蔣瑞鑫,張宇宏,吳紅勝,劉 平,謝佳沁,龐 虹
(有害生物控制與資源利用國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/中山大學(xué)昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)研究所,廣州510275)
自然種群中,自殘行為是一種正常的種群調(diào)控機(jī)制 (Fox,1975)。昆蟲(chóng)的自殘習(xí)性相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重(王孟卿和彩萬(wàn)志,2004)。就捕食性瓢蟲(chóng)而言,自殘行為普遍存在,已經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是正常覓食行為的一部分 (Dixon,2000)。因?yàn)槠跋x(chóng)初孵幼蟲(chóng)通過(guò)取食同種卵能提高自身的存活率 (Gagnéet al.,2002),而且幼蟲(chóng)之間的自殘使其可以順利化蛹羽化 (王甦等,2010),所以自殘對(duì)于提高瓢蟲(chóng)在逆境中的生存率具有適應(yīng)意義 (Agarwala and Dixon,1992)。但是目前瓢蟲(chóng)自殘的研究多集中在食蚜瓢蟲(chóng),食蚧瓢蟲(chóng)的研究和評(píng)論很少,這可能與食蚧瓢蟲(chóng)覓食獵物的方式相關(guān),它們的卵和低齡幼蟲(chóng)經(jīng)常藏于它們的獵物之下,因此降低了與高齡幼蟲(chóng)相遇的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) (Dixon,2000)。在田間,同種幼蟲(chóng)大量存在于獵物斑塊時(shí),其成蟲(chóng)就會(huì)離開(kāi)該斑塊而尋找新的獵物,所以成蟲(chóng)殘殺幼蟲(chóng)的現(xiàn)象也就相對(duì)不普遍,所以目前瓢蟲(chóng)的自殘研究都集中在卵和幼蟲(chóng)階段。但是在室內(nèi)大量擴(kuò)繁捕食性瓢蟲(chóng)時(shí),成蟲(chóng)和幼蟲(chóng)常常會(huì)共存很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間,所以了解成蟲(chóng)對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)的自殘習(xí)性有助于改進(jìn)人工飼養(yǎng)技術(shù),提高產(chǎn)量。
孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant原產(chǎn)于澳大利亞,經(jīng)過(guò)120多年的引種擴(kuò)散,目前已在世界范圍內(nèi)的20多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)定殖 (蔣瑞鑫等,2009)。為了能商品化生產(chǎn)該瓢蟲(chóng),不少學(xué)者對(duì)其人工飼料和保種技術(shù)進(jìn)行了深入地研究(李麗英,1993;龐虹等,1996;Venkatesan et al.,2001),但是對(duì)于該瓢蟲(chóng)的自殘行為沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的報(bào)道。而對(duì)于瓢蟲(chóng)而言,非同血緣間的自殘往往要比同血緣間的自殘更為嚴(yán)重 (Osawa,1989;王甦等,2010),所以從生產(chǎn)的角度出發(fā),本文就孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)自殘非同血緣幼蟲(chóng)的行為開(kāi)展研究,以提高大規(guī)模人工飼養(yǎng)孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)的產(chǎn)量。
試驗(yàn)所用孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)C.montrouzieri于2006年引種自印度,在中山大學(xué)昆蟲(chóng)園室內(nèi)以生活在南瓜果實(shí)上的雙條拂粉蚧Ferrisia virgata(Cockerell)和柑桔粉蚧Planococcus citri(Risso)為食,在玻璃鋁合金紗網(wǎng)的養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)籠 (45.0 cm×36.0 cm×33.0 cm,鋁合金及120目塑料纖維紗網(wǎng)制)中連續(xù)飼養(yǎng)3年以上。所有供試?yán)ハx(chóng)的飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境為T(mén)=25±1℃,RH=50±10%,L∶D=14∶10。
