果卻越差,TAM的浸潤卻與腫瘤的預(yù)后不良明顯相關(guān)[4]。Takanami等[5]在檢測(cè)了113名肺腺癌患者的手術(shù)標(biāo)本內(nèi)TAM浸潤密度后,發(fā)現(xiàn)TAM浸潤密度高的患者預(yù)后較差。我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在惡性卵巢癌組織中,TAM的平均浸潤數(shù)目達(dá)到62.8/HP,而在對(duì)照組良性卵巢腫瘤組織中,這一數(shù)目僅為10.5/HP,兩者差別顯著,但我們未作TAM浸潤數(shù)目與卵巢癌預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系分析,但萬挺等[6]通過對(duì)67例晚期卵巢上皮癌組織中的TAM進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)TAM浸潤密度的高低是影響晚期上皮性卵巢癌生存的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因子。
1967年Burnett提出的免疫監(jiān)視學(xué)說認(rèn)為在正常情況下機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)可以識(shí)別并特異性殺滅惡變的腫瘤細(xì)胞,但是在實(shí)際情況中,腫瘤細(xì)胞常常能夠逃脫淋巴細(xì)胞的監(jiān)視,達(dá)到免疫逃逸,這也是促進(jìn)腫瘤組織生長進(jìn)展的重要因素之一。腫瘤細(xì)胞表面抗原雖然可致敏T細(xì)胞殺傷、溶解腫瘤細(xì)胞,但激活T細(xì)胞至少需要雙重激活信號(hào),而腫瘤細(xì)胞刺激的T細(xì)胞則往往由于缺乏第二共刺激信號(hào),結(jié)果導(dǎo)致T細(xì)胞不能順利致敏。CTL細(xì)胞則可以通過溶細(xì)胞作用直接殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞,但腫瘤局部的微環(huán)境包含的大量細(xì)胞因子,會(huì)單獨(dú)或協(xié)同地影響CTL的活化,降低CTL殺傷細(xì)胞的敏感性,影響CTL的抗瘤作用[7]。
此外研究表明腫瘤組織中淋巴細(xì)胞的亞群比例會(huì)發(fā)生變化也是引起免疫逃逸的機(jī)制之一,在腫瘤組織中,調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)往往呈升高趨勢(shì),這類以CD25+為標(biāo)記的Treg細(xì)胞主要司職免疫抑制作用,可抑制CD4+和CD8+反應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞的活化及增殖,并可通過分泌免疫抑制性細(xì)胞因子(IL-10、IL-4、TGF-β等)進(jìn)一步降低免疫效能[8-9]。我們?cè)谘芯恐幸舶l(fā)現(xiàn)晚期腫瘤組織中CD4+及CD8+細(xì)胞亞型表達(dá)降低,而Treg亞型細(xì)胞則表達(dá)升高,而更令人感興趣的是這種降低/升高趨勢(shì)可隨TAM浸潤密度不同而發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化,TAM浸潤密度越高,引起CD4+及CD8+效應(yīng)性淋巴細(xì)胞降低,CD25+調(diào)節(jié)性淋巴細(xì)胞增多。這也許也解釋了在臨床上TAM浸潤增多引起預(yù)后不良的現(xiàn)象。
腫瘤組織中的淋巴細(xì)胞效能低下的機(jī)制還可能是由于腫瘤基質(zhì)影響了免疫細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)導(dǎo)致的。TGF-β是一類作用廣泛的細(xì)胞因子,對(duì)機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)具有全面的抑制作用,相關(guān)研究則證實(shí)TGF-β不但對(duì)機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生多方面抑制,同時(shí)還能保護(hù)腫瘤細(xì)胞避免被免疫細(xì)胞識(shí)別[10-11];IL-10則常常通過阻抑抗原呈遞細(xì)胞(APC)的浸潤、分化、成熟等,促使CD80、CD86、CD40、CD54等低表達(dá)或不表達(dá),從而導(dǎo)致CTL處于免疫無能狀態(tài)或低效能狀態(tài),同時(shí)這種功能失調(diào)的T細(xì)胞還可下調(diào)IFN-γ的產(chǎn)生,誘導(dǎo)Th0向Th2轉(zhuǎn)化[12],因此腫瘤組織中IL-10常呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá)狀態(tài)。Loser等[13]通過將正常組織中IL-10 mRNA同多種癌癥組織中的IL-10 mRNA進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)多種腫瘤組織(宮頸癌、淋巴瘤和黑色素瘤等)中均可檢測(cè)到IL-10,而正常組織中則不表達(dá)或表達(dá)量極少。我們研究則發(fā)現(xiàn)與之相一致的現(xiàn)象,晚期卵巢癌患者TIL表達(dá)的免疫細(xì)胞因子受到TAM浸潤密度多少的影響,隨著TAM浸潤密度的增加,TIL表達(dá)的殺傷性細(xì)胞因子IL-2和IFN-γ表達(dá)明顯減少(對(duì)照組> TAM低密度組> TAM高密度組,P<0.05),而抑制性的細(xì)胞因子IL-10和TGF-β則表達(dá)明顯增多(TAM高密度組> TAM低密度組> 對(duì)照組,P<0.05)。
結(jié)合細(xì)胞表型的研究我們有理由相信晚期卵巢癌組織中的TIL細(xì)胞表型容易受到高密度浸潤的TAM影響,導(dǎo)致調(diào)節(jié)型T細(xì)胞增多,而效應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞減少,從而影響TIL抗腫瘤效能。因此TAM通過調(diào)控TIL表型變化,致使TIL對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞的“殺傷作用”減弱,從而“協(xié)助”卵巢癌細(xì)胞免疫逃逸。
