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全結(jié)腸無(wú)神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞癥21例臨床分析

2013-04-09 05:48曾甜李新寧石群峰羅樹(shù)友蘇乃偉莫丹
海南醫(yī)學(xué) 2013年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:細(xì)小神經(jīng)節(jié)腸管

曾甜,李新寧,石群峰,羅樹(shù)友,蘇乃偉,莫丹

(廣西兒童醫(yī)院小兒外科,廣西南寧530003)

全結(jié)腸無(wú)神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞癥21例臨床分析

曾甜,李新寧,石群峰,羅樹(shù)友,蘇乃偉,莫丹

(廣西兒童醫(yī)院小兒外科,廣西南寧530003)

目的研究全結(jié)腸無(wú)神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞癥(TCA)患兒的臨床表現(xiàn)、輔助檢查和治療,提高患兒生存率。方法回顧性分析21例TCA患兒的臨床資料、手術(shù)方式及預(yù)后。本組21例,其中男16例,女5例;年齡4 d~5個(gè)月。21例48 h內(nèi)均未自主排出胎糞,主要癥狀為腹脹、嘔吐。均行剖腹探查。結(jié)果16例一期根治術(shù)的患兒術(shù)后12 d擴(kuò)肛,順利出院,隨訪1個(gè)月~1年,1例偶有糞污,余排便可,發(fā)育正常;4例回腸造瘺術(shù)患兒,其中2例3個(gè)月至半年后回院關(guān)瘺,行巨結(jié)腸根治術(shù),隨訪1個(gè)月~1年,術(shù)后患兒恢復(fù)良好,排便3~5次/d,生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育正常。1例因經(jīng)濟(jì)原因至今未回院關(guān)瘺。1例行回腸造瘺,現(xiàn)已2個(gè)月,患兒發(fā)育正常,恢復(fù)良好,待關(guān)瘺;1例探查示回腸末端50 cm至全結(jié)腸細(xì)小,行腸造瘺,后放棄治療。結(jié)論TCA發(fā)病早,病情較重,結(jié)合鋇灌腸及術(shù)中多點(diǎn)腸管冰凍活檢為早期確診方法。分期手術(shù)較安全,但趨向于一期行病變腸管切除,并回腸直腸吻合術(shù),不僅減少了對(duì)患兒手術(shù)打擊次數(shù),而且降低了患兒的家庭負(fù)擔(dān)。

全結(jié)腸型巨結(jié)腸;外科手術(shù);預(yù)后

全結(jié)腸無(wú)神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞癥(Total colonic aganglionosis,TCA)是先天性巨結(jié)腸中的一種嚴(yán)重畸形,在先天性巨結(jié)腸(HD)中占2%~13%[1],隨著診療水平的提高,近年來(lái)有廣泛報(bào)道[2-5]。我院2009-2011年共收治TCA患兒21例,現(xiàn)將治療體會(huì)報(bào)道如下:

1 資料與方法

1.1 臨床資料本組21例,其中男性16例,女性5例;確診時(shí)年齡4 d~5月。21例48 h內(nèi)均未自主排出胎糞,有胎便排出延遲(出生后3~8 d排出,其中18例經(jīng)處理方才排出胎便),主要癥狀為反復(fù)腹脹、嘔吐。11例插胃管可引出糞水樣物。體查均腹脹,部分可見(jiàn)腸型,肛診有裹手感,無(wú)氣體噴出。腹平片表現(xiàn)為腸梗阻,21例鋇劑灌腸顯示結(jié)腸細(xì)小,24 h復(fù)查平片均有大量鋇劑殘留。

1.2 治療21例患兒經(jīng)術(shù)前檢查、準(zhǔn)備后均積極行剖腹探查術(shù)。4例患兒整段結(jié)腸細(xì)小、僵硬、未發(fā)育,遠(yuǎn)端回腸約30 cm也表現(xiàn)類似特征,術(shù)中根據(jù)多點(diǎn)活檢,行神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞正?;啬c處造瘺;1例患兒整段結(jié)腸至回腸末端50 cm均細(xì)小、僵硬,取近端回腸行腸造瘺,后放棄治療;另外16例探查示回腸末端20厘米以內(nèi)至全結(jié)腸細(xì)小,一期行無(wú)神經(jīng)節(jié)腸管切除,正常回腸直腸吻合根治術(shù)。21例探查術(shù)中均取小腸、各段結(jié)腸多處全層腸壁組織活檢,病理證實(shí)為TCA。

2 結(jié)果

16例一期根治術(shù)的患兒術(shù)后12 d開(kāi)始擴(kuò)肛,順利出院,隨訪1個(gè)月~1年,1例偶有糞污,余排便可,發(fā)育正常;4例回腸造瘺術(shù)患兒,其中2例3個(gè)月至半年后回院關(guān)瘺,行巨結(jié)腸根治術(shù),隨訪1個(gè)月~1年,排便3~5次/d,發(fā)育正常,1例因經(jīng)濟(jì)原因至今未回院關(guān)瘺。1例行回腸造瘺,現(xiàn)已2個(gè)月,患兒發(fā)育正常,恢復(fù)良好,待關(guān)瘺;1例行腸造瘺,后放棄治療。