在不同的養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)籠中分別挑取4齡幼蟲(chóng)1頭(蛻皮﹤48 h)和成蟲(chóng)1頭 (羽化<14 d)置于小塑料培養(yǎng)皿中,不提供任何食物,分別于12 h、24 h、36 h和48 h記錄幼蟲(chóng)的存活情況。該試驗(yàn)設(shè)置雄成蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)2個(gè)處理,每個(gè)處理20個(gè)樣本。計(jì)算每個(gè)處理中20個(gè)幼蟲(chóng)樣本在每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的累積死亡率。累積死亡率=本時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前 (包括本時(shí)間點(diǎn))發(fā)生自殘死亡的總樣本數(shù)/樣本總數(shù)(20)。試驗(yàn)中所用昆蟲(chóng)均為非同血緣關(guān)系,如無(wú)特別說(shuō)明,下同。
取孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)雌蟲(chóng)1頭 (羽化10~30 d,并已交配開(kāi)始產(chǎn)卵)置于小塑料培養(yǎng)皿 (5.5 cm×1.5 cm)中,饑餓24 h后,在養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)籠中挑取2齡孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)1頭,放入上述載有雌蟲(chóng)的培養(yǎng)皿中,觀察雌蟲(chóng)對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)的自殘過(guò)程,并記錄在整個(gè)過(guò)程中孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)雌蟲(chóng)各種行為 (如表1)發(fā)生的次數(shù)和相應(yīng)持續(xù)時(shí)間,以及成蟲(chóng)攻擊幼蟲(chóng)的部位。試驗(yàn)設(shè)置兩個(gè)處理:1)幼蟲(chóng)體被蠟絲,即正常幼蟲(chóng);2)幼蟲(chóng)體表無(wú)蠟絲 (蠟絲用毛筆輕輕掃去),稱(chēng)之為裸蟲(chóng)。每個(gè)處理15個(gè)重復(fù)。自殘過(guò)程:從雌蟲(chóng)第一次攻擊幼蟲(chóng)開(kāi)始直到幼蟲(chóng)被攻擊致死的整個(gè)過(guò)程。幼蟲(chóng)死亡的確定:幼蟲(chóng)遭受雌蟲(chóng)攻擊后,完全失去行動(dòng)能力,則視為死亡。
表1 孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)的各種行為定義Table 1 The definition of behaviors of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri adult
取在養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)籠中剛羽化的孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng),雌雄一一配對(duì)后放入小塑料培養(yǎng)皿 (6 cm×1.5 cm)中飼養(yǎng),并從南瓜上刮取充足的粉蚧和粉蚧的卵鞘供其取食和產(chǎn)卵,每24 h更換一次飼料和卵鞘,并觀察其是否交尾,交尾后每24 h收集為其提供產(chǎn)卵的粉蚧卵鞘,在顯微鏡下檢查產(chǎn)卵數(shù),取連續(xù)3 d都產(chǎn)卵,并且3 d的日平均產(chǎn)卵量在5粒以上 (包括5粒)的雌蟲(chóng)用于試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)環(huán)境:T=25±1℃,RH=50±10%,L∶D=14∶10。
將上述孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)雌雄成蟲(chóng)置于小塑料培養(yǎng)皿中,然后從養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)籠中挑取4齡孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)2頭,用毛筆掃去體表白色蠟質(zhì),接著用手術(shù)剪剪除幼蟲(chóng)的6根足 (以防止幼蟲(chóng)移動(dòng))后作為食料讓成蟲(chóng)取食12 h,然后把雌雄成蟲(chóng)轉(zhuǎn)入到新的培養(yǎng)皿 (6 cm×1.5 cm),并在培養(yǎng)皿中放入一小團(tuán)棉花作為雌蟲(chóng)的產(chǎn)卵基質(zhì)讓其產(chǎn)卵,12 h后檢查雌蟲(chóng)的產(chǎn)卵量,然后將成蟲(chóng)再轉(zhuǎn)入到新的培養(yǎng)皿用新鮮的4齡斷足幼蟲(chóng)繼續(xù)飼養(yǎng),如此循環(huán),持續(xù)10 d。15個(gè)重復(fù)。對(duì)照組的飼料為柑桔粉蚧。待瓢蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵后,在兩種處理中分別隨機(jī)挑取30粒,置于小塑料培養(yǎng)皿中,每皿1粒,于室溫下培養(yǎng),每隔12 h觀察一次,記錄卵的孵化時(shí)間和孵化數(shù),按表2所列公式計(jì)算所需參數(shù),如果卵超過(guò)10 d未孵化,則視為死亡。
