于 凱, 白小涓
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血管衰老——老年人多種慢病的共同機(jī)制
于 凱1, 白小涓2*
(1中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院老年病科, 沈陽(yáng) 110001;2中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院老年病干診科, 沈陽(yáng) 110004)
血管衰老是老年人多種慢病的主要發(fā)病機(jī)制之一,對(duì)血管衰老的研究、預(yù)防和治療是應(yīng)對(duì)日益嚴(yán)峻的人口老齡化問(wèn)題為人類社會(huì)帶來(lái)的負(fù)擔(dān)的重要手段。本篇文章就血管衰老與老年人多種慢病的關(guān)系、血管衰老的形態(tài)學(xué)改變以及血管衰老的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物等內(nèi)容作以綜述。
血管衰老; 形態(tài)學(xué); 標(biāo)志物; 老年人; 慢性病
正如物理學(xué)家William Osler爵士(1849-1919)所說(shuō):“一個(gè)人有多老取決于他的動(dòng)脈(A man is as old as his arteries)?!毖芩ダ下?lián)系著人體各器官系統(tǒng)的衰老與疾病,是老年人多種慢病的主要發(fā)病機(jī)制之一;同時(shí)老年人慢病又加速了血管衰老的進(jìn)程。對(duì)血管衰老的研究、預(yù)防和治療是應(yīng)對(duì)日益嚴(yán)峻的人口老齡化問(wèn)題為人類社會(huì)帶來(lái)的負(fù)擔(dān)的重要手段[1]。
衰老相關(guān)的心腦腎等多種慢病具有共同機(jī)制,其中血管因素是最顯著的。血管衰老主要通過(guò)大動(dòng)脈影響心臟左室功能,而通過(guò)小動(dòng)脈影響腦和腎等高灌注器官[2]。增齡是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和心血管疾病的主要獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[3]。血管衰老是“收縮性”和“舒張性”心力衰竭的“啟動(dòng)因子”,并且是導(dǎo)致心肌缺血的主要原因[4]。腎臟的微血管衰老和硬化是腎功能隨增齡變化以及蛋白尿、血尿產(chǎn)生的主要原因[5]。London等[6]觀察指出終末期腎病患者(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)血管衰老速度增加、外向性動(dòng)脈重構(gòu)不充分,與其血管壁鈣化密切相關(guān)。Briet等[7]研究亦表明,血管衰老和動(dòng)脈硬化與腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率的降低密切相關(guān),并且對(duì)腎臟疾病進(jìn)展和患者心血管預(yù)后具有預(yù)示作用。隨著增齡,主動(dòng)脈硬化程度逐漸高于外周動(dòng)脈,導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈硬度梯度消失或倒置,使高灌注壓對(duì)微循環(huán)的保護(hù)作用減弱。氧化應(yīng)激和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)的血管異常是認(rèn)知功能隨增齡減低的危險(xiǎn)因素。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,睪酮和沉默信息調(diào)節(jié)因子1(Sirtuin type 1,SIRT1)在預(yù)防快速老化小鼠SAMP8(senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8,SAMP8)小鼠血管衰老的同時(shí)有效預(yù)防了其認(rèn)知功能的下降[8]。人群研究表明,主動(dòng)脈順應(yīng)性越高,衡量認(rèn)知功能的MMSE評(píng)分越高,而脈壓水平越高則MMSE評(píng)分越低。表明血管衰老對(duì)認(rèn)知功能有影響,為認(rèn)知功能機(jī)制的研究提供了一個(gè)新型的研究假設(shè)[9]。Cecelja等[10]對(duì)相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)綜述發(fā)現(xiàn),頸-股動(dòng)脈脈搏波速度(carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity,cfPWV)與糖尿病的發(fā)生正相關(guān)。動(dòng)脈硬化的緩慢進(jìn)展加重了肥胖和胰島素抵抗帶來(lái)的負(fù)面健康問(wèn)題,包括高血壓、卒中、心血管死亡和全因死亡。降低體質(zhì)量和改善胰島素敏感性可改善中心動(dòng)脈硬化[11]。因此,研究血管衰老的機(jī)制對(duì)于老年人多種慢病的預(yù)防和治療具有重要意義。
人到中年或老年后,動(dòng)脈中膜平滑肌細(xì)胞的功能退化并通過(guò)凋亡使數(shù)量減少。彈性纖維的產(chǎn)生和交聯(lián)逐漸減少,而膠原纖維數(shù)量逐漸增加。中年以后,硫酸軟骨素,尤其是硫酸軟骨素-6,開(kāi)始在動(dòng)脈基質(zhì)中聚集,同時(shí),淀粉樣物質(zhì)在中膜沉淀[12,13]。以上改變共同導(dǎo)致了血管衰老的形態(tài)學(xué)變化。
血管衰老可通過(guò)無(wú)創(chuàng)測(cè)量動(dòng)脈硬化程度、中心血壓、頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜厚度以及內(nèi)皮功能障礙等方法進(jìn)行檢測(cè)和評(píng)價(jià),這些指標(biāo)被認(rèn)為是動(dòng)脈的“組織型”生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物。與此對(duì)應(yīng)的如超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白等通過(guò)外周血檢測(cè)的指標(biāo)被稱為“循環(huán)型”生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物[14]。
經(jīng)典的危險(xiǎn)積分(如Framingham危險(xiǎn)評(píng)分和European Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation)對(duì)于心血管危險(xiǎn)因素較多的患者能有效預(yù)測(cè)發(fā)生心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。然而,對(duì)于其他低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群的早期預(yù)防效果不佳。因此人們?cè)趯ふ腋鼮榫_的預(yù)測(cè)心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物。其中被廣泛接受的有同型半胱氨酸和超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白。近期研究顯示,同型半胱氨酸較經(jīng)典危險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)老老年患者發(fā)生心血管疾病的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值更大[15]。