3 討論

TCA是先天性巨結(jié)腸中的特殊類型,為先天性發(fā)育畸形,其病變腸管范圍包括整段結(jié)腸、部分回腸,總發(fā)病率為1/50 000,占HD病例的2%~13%,臨床癥狀發(fā)病早,確診較難,誤診率高,病死率高[6]。隨著圍手術(shù)期治療和護(hù)理的提高,TCA總體病死率降至15.8%,在部分嚴(yán)重的患兒中仍高達(dá)35.5%[7]。本院同期共收治HD患兒400余例,TCA占5.3%。TCA臨床癥狀發(fā)病早,多見(jiàn)于生后幾周內(nèi),主要表現(xiàn)為出生后無(wú)胎糞或48 h內(nèi)胎糞排出延遲、嘔吐、腹脹、發(fā)熱等。TCA為全結(jié)腸細(xì)小,胎糞淤積于腸道不能及時(shí)排出,可導(dǎo)致腸道細(xì)菌的過(guò)度生長(zhǎng)和腸道黏膜屏障的破壞而發(fā)生小腸結(jié)腸炎,甚至巨結(jié)腸危象,極易導(dǎo)致腸穿孔。本組年齡4 d~5個(gè)月,患兒出生后48 h內(nèi)均無(wú)胎糞排出,表現(xiàn)腹脹、嘔吐,少部分患兒發(fā)熱、昏睡,呈重度感染征象。造影前常規(guī)拍攝腹部立位平片,可見(jiàn)近端小腸充氣擴(kuò)張、有多個(gè)階梯狀液氣平面,結(jié)腸無(wú)氣體,直腸或有少量氣體,要與胎糞性腸梗阻、腸閉鎖、其他胎糞排出不良疾病鑒別。鋇劑大腸造影可以幫助我們鑒別,本組患兒均行造影檢查,少部分患兒有小腸結(jié)腸炎,可能有穿孔的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),檢查前已向家屬交代清楚。但如果患兒有小腸結(jié)腸炎,不推薦鋇劑造影檢查。造影前避免清潔洗腸,以免掩蓋真實(shí)情況。典型的造影X線表現(xiàn)為全結(jié)腸細(xì)小、僵硬,結(jié)腸袋消失,24 h延遲拍片結(jié)腸內(nèi)鋇劑大量殘留。鋇灌腸時(shí)動(dòng)作要輕柔、仔細(xì),造影劑要緩慢灌注,防止操作過(guò)程中腸穿孔。TCA患兒病變腸管長(zhǎng),洗腸效果往往不滿意,腹脹難以緩解,洗腸后自主排便少。對(duì)TCA的診斷有報(bào)道采用直腸黏膜吸引活檢,我們認(rèn)為活檢范圍不能代表全結(jié)腸,直腸肛門測(cè)壓也有類似原因??傊?,通過(guò)病史、臨床表現(xiàn)、輔助檢查,術(shù)前洗腸效果觀察等可基本診斷,但完全確診還是依靠剖腹探查,術(shù)中可觀察到結(jié)腸細(xì)小、僵硬、蒼白無(wú)蠕動(dòng),結(jié)腸袋不可見(jiàn),病變回腸細(xì)小,細(xì)小腸管近端呈漏斗狀擴(kuò)張。同時(shí)對(duì)可疑腸壁全層活檢。本組21例均術(shù)中明確診斷為TCA。

如患兒沒(méi)有嚴(yán)重感染征象,術(shù)前最好清潔洗腸,少量甲硝唑保留灌腸,以防造成腹腔、術(shù)口感染。特別是行一期根治術(shù),術(shù)前洗腸后術(shù)后小腸結(jié)腸炎明顯減少。TCA結(jié)腸細(xì)小,洗腸時(shí)應(yīng)選擇小號(hào)肛管插入,肛管上涂抹石蠟油,操作規(guī)范、仔細(xì),防止醫(yī)源性消化道穿孔。

近來(lái),隨著新技術(shù)的發(fā)展,采用不開(kāi)腹經(jīng)肛門結(jié)腸拖出術(shù)或腹腔鏡輔助下巨結(jié)腸根治術(shù)治療HD均取得了較好的療效,國(guó)內(nèi)同行也進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的報(bào)道[8-10]。而TCA是HD中的特殊類型,以前的治療原則多采用分期根治術(shù),即先做正?;啬c造口術(shù),待發(fā)育3個(gè)月至半年后,患兒各方面情況較好后,再行根治手術(shù)。這樣比較安全,但增加了患兒及其家屬的經(jīng)濟(jì)和精神負(fù)擔(dān),本組2例已造瘺后關(guān)瘺,恢復(fù)可,1例因經(jīng)濟(jì)原因至今未關(guān)瘺。還有1例造瘺后因家庭原因放棄治療。本文認(rèn)為,對(duì)于圍手術(shù)期準(zhǔn)備充分,患兒能耐受手術(shù)、術(shù)中能確診者,一期行病變腸管切除回腸直腸吻合術(shù)是可取的,不僅術(shù)后恢復(fù)可,且經(jīng)濟(jì),安全。本組16例均為一期手術(shù),遠(yuǎn)期隨訪恢復(fù)好,家屬滿意,國(guó)內(nèi)也有類似報(bào)道[11]。TCA的診斷和治療是對(duì)臨床醫(yī)生的一種挑戰(zhàn),其診治過(guò)程可反映出小兒外科的水平,圍手術(shù)期的精心準(zhǔn)備和合理的腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)是成功的保證。本組21例,4例造瘺,1例放棄治療(4.7%),16例一期回腸直腸吻合,效果較滿意。我們趨向于一期行回腸直腸吻合術(shù),不僅減少了對(duì)患兒手術(shù)打擊次數(shù),而且降低了患兒的家庭負(fù)擔(dān)。