表2 試驗(yàn)所得參數(shù)及其計(jì)算方法Table 2 The parameters of present research andthe related pathway of figurations
對(duì)不同性別成蟲(chóng)自殘幼蟲(chóng)48 h對(duì)應(yīng)的累積死亡率進(jìn)行費(fèi)雪精確檢驗(yàn) (Fisher's exact test);以幼蟲(chóng)形態(tài) (正常幼蟲(chóng)和裸蟲(chóng))和飼料為獨(dú)立變量分別對(duì)試驗(yàn)1.3和1.4中觀測(cè)的參數(shù)進(jìn)行獨(dú)立T檢驗(yàn);所有數(shù)據(jù)分析在統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS17.0中完成。
孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)在未饑餓的情況下,雌蟲(chóng)在48 h內(nèi)自殘4齡幼蟲(chóng)造成的累積死亡率為60%,而雄蟲(chóng)則為15% (圖1),差異顯著 (Fisher's exact test:P(2-sided)<0.01),表明雌蟲(chóng)對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)的殘殺要比雄蟲(chóng)更為強(qiáng)烈。
圖1 孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)殘殺4齡幼蟲(chóng)的累積死亡率Fig.1 The accumulative mortality of the 4th instar larvae of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri killed by adults
圖2 孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)雌蟲(chóng)對(duì)2齡幼蟲(chóng)自殘過(guò)程中的行為發(fā)生次數(shù)Fig.2 The happening behavior times in the cannibalism process of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri female to the 2nd instar larvae
由圖2可知,孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)雌蟲(chóng)對(duì)不同形態(tài)2齡幼蟲(chóng)的自殘過(guò)程中,均未觀察到雌蟲(chóng)排泄,對(duì)于正常幼蟲(chóng)的自殘所涉及的4種行為次數(shù)均顯著高于裸蟲(chóng)處理 (t搜索=6.369,df=14.231,P(2-tailed)< 0.01;t梳理=6.177,df=14.080,P(2-tailed)<0.01;t攻擊=7.89,df=14.883,P(2-tailed)< 0.01;t休息=2.215,df=18.096,P(2-tailed)=0.04)。此外,如表3所示,除了休息行為發(fā)生的總時(shí)間無(wú)顯著差異外 (t=1.257,df=25.198,P(2-tailed)=0.22),雌蟲(chóng)對(duì)正常幼蟲(chóng)自殘中在各行為上花費(fèi)的總時(shí)間均顯著高于裸蟲(chóng)處理 (t搜索=5.214,df=14.016,P(2-tailed)< 0.01;t梳理=4.449, df=14.006,P(2-tailed)< 0.01;t攻擊=2.594,df=28,P(2-tailed)=0.015)。但是,雌蟲(chóng)對(duì)裸蟲(chóng)自殘過(guò)程中,攻擊行為的總時(shí)間占整個(gè)自殘總時(shí)間的比例為98.21%(圖3),顯著高于正常幼蟲(chóng)處理中的41.76%(t= -11.783,df=15.105,P(2-tailed)<0.01),然而,孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)雌蟲(chóng)最后一次攻擊正常幼蟲(chóng)和裸蟲(chóng)的平均時(shí)間分別為406.87 s和405.07 s,無(wú)顯著差異 (t=0.014,df=28,P(2-tailed)=0.989),分別占到各自攻擊總時(shí)間比例為70.55%(正常幼蟲(chóng)處理)和97.25%(裸蟲(chóng)處理),所以對(duì)雌蟲(chóng)而言,大約30%的攻擊時(shí)間是用于咬擊正常幼蟲(chóng)體表的蠟絲,而在裸蟲(chóng)處理中,成蟲(chóng)幾乎只攻擊幼蟲(chóng)一次,就可以把幼蟲(chóng)致死。
表3 孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)雌蟲(chóng)自殘幼蟲(chóng)過(guò)程中各種行為的耗時(shí) (單位:秒)Table3 ThetimespendinbehaviorsintheprocessofCryptolaemusmontrouzierifemalecannibalizelarvae(s)
圖3 孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)雌蟲(chóng)自殘幼蟲(chóng)各行為占自殘總耗時(shí)的比例Fig.3 ThetimepercentspendinbehaviorsintheprocessofCryptolaemusmontrouzierifemalecannibalizelarvae