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Relationshipbetweeninvasionoftumor-associatedmacrophagesandphenotypeandimmuneefficacyoftumor-infiltratinglymphocytesinadvancedovariancarcinoma
XU Li-nan1, LIN Nan2, HE Ke1, CAI Jian1, YANG Jian-bo1
(1DepartmentofObstetrics&Gynecology,theFirstAffiliatedHospital,SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou510080,China;2DepartmentofHepatobiliarySurgery,theThirdAffiliatedHospital,SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou510630,China.E-mail:drxulinan@gmail.com)
AIM: To explore the relationship between the invasion of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and the phenotype and immune efficacy of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in advanced ovarian carcinoma.METHODSImmunohistochemical analysis of TAM density in 175 cases of poorly-differentiated ovarian cancer tissue biopsy was performed. The cases were divided into TAM high-density (TAMHigh) group and TAM low-density (TAMLow) group according to the median of TAM density. The control group included 32 cases of benign ovarian lesions. The changes of CD8+and CD25+phenotypes of TIL were detected by flow cytometry analysis. TIL in the 2 groups were culturedinvitroand the conditioned-medium was collected for detecting the expression of IL-2, IL-10, TGF-β and IFN-γ by ELISA.RESULTSThe average TAM infiltration density was 62.8/high-power field (HP, ×400) in 175 cases of poorly-differentiated ovarian carcinoma, and the median was 53.3/HP. TAMHighgroup was 87 cases and TAMLowgroup was 88 cases. A significant difference between malignant ovarian carcinoma group and control group (10.5/HP) was observed. The mean expression of CD8+TIL in TAMHighgroup was 24%, and CD8+TIL in TAMLowgroup was 52% (P<0.05). The mean expression of CD25+TIL in TAMHighwas 48%, and CD25+TIL in TAMLowwas 25% (P<0.05). The average infiltration density of CD8+and CD25+TIL in control group was 7%. The average infiltration density of CD8+and CD25+TIL in TAMHighand TAMLowgroups was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). Compared with TAMLowgroup, TIL destruction cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ were significantly decreased in TAMHighgroup (P<0.05), while the inhibitory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β were significantly increased (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONIn high-density TAM infiltration of ovarian cancer tissues, CD25+TIL type and inhibitory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β increase, while CD8+TIL type and destruction cytokines IL-2/IFN-γ decrease, suggesting that the high-density TAM has relationship with the phenotype and immune efficacy of TIL.
Tumor-associated macrophages; Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; Ovarian neoplasms; Tumor escape
R711.75
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2012.09.014