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惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化調(diào)控機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

2013-04-07 17:29馬青司富春
山東醫(yī)藥 2013年26期
關(guān)鍵詞:膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞分化

馬青,司富春

(1 上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),上海201203; 2 河南中醫(yī)學(xué)院)

隨著世界人口增加,老齡化社會(huì)的到來以及人類生存環(huán)境、生活方式的改變,腫瘤成為現(xiàn)代惡性流行疾病之一[1],對(duì)腫瘤發(fā)病機(jī)理、治療方法、藥物等的研究已拓展到細(xì)胞、分子微觀水平[2]。惡性腫瘤的核心是腫瘤細(xì)胞群細(xì)胞,具有不同生物學(xué)特性即腫瘤異質(zhì)性,其中小部分細(xì)胞亞群具有自我更新、無限增殖分化能力和表達(dá)干細(xì)胞表型等干細(xì)胞樣特征,被認(rèn)為是腫瘤干細(xì)胞,是惡性腫瘤形成、轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)的根源[3~5],所以誘導(dǎo)惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化成熟或阻滯其惡性增殖分化是惡性腫瘤防治的主要研究方向[6,7],惡性腫瘤干細(xì)胞是研究重點(diǎn)[8]。細(xì)胞分化的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)是基因調(diào)控,故基因表達(dá)時(shí)間、空間差異性、差異調(diào)控下新合成的特異性蛋白質(zhì)、不同細(xì)胞表面抗原,以及異常細(xì)胞周期、信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路等成為惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化機(jī)制的主要研究點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)就惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化調(diào)控機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展綜述如下。

1 基因調(diào)控

惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化調(diào)控中DNA調(diào)控是起始環(huán)節(jié),轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控是關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),均影響下游水平調(diào)控,調(diào)控主要方式是基因突變、重排、缺失及表達(dá)甲基化、磷酸化修飾異常等,這些是惡性腫瘤形成的原因和防治靶點(diǎn)。

調(diào)控基因根據(jù)功能分為促癌和抑癌兩大類,常見促癌因子:Myc、5-脂肪氧化酶基因(Alox5)、低氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1α(HIF-1α),抑癌因子:人第10號(hào)染色體缺失的磷酸酶及張力蛋白同源的基因(PTEN)、BRG1、FBW7 等[9~13],其中 BRG1 為 SWI/SNF 復(fù)合物成員,在癌細(xì)胞中發(fā)生突變,表達(dá)下調(diào),拮抗癌基因Myc促細(xì)胞不成熟分化作用,使細(xì)胞保持未分化狀態(tài)并惡性增殖;Alox5丟失影響B(tài)CR-ABL誘導(dǎo)的慢性髓細(xì)胞樣白血病干細(xì)胞(LT-LSCs)的分化、分裂和存活率,損傷其功能,起到了消除白血病干細(xì)胞、阻滯慢性白血病發(fā)展的作用,對(duì)正常干細(xì)胞無影響。

關(guān)鍵位點(diǎn)DNA甲基化具有調(diào)控細(xì)胞分化,引發(fā)惡性病變的作用。Rai等[14]證實(shí)野生型APC和維甲酸下調(diào)脫甲基酶水平,促進(jìn)主要相關(guān)基因DNA甲基化,使腸祖細(xì)胞分化,導(dǎo)致結(jié)腸腺瘤形成。

轉(zhuǎn)錄水平調(diào)控因子豐富多樣,以mRNA為主,如 CK19 mRNA 、LUNX mRNA 等[15,16]。近年研究熱點(diǎn)集中在以mRNA為靶標(biāo)的miRNAs和RNAi等方面。miRNAs是內(nèi)源基因編碼的長(zhǎng)度為18~25個(gè)核苷酸的非編碼單鏈RNA分子,參與轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控。最早發(fā)現(xiàn)與腫瘤細(xì)胞分化相關(guān)的是miR-23[17],其可促進(jìn)維甲酸誘導(dǎo)NT2細(xì)胞(屬人胚胎癌細(xì)胞系)向神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞(腫瘤靶向基因傳遞載體)分化,使藥物易于結(jié)合所靶向的腫瘤細(xì)胞,調(diào)控藥物療效。后來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-10a、miR-10b在全反式維甲酸作用下的成神經(jīng)瘤細(xì)胞系SK-N-BE、LAN5及SHSY-5Y表達(dá)上調(diào),且miR-10a/b直接靶向NCOR2,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞系分化[18];miR-200a/miR-200b與乳腺癌細(xì)胞分化相關(guān)[19]等。

RNAi技術(shù)主要應(yīng)用腫瘤基因治療領(lǐng)域,Wang等[20]應(yīng)用RNAi篩出造血干細(xì)胞(HSC)依賴性分化檢查點(diǎn)basic leucine zipper轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(BATF),在端粒縮短或γ-輻射造成的DNA損傷誘導(dǎo)下以GCSF/STAT3依賴方式使造血干細(xì)胞淋巴樣分化,限制HSC自我更新,防止惡性病變。

轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控路徑的其他調(diào)節(jié)因子還有周期素依賴性蛋白激酶CDK8[21]等,調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤和胚胎干細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)錄路徑,經(jīng)MYC介導(dǎo)使細(xì)胞保持未分化狀態(tài),CDK8水平上調(diào)意味著MYC靶基因標(biāo)記的胚胎干細(xì)胞分化能力喪失,靶向CDK8治療能明確抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的干細(xì)胞樣特征。

2 蛋白質(zhì)調(diào)控

蛋白質(zhì)水平調(diào)控是基因調(diào)控下相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)改變或蛋白表達(dá)修飾改變?nèi)缃M乙酰化等。如細(xì)胞分化抑制因子YB-1蛋白,在惡性膠質(zhì)瘤等腫瘤表達(dá)上調(diào),在SF188細(xì)胞及惡性膠質(zhì)瘤患者衍生的腦腫瘤起始細(xì)胞(BTIC)分化時(shí)表達(dá)降低[22];異檸檬酸脫氫酶1(IDH1)和IDH2在神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤、急性白血病和軟骨肉瘤中頻發(fā)突變,損傷組蛋白脫甲基化,從而阻滯惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化[23];二烯丙基二硫(DADS)誘導(dǎo)胃癌細(xì)胞株MGC803產(chǎn)生分化與組蛋白H3乙?;皃21WAF1、CDK1、MUC5AC蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào)密切相關(guān)[24,25]等。

3 細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控

分化細(xì)胞群體主要分布于DNA合成靜止的G0/G1期,因此惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化周期調(diào)控主要目的是將細(xì)胞周期不可逆地阻滯于G0/G1期,阻滯其分化。如新型新型維甲酸衍生物4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯基維甲酸酯(ATPR)可抑制食管癌細(xì)胞ECA-109、胰腺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)ANC-1、宮頸癌細(xì)胞株Hela增殖,使G0/G1期細(xì)胞表達(dá)量增加,S期細(xì)胞表達(dá)量減少,細(xì)胞周期于G0/G1期,ECA-109中SCC-Ag活性下降等,對(duì)3種實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞株具有不同程度的誘導(dǎo)分化作用[26],其他非核苷逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶抑制劑奈達(dá)拉平[27]等,這類制劑是臨床新藥研發(fā)的熱點(diǎn)。

4 信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路調(diào)控

惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化相關(guān)基因、蛋白質(zhì)通過信號(hào)通路傳遞信息相互銜接,信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路是惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化調(diào)控的重要環(huán)節(jié)。目前已明確的相關(guān)通路是Wnt、Notch、PI3K/Akt通路等,通過信號(hào)整合發(fā)揮促進(jìn)或抑制惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化作用。

Rampazzo等[28]在低氧環(huán)境中激活Wnt信號(hào)通路使原始多形性惡性膠質(zhì)瘤衍生細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)為較高分化、低致瘤性表型。Zhang等[29]運(yùn)用原位雜交和組織芯片等技術(shù)證實(shí)Notch信號(hào)通路可調(diào)節(jié)結(jié)腸癌祖細(xì)胞的分裂、分化。Terés等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)一種治療神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤新潛在價(jià)值藥物2-羥油酸,其能誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞分化發(fā)育成熟為神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,此作用主要通過誘導(dǎo)Ras從細(xì)胞膜易位至細(xì)胞質(zhì),阻滯MAP激酶通路,降低PI3K/Akt通路活性,下調(diào)細(xì)胞周期蛋白D-CDK4/6而實(shí)現(xiàn)。

惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化相關(guān)調(diào)控機(jī)制主要為上述幾類,它們之間不是孤立的,而是有千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系,各環(huán)節(jié)之間協(xié)調(diào),特別信號(hào)準(zhǔn)確傳遞和銜接,才可能實(shí)現(xiàn)惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化的良好調(diào)控。惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞分化研究應(yīng)用表現(xiàn)為腫瘤治療分化誘導(dǎo)劑或阻滯劑的研發(fā)和臨床應(yīng)用。目前研發(fā)的內(nèi)源性藥劑有1,25-(OH)2-vitD3、集落刺激因子(CSF)、細(xì)胞因子TNF-α和INF-γ、cAMP等,外源性藥劑主要有 DMSO、苯丁酸鈉、放線菌素D、6-巰基嘌呤、奈達(dá)拉平等,這些藥物治療具有靶向性強(qiáng)、無傳統(tǒng)化療藥物不良反應(yīng)等優(yōu)勢(shì)。但目前成熟應(yīng)用藥物極少,仍需大量實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究的支持。

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