圖4 孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)不同部位受攻擊的比例Fig.4 TheattackedpercentageofdifferentpartsofCryptolaemus montrouzierilarvae
自殘過(guò)程中,雌蟲(chóng)對(duì)兩種不同形態(tài)幼蟲(chóng)的頭,胸,腹均發(fā)起攻擊,除了頭部外,不同處理相同部位受攻擊比例差異不顯著 (t頭=2.153,df=27.899,P(2-tailed)=0.04;t胸= -0.61, df=17.617,P(2-tailed)=0.952;t腹= -0.865,df=20.461,P(2-tailed)=0.397)。但各部位受攻擊比例在同一幼蟲(chóng)處理中差異顯著 (Friedman檢驗(yàn):χ2裸蟲(chóng)=21.814,df=2,P <0.01;χ2正常幼蟲(chóng)=23.424,df=2,P<0.01),如圖4所示,以腹部受攻擊的比例最高,分別為 79.74% (正常幼蟲(chóng))和 87.22%(裸蟲(chóng)),頭部和胸部受到的攻擊次數(shù)相對(duì)較少。
不同飼料飼養(yǎng)對(duì)孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)的日均產(chǎn)卵率影響顯著 (t=-5.214,df=11.21,P(2-tailed)<0.01),取食粉蚧的孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)10d內(nèi)日均產(chǎn)卵率為90%,而取食幼蟲(chóng)的僅為42.67%。如圖5所示,取食粉蚧的雌蟲(chóng)日產(chǎn)卵率除第一天低于80%外,其它天數(shù)的產(chǎn)卵率都在80%以上,而取食幼蟲(chóng)的雌蟲(chóng)日產(chǎn)卵率前5d都在50%以下,隨后逐漸增加,到第9d、第10d達(dá)到最大,并趨于相對(duì)平穩(wěn)。此外,試驗(yàn)中供試的15頭取食粉蚧的雌蟲(chóng)都有產(chǎn)卵,而取食幼蟲(chóng)的15頭雌蟲(chóng)中有3頭在觀察的10d內(nèi)由始至終都沒(méi)有產(chǎn)卵。
飼料也顯著影響孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)的日均產(chǎn)卵量(圖6),取食幼蟲(chóng)的孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)日均產(chǎn)卵量在試驗(yàn)的前8d內(nèi)均顯著低于取食粉蚧的處理 (t1=-4.147, df=9.231, P(2-tailed)< 0.01;t2=-2.364,df=13,P(2-tailed)=0.034 < 0.05;t3=-3.305,df=12.989, P(2-tailed)< 0.01;t4=-3.962,df=15,P(2-tailed)=0.03 < 0.05;t5=-3.923,df=15,P(2-tailed)=0.016 < 0.05;t6=-3.797,df=16.601, P(2-tailed)< 0.01;t7=-2.854,df=20,P(2-tailed)=0.01 < 0.05;t8=-2.726,df=23,P(2-tailed)=0.012 < 0.05),但是到達(dá)第9d、第10 d時(shí)兩種飼料飼養(yǎng)下的孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)雌蟲(chóng)日均產(chǎn)卵量差異不顯著 (t9=-1.744,df=24,P(2-tailed)=0.094;t10= -1.395, df=22.448,P(2-tailed)=0.177)。
用幼蟲(chóng)飼養(yǎng)孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng),卵的平均發(fā)育歷期為5.02 d,以粉蚧飼養(yǎng)的處理為5.09 d,,兩個(gè)處理無(wú)顯著差異 (t=-0.383,df=50,P(2-tailed)=0.706),取食這兩種飼料的孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)所產(chǎn)卵的孵化率分別為83.33% (幼蟲(chóng)處理)和90%(粉蚧處理),差異也不顯著 (Fisher's exact test:P(2-sided)=0.706)。