血管的損傷使動(dòng)脈硬化程度增加、中心脈壓升高、頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜增厚,并導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮功能障礙。動(dòng)脈硬化也是一種組織生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,可通過(guò)測(cè)量脈搏波速度來(lái)反映。Laurent等[16]綜合了11項(xiàng)縱向研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)(CF)PWV評(píng)估主動(dòng)脈硬化具有較傳統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)因素更高的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。其他動(dòng)脈檢測(cè)手段也可以反映動(dòng)脈硬化情況,其中中心脈壓由于能夠反映真實(shí)作用于靶器官的血壓而備受關(guān)注。增強(qiáng)指數(shù)能夠反映波反射情況,對(duì)于中心血壓的增加起到作用,也是目前比較重視的一種組織型生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物[17]。
端粒長(zhǎng)度或端粒長(zhǎng)度隨時(shí)間的變化是衰老的一個(gè)新型標(biāo)志物。橫斷面研究表明端粒長(zhǎng)度與包括高血壓、血脂異常、肥胖和吸煙、以及不良生活方式在內(nèi)的心血管危險(xiǎn)因素之間存在復(fù)雜的關(guān)系。近期一項(xiàng)研究表明,端粒損耗速度增加是老年男性心血管死亡的預(yù)測(cè)因子[18]。橫斷面研究也表明,動(dòng)脈硬化程度越高的個(gè)體端粒長(zhǎng)度越短[19]。已有研究表明他汀類治療能夠降低CHD患者端粒縮短的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20],而生活方式干預(yù)改善了患有前列腺癌的男性患者的端粒活性。
血管損傷、急性心肌梗死、急性冠脈綜合征和手術(shù)或燒傷導(dǎo)致了缺氧和血管損傷,并使內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs)數(shù)量增加。Guven等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)從急性冠狀動(dòng)脈缺血事件患者中采集的EPCs的擴(kuò)增能力增加[21],最嚴(yán)重的血管疾病患者的EPCs具有最強(qiáng)的生長(zhǎng)能力。與急性事件相反,許多慢性疾病狀態(tài)時(shí)EPCs的數(shù)量或功能是降低的。外周血EPCs數(shù)量減少是冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮功能障礙的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子[22]。EPCs數(shù)量和功能在心血管疾病時(shí)發(fā)生變化使其可以作為一個(gè)生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物。在臨床研究中,EPCs的外周血數(shù)量降低和功能減退目前被用于預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)心血管事件的發(fā)生,它獨(dú)立于其他心血管危險(xiǎn)因素,并且已經(jīng)在高危人群[23]和低危人群[24]中得到了驗(yàn)證。EPCs遷移能力的降低與人類冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化增加有關(guān)[25]。EPCs與其他生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物相比更具臨床優(yōu)勢(shì)。外周血EPCs數(shù)量和功能的檢測(cè)與內(nèi)皮功能直接相關(guān)。
衰老相關(guān)的心腦腎等多種慢病具有共同機(jī)制,其中血管因素是最顯著的。研究血管衰老的機(jī)制對(duì)于老年人多種慢病的預(yù)防和治療具有重要意義。
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(編輯: 王雪萍)
Arterial aging——common mechanism of chronic diseases in the elderly
YU Kai1, BAI Xiao-Juan2*
(1Department of Geriatrics, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;2Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China)
Arterial aging is one of most principal mechanisms of chronic diseases of the elderly. Studies upon arterial aging are the important approaches to deal with the burden of aging society all over the world. This article overviewed the association of arterial aging and elderly chronic disease, the morphology, and the biomarkers of arterial aging.
arterial aging;morphology; biomarker; elderly; chronic disease
(2007CB507405, 2013CB530804),(No.2007225004).
R592
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2013.00087
2013-04-03;
2013-05-02
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃基金(2007CB507405; 2013CB530804); 遼寧省科學(xué)技術(shù)廳課題基金(2007225004)
白小涓, Tel: 024-83282776, E-mail: xjuanbai@yahoo.com.cn