[1]Moore SW.Total colonic aganglionosis in Hirschsprung disease[J]. Semin Pediatr Surg,2012,21(4):302-309.

[2]鐘微,余家康,夏慧敏,等.全結(jié)腸無(wú)神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞癥37例臨床分析[J].實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2005,21(10):1056-1057.

[3]胡召毛,毛慶東.全結(jié)腸無(wú)神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞癥2例[J].實(shí)用全科醫(yī)學(xué), 2006,4(6):651.

[4]Anupama B,趙瑞,鄭珊,等.全結(jié)腸巨結(jié)腸:十年診療經(jīng)驗(yàn)與隨訪[J].中華小兒外科雜志,2007,28(3):130-133.

[5]鐘微,余家康,夏慧敏,等.全結(jié)腸型巨結(jié)腸患兒術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期療效及營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況評(píng)估[J].中華胃腸外科雜志,2012,15(5):480-483.

[6]Escobar MA,Grosfeld JL,West KW,et al.Long-term outcomes in total colonic aganglionosis:a 32-year experience[J].J Pediatr Surg, 2005,40(6):955-961.

[7]Leiri S,Suita S,Nakatsuji T,et al.Total colonic aganglionosis with or without small bowel involvement:a 30-year retrospective nationwide survey in Japan[J].J Pediatr Surg,2008,43(12):2226-2230.

[8]杜鵬,金先慶.兒童先天性巨結(jié)腸手術(shù)的治療進(jìn)展[J].重慶醫(yī)學(xué),2009,38(15):1967-1970.

[9]馬代明,戚輝,戴建東.腹腔鏡輔助下治療先天性巨結(jié)腸[J].中國(guó)婦幼保健,2007,22(04):528-529.

[10]李索林,左長(zhǎng)增,王萍,等.腹腔鏡輔助次全結(jié)腸切除術(shù)的臨床應(yīng)用[J].中華小兒外科雜志,2007,28(7):344-346.

[11]耿其明,徐小群,唐維兵,等.全結(jié)腸切除治療全結(jié)腸型無(wú)神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞癥[J].中華普通外科雜志,2006,21(10):746.

Clinical analysis of 21 cases of total colonic aganglionosis.

ZENG Tian,LI Xin-ning,SHI Qun-feng,LUO Shu-you, SU Nai-wei,MO Dan.Department of Pediatric Surgery,Guangxi Children's Hospital,Nanning 530003,Guangxi,CHINA

ObjectiveTo investigate clinical manifestations,accessory examinations and treatment of the total colonic aganglionosis(TCA),and to improve children's survival rate.MethodsA total of 21 patients with TCA were studied,including 16 males and 5 females,aged from 4 days to five months.The clinical data,surgical methods and prognosis were analyzed retrospectively.None of them were voluntary defecation within 48 hours.The main symptoms were abdominal distention,vomiting.All the patients

exploratory laparotomy.ResultsSixteen patients received primary radical operation,and were cured with anal dilatation at 12 days after surgery.The follow-up period ranged from 1 month to 1 year.One patient suffered from incontinence of loose stool after 1 year.15 patients recovered excretive function and had a normal development.Four patients were dealt with ileum tubal fistulation,two of which received operation to close the colostomy and to perform radical operation on congenital megacolon defense after three months to half a year.The results were satisfactory,with the frequency of defecation between 3 times and 5 times per day,normal growth and development during the follow-up(1 month to 1 year).One patient has not returned and closed the colostomy so far due to economic reasons.One patient was dealt with tube fistulization via cristal ileum two months ago,who is waiting for closing the colostomy with anormal growth and development.One patient received intestinal fistula and gave up treatment later,because 50 cm of terminal ileum to the whole colon was small in surgical exploration.ConclusionTCA occurs early and does heavy harm to the child.The method for the early diagnosis of TCA is barium enema and the intraoperative rapid frozen biopsy from multiple regions of intestinal in combination.Sequential surgery is more safe than the one stage operation.But the trend is lesions of the bowel resection and lleorectal anastomosis in one stage,because it can decrease the operation times and reduce the economic burden of the family.

Total colonic aganglionosis;Surgical operation;Prognosis

R574.62

A

1003—6350(2013)09—1299—02

10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2013.09.0548

2013-01-01)

廣西科技廳自然科學(xué)基金(編號(hào):桂科自0991181)

曾甜。E-mail:zest519@126.com

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