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MiR-1在腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展

2012-12-25 01:43蔣森趙亞萍杜云翔
關(guān)鍵詞:甲基化前列腺癌甲狀腺癌

蔣森,趙亞萍,杜云翔

(1.蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院,安徽 蚌埠 233000;2.解放軍第八二醫(yī)院腫瘤中心,江蘇淮安 223001;3.解放軍第八二醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,江蘇 淮安 223001)

微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一類高度保守的、具有調(diào)控功能的非編碼小分子RNA[1]。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的miRNA有15 000多種,其中人類有2 000多種[2]。據(jù)研究,miRNA參與調(diào)節(jié)人類大約30%蛋白質(zhì)的翻譯[3],幾乎與細(xì)胞分化、代謝、生長(zhǎng)、增殖和凋亡等所有分子過程的調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)。越來越多的研究表明,miRNA多定位于腫瘤相關(guān)的脆性位點(diǎn),與腫瘤的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[4]。近年來,miRNA-1(miR-1)在腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中的作用受到關(guān)注,本文就此作一綜述。

1 miR-1的基本特征

miR-1 家族包括 miR-1-1、miR-1-2 和 miR206[5]。Hsa-miR-1家族由2個(gè)miRNAs組成:hsa-miR-1-1和hsa-miR-1-2。miR-1-1位于人的第20號(hào)染色體上C20orf166基因初級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)錄本的第2個(gè)內(nèi)含子區(qū),miR-1-2位于人的18號(hào)染色體上蛋白質(zhì)編碼基因MIB1的第12個(gè)內(nèi)含子區(qū)。miR-1的生物合成與其他miRNA一樣,首先由細(xì)胞核內(nèi)編碼miRNA的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)生初始miRNA(primary miRNA,pri-miRNA)[6],pri-miRNA 被RNaseⅢ內(nèi)切酶進(jìn)一步切割成前體miRNA(precursor miRNA,pre-miRNA)[7-9]。該前體在 Exprotin-5 的作用下轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)[10]。在細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi),被RNA內(nèi)切酶ⅢDicer酶剪切成成熟 miRNA[7,11]。在基因沉默復(fù)合物(RISC)的引導(dǎo)下,成熟的miRNA與特定靶基因mRNA的3'端非翻譯區(qū)完全或不完全堿基互補(bǔ)配對(duì)引導(dǎo)RISC與目的mRNA結(jié)合,從而降解靶基因mRNA或阻遏其翻譯[2],在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平沉默基因的表達(dá)。通過在線數(shù)據(jù)庫miRanda(http://www.microrna.org/)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-1在心臟、甲狀腺、子宮、前列腺、卵巢等組織中均有表達(dá),參與細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、分化、凋亡以及心臟、內(nèi)耳發(fā)育等生理過程,與腫瘤、代謝類疾病、精神類疾病有關(guān)[12]。

2 miR-1在腫瘤中的表達(dá)

已有研究表明,miR-1在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞中表達(dá)異常,并參與了腫瘤的增殖、侵襲、遷移和凋亡(表1)。miR-1在絕大部分腫瘤中表達(dá)下調(diào),發(fā)揮了抑癌基因的角色,然而,Liu等[13]分析胃癌患者和正常人血清標(biāo)本miRNA表達(dá)譜,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-1在胃癌患者血清中含量明顯上調(diào),具體機(jī)制尚不十分清楚。

表1 miR-1在腫瘤中的表達(dá)情況

3 miR-1的靶基因

分析與鑒定miR-1的靶基因?qū)τ谘芯縨iR-1的功能具有重要意義。然而,由于miR-1與靶mRNA3'端非翻譯區(qū)并非完全匹配,導(dǎo)致鑒定其靶基因有一定的困難,但是,目前對(duì)其靶基因的研究也取得了一定的進(jìn)展,首先通過Targetscan、miRbase、Pictar等在線軟件進(jìn)行靶標(biāo)預(yù)測(cè),進(jìn)一步采用熒光素酶報(bào)告實(shí)驗(yàn)、蛋白質(zhì)印跡實(shí)驗(yàn)、實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-1作用靶標(biāo)基因多參與細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、凋亡等(表2),提示miR-1可能通過下調(diào)這些基因表達(dá)參與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制。

表2 miR-1的靶基因

4 miR-1與腫瘤的形成與發(fā)展

4.1 miR-1與腫瘤增殖和凋亡

腫瘤的發(fā)生是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,與細(xì)胞的異常增殖和凋亡密切相關(guān)[36-37]。miR-1可通過抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡而抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生。Taulli等[38]證實(shí)了miR-1在人類橫紋肌肉瘤中的作用。過表達(dá)miR-1可以促進(jìn)橫紋肌肉瘤細(xì)胞的肌源性分化,同時(shí)抑制細(xì)胞的增殖。Wu等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-1轉(zhuǎn)染的鼻咽癌細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)出典型的凋亡代謝過程,其機(jī)制可能與下調(diào)PTMA(靶基因胸腺素a)表達(dá)有關(guān)。另外,Nohata等[19-20]利用 qRT-PCR技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常組織相比,miR-1在上頜竇鱗狀細(xì)胞癌組織中表達(dá)明顯減少,而TAGLN2和PNP mRNA表達(dá)明顯上升。過表達(dá)miR-1可以抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖、誘導(dǎo)其凋亡,生物信息學(xué)分析提示TAGLN2和PNP是受miR-1調(diào)節(jié)的靶基因。進(jìn)一步研究證明這兩種靶基因沉默后都能抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,從而間接提示miR-1可以通過抑制TAGLN2和PNP表達(dá)產(chǎn)生抑制腫瘤增殖的作用。