我們?cè)谠囼?yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)對(duì)高齡幼蟲(chóng)的自殘強(qiáng)烈程度因成蟲(chóng)性別不同而有差異,雌成蟲(chóng)要明顯強(qiáng)于雄成蟲(chóng)。因?yàn)樾巯x(chóng)蟲(chóng)體小于雌蟲(chóng),而瓢蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)體大小決定著對(duì)能量的需求 (Dixon,2007),另外,雌蟲(chóng)強(qiáng)烈的自殘習(xí)性也可能與其產(chǎn)卵的能量需求相關(guān)。從自殘過(guò)程所持續(xù)的時(shí)間來(lái)看,孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)雌蟲(chóng)在飽受饑餓時(shí),對(duì)低齡幼蟲(chóng)的自殘相當(dāng)厲害,但是幼蟲(chóng)體表形態(tài)對(duì)自殘持續(xù)的時(shí)間影響顯著,正常幼蟲(chóng)由于體表覆蓋蠟絲在一定程度上抵御了成蟲(chóng)的攻擊,延長(zhǎng)了被殘殺死亡的時(shí)間,然而這種防御在田間有著重要的意義,可以讓幼蟲(chóng)在多種捕食者共存的生態(tài)位中免于種內(nèi)自殘和種間捕食所造成的死亡,而這種防御意義在小毛瓢蟲(chóng)屬Scymnus瓢蟲(chóng)中也曾有報(bào)道(V?lkl and Vohland,1996)。
雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵通常會(huì)受到同種幼蟲(chóng)足跡的抑制(Merlin et al.,1996;Yasuda et al.,2000;R?uˇziˇcka,2006),而幼蟲(chóng)足跡中的產(chǎn)卵阻礙信息素 (Oviposition-Deterring Pheromone,ODP)來(lái)源于幼蟲(chóng)腹部末端的第十節(jié)臀板 (Laubertie et al.,2000),在自殘?jiān)囼?yàn)中觀察到雌蟲(chóng)對(duì)低齡幼蟲(chóng)的攻擊主要集中在柔軟的腹部,除了幼蟲(chóng)腹部體積較大外,這可能還與雌蟲(chóng)能監(jiān)測(cè)到幼蟲(chóng)腹部末端分泌的ODP相關(guān),因?yàn)楫?dāng)幼蟲(chóng)掙脫成蟲(chóng)的攻擊后,成蟲(chóng)一般會(huì)沿著幼蟲(chóng)爬行的軌跡迅速追擊。而在異色瓢蟲(chóng)Harmonia axyridis 4齡幼蟲(chóng)的相互殘殺中,腹部也是主要的攻擊部位 (王甦等,2010)。此外,孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)能夠利用嗅覺(jué)定位獵物 (Sengonca et al.,1995),但對(duì)于該瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)能否監(jiān)測(cè)到種內(nèi)的這種ODP,作為自殘時(shí)追蹤同類(lèi)的信息還有待進(jìn)一步研究探討。
Hodek(1962)把能維持幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育和成蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵的食物稱(chēng)之為“基本食物”,僅能作為延長(zhǎng)存活的食物稱(chēng)之為“替代食物”。試驗(yàn)中孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)取食同種幼蟲(chóng)可以產(chǎn)卵,雖然產(chǎn)卵量顯著低于取食粉蚧的雌蟲(chóng),但是這對(duì)于成蟲(chóng)渡過(guò)逆境,繁衍后代有著重要的適應(yīng)意義。按照Hodek的理論,同種的幼蟲(chóng)可以作為該瓢蟲(chóng)的基本食物。本試驗(yàn)未探討取食同種卵對(duì)成蟲(chóng)生殖力的影響,但有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道龜紋瓢蟲(chóng)Propylea japonica取食自身的卵會(huì)喪失繁殖力 (王根和魏建華,1990),這樣看來(lái),卵作為食物似乎無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)生殖的需要,只能作為成蟲(chóng)渡過(guò)逆境的一種“替代食物”。
瓢蟲(chóng)無(wú)論是卵 (Osawa,1989)或是幼蟲(chóng) (王甦等,2010)的非同血緣自殘都比同血緣自殘更為嚴(yán)重,因?yàn)橥壪鄽垥?huì)減少共有基因轉(zhuǎn)移給下一代,即造成適合度的潛在損失 (Dixon,2000),而種群內(nèi)個(gè)體的行為卻是使適合度最大化 (戈峰,2008),所以會(huì)盡量避免同血緣自殘的發(fā)生。本文所涉及的自殘均為非同血緣自殘,對(duì)自殘行為的研究可以為該瓢蟲(chóng)的大量擴(kuò)繁工作提供理論依據(jù)和科學(xué)指導(dǎo),雖然孟氏隱唇瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)體表的蠟質(zhì)能在一定程度上抵御種內(nèi)自殘,但是其成蟲(chóng)在饑餓情況下,尤其是雌蟲(chóng),會(huì)嚴(yán)重威脅到幼蟲(chóng)的存活,因此,成蟲(chóng)大量羽化時(shí)需要補(bǔ)充大量的飼料,在其交配產(chǎn)卵后,還應(yīng)適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)移成蟲(chóng),避免成蟲(chóng)與幼蟲(chóng)大量共存,造成幼蟲(chóng)死亡。
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