4.2 miR-1與腫瘤侵襲和遷移

miR-1不僅參與了腫瘤的增殖和凋亡,而且也同時(shí)參與了腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移。miR-1表達(dá)失調(diào)在腫瘤侵襲遷移過程中起著關(guān)鍵作用。Leone等[16]研究提示miR-1在甲狀腺癌中表達(dá)下調(diào),并參與了甲狀腺腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移。有趣的是,miR-1表達(dá)下調(diào)也出現(xiàn)在甲狀腺非腫瘤性病變例如甲狀腺腫。利用生物信息學(xué)方法找到趨化因子CXCR4和基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子SDF-1a為miR-1的靶基因。在乳突狀和未分化甲狀腺癌中,miR-1表達(dá)水平和CXCR4、SDF-1a蛋白表達(dá)水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)。miR-1可能通過調(diào)控CXCR4和SDF-1a基因表達(dá)對(duì)甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移產(chǎn)生影響。Yip等[39]也發(fā)現(xiàn)與非侵襲性乳頭狀甲狀腺癌相比,侵襲性甲狀腺癌miR-1表達(dá)明顯下調(diào),提示miR-1與腫瘤侵襲性行為密切相關(guān)。另外,Kojima等[15]檢測(cè)了miR-1在前列腺癌細(xì)胞中的功能和意義,發(fā)現(xiàn)與正常前列腺組織相比,前列腺癌組織中miR-1表達(dá)明顯下調(diào)。miR-1可以抑制前列腺癌細(xì)胞PC3和DU145侵襲和遷移。進(jìn)一步采用全基因組基因表達(dá)分析和熒光素酶報(bào)告試驗(yàn)提示,前列腺癌組織標(biāo)本表達(dá)顯著增高的基因PNP受miR-1直接調(diào)節(jié),miR-1通過沉默PNP基因抑制了PC3和DU145遷移和侵襲。該發(fā)現(xiàn)為揭示前列腺癌腫瘤形成機(jī)制提供了新的思路。Nasser等[32]將穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染miR-1的肺癌細(xì)胞A549和H1299細(xì)胞接種裸鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)A549和H1299細(xì)胞的成瘤性、腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移性均受到了明顯的抑制。另有研究表明miR-1與腎細(xì)胞癌、膀胱癌、頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌等腫瘤的侵襲和遷移能力也密切相關(guān)[18,24-25]。

4.3 DNA甲基化對(duì)miR-1表達(dá)的調(diào)節(jié)

表觀遺傳學(xué)改變對(duì)miR-1的表達(dá)具有調(diào)控作用。miR-1編碼啟動(dòng)子序列的CpG島可以發(fā)生DNA的甲基化,從而調(diào)節(jié)miR-1的表達(dá)。而miR-1可通過調(diào)節(jié)甲基化的相關(guān)酶,改變腫瘤細(xì)胞的DNA甲基化狀態(tài),從而調(diào)控腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移。Datta等[34]利用DNA去甲基化試劑和組蛋白去乙?;敢种苿┨幚砀伟┘?xì)胞,使肝癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生表觀遺傳學(xué)改變,檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-1表達(dá)水平升高。肝癌細(xì)胞系和組織中甲基化是普遍存在的,DNA去甲基化試劑作用于肝癌細(xì)胞可以重新激活miR-1的表達(dá),從而抑制下游靶蛋白MET和FOXP1的表達(dá),抑制了肝癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。Suzuki等[40]以結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞為研究對(duì)象,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-1的表達(dá)受DNA甲基化的調(diào)節(jié)。

5 展 望

miR-1在絕大部分腫瘤中表達(dá)下調(diào),且與腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、遷移和凋亡密切相關(guān),提示這是一條在腫瘤診斷、病情監(jiān)測(cè)以及預(yù)后判斷中具有重要價(jià)值的miRNA。然而,目前有關(guān)miR-1的研究還處于初步階段,對(duì)其作用靶基因需要進(jìn)一步證實(shí),許多靶基因尚有待進(jìn)一步研究,有關(guān)其在腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展機(jī)制中的研究多停留在體外實(shí)驗(yàn),體內(nèi)研究報(bào)道很少。由于組織特異性miR-1具有調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物的能力,過表達(dá)miR-1可以抑制癌基因表達(dá)、阻止腫瘤生長(zhǎng),比起單個(gè)靶基因藥物治療腫瘤,作為一種無毒分化因子,miR-1可能具有更好的治療潛能,在腫瘤診治中發(fā)揮重要作用。

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