張凌云*, 劉葉榮, 譚 萍, 薛建軍, 何炎鴻, 李 巖
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小劑量氯胺酮術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛對全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者細胞因子表達的影響
張凌云*, 劉葉榮, 譚 萍, 薛建軍, 何炎鴻, 李 巖
(甘肅省中醫(yī)院麻醉科, 蘭州 730050)
觀察小劑量氯胺酮+芬太尼用于全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛的效果,以及對細胞因子腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的表達的影響。80例全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后患者隨機分為兩組行術(shù)后經(jīng)靜脈患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛(PCIA),F(xiàn)組(40例)配方芬太尼20μg/kg+昂丹司瓊8mg+生理鹽水至100ml;FK組(40例)芬太尼16μg/kg+氯胺酮2mg/kg+昂丹司瓊8mg+生理鹽水至100ml。術(shù)后靜脈持續(xù)泵注2ml/h,觀察不同時間點視覺模擬評分(VAS)鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜、呼吸血壓變化、惡心嘔吐等不良反應(yīng),血清TNF-α和IL-1β的表達。兩組患者術(shù)后各時間點VAS鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜評分、平均動脈壓、血氧飽和度比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05);KF組患者與F組比較,術(shù)后惡心、嘔吐不良反應(yīng)明顯減少(<0.05);術(shù)后0及4h IL-1β的表達差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05),術(shù)后12及24h IL-1β表達明顯降低(<0.05);術(shù)后各時間點TNF-α的表達差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05)。小劑量氯胺酮復(fù)合芬太尼用于髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,較傳統(tǒng)的單用芬太尼術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛,能產(chǎn)生良好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減少惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng),同時能抑制炎癥因子IL-1β的表達,更有利于患者的康復(fù)。
氯胺酮; 經(jīng)靜脈患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛; 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù); 腫瘤壞死因子-α; 白細胞介素-1β
隨著我國逐步進入老齡化社會,涌現(xiàn)出越來越多老年性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎和創(chuàng)傷導致的人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者。這類手術(shù)術(shù)后強烈的疼痛以及人工假體的植入、使用止血帶造成的肢體缺血再灌注損傷等,都將導致機體發(fā)生強烈的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生炎癥反應(yīng),不利于手術(shù)患者的康復(fù)。近年國外學者嘗試伍用小劑量氯胺酮以增強阿片類藥物的鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng),并通過減少阿片類藥物的用量以減少其不良反應(yīng)[1];此外,當存在阿片類藥物耐受性疼痛時,術(shù)后應(yīng)用小劑量氯胺酮能夠提供迅速持久的鎮(zhèn)痛[2],已有的動物實驗和人體研究證實氯胺酮具有抗缺血再灌注損傷和抗炎作用,即使小劑量使用也有效[3,4]。本研究通過對全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)后患者采用小劑量氯胺酮復(fù)合芬太尼進行術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,并對鎮(zhèn)痛效果以及鎮(zhèn)痛期間的細胞因子表達變化進行觀察并探討。
選擇符合美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會診斷標準Ⅰ~Ⅲ級需行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者80例,年齡65~80歲,體質(zhì)量50~78kg。所有患者無嚴重心、肺疾病及惡性腫瘤、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病。隨機數(shù)字表法分為F組和FK組,每組各40例。兩組性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量、病情均無明顯差異。
患者入室后開通靜脈輸液,給予吸氧、心電監(jiān)護;麻醉方法選擇為連續(xù)硬膜外阻滯(L2~3椎間隙穿刺;1.5%利多卡因維持麻醉);術(shù)后行經(jīng)靜脈患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA),F(xiàn)組配方為芬太尼20μg/kg+昂丹司瓊8mg+生理鹽水至100ml;FK組為芬太尼16μg/kg+氯胺酮2mg/kg+昂丹司瓊8mg+生理鹽水至100ml。術(shù)后靜脈持續(xù)泵注2ml/h,追加劑量0.5ml/次,鎖定間隔時間15min(注射泵為上海怡新醫(yī)療設(shè)備有限公司生產(chǎn))。
觀察術(shù)后4,10,24及48h視覺模擬評分(visual analogue scale,VAS)鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜、呼吸血壓變化及惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)。術(shù)后疼痛程度采用VAS:0分為無痛,10分為劇痛,<3分為優(yōu),3~5分為良,>5分為差;術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)靜評分:沉睡為4分,嗜睡為3分,淡漠為2分,清醒為1分。
分別于術(shù)后0,4,12及24h抽取靜脈血樣并立即將血樣移入EDTA管,4℃,3 000r/min離心10min,取血漿-40℃下保存,酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試劑盒(晶美生物有限公司)測定血漿腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白細胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)的表達。
應(yīng)用SPSS11.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。組內(nèi)各時間點血漿細胞因子比較采用單因素重復(fù)方差分析;組間患者一般資料、手術(shù)時間、鎮(zhèn)痛評分、血漿炎癥細胞因子的比較采用獨立樣本檢驗,兩組間副作用發(fā)生率比較采用2檢驗。<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
兩組患者均順利完成手術(shù),術(shù)中血流動力學維持穩(wěn)定。兩組患者體質(zhì)量、手術(shù)時間、失血量、晶體液輸入量、膠體液輸入量、尿量差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表1)。
兩組患者術(shù)后各時間點VAS鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜評分,平均動脈壓(mean aterial pressure,MAP),血氧飽和度(blood oxygen saturation,SpO2)比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表2)。
與F組比較,KF組術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)減少,不良反應(yīng)率明顯降低(<0.05;表3)。
與F組比較,KF組術(shù)后0和4h IL-1β的表達差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05),術(shù)后12和24h IL-1β表達明顯降低(<0.05);與F組比較,KF組術(shù)后各時間點TNF-α的表達差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表4)。
表1 兩組患者術(shù)前和術(shù)中一般情況比較
F: fentanyl and ondansetron; KF: small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl and ondansetron
表2 術(shù)后各時間點VAS、鎮(zhèn)靜評分、平均動脈壓及SpO2比較
F: fentanyl and ondansetron; KF: small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl and ondansetron; VAS: visual analogue scale; MAP: mean aterial pressure; SpO2: blood oxygen saturation. 1mmHg=0.133kPa
表3 術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛期間不良反應(yīng)比較
F: fentanyl and ondansetron; KF: small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl and ondansetron; PCIA: patient controlled intravenous analgesia. Compared with F group,*<0.05
表4 術(shù)后各時間點血漿TNF-Α和IL-1β的表達
F: fentanyl and ondansetron; KF: small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl and ondansetron; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: interleukin-1β. Compared with F group,*<0.05
傳統(tǒng)的術(shù)后芬太尼靜脈持續(xù)鎮(zhèn)痛存在諸如皮膚瘙癢、惡心嘔吐、尿潴留等副作用,如何減少阿片類藥物術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的劑量是近年來相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的一個研究熱點。本試驗結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)KF組與F組在術(shù)后4,10,24和48h各個時間點VAS鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜評分、MAP、SpO2差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05),提示KF組和F組一樣都能為髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后中老年患者提供較滿意的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,并且不會對鎮(zhèn)痛期間患者的呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生不良影響。同時,KF組較F組在術(shù)后4,10,24和48h各個時間點患者惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率顯著降低(<0.05),提示通過復(fù)合小劑量氯胺酮來減少芬太尼的劑量可以顯著減少阿片類藥物所帶來的皮膚瘙癢、惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)。氯胺酮作為一種傳統(tǒng)靜脈麻醉藥,具有較強的鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛作用,大劑量使用會產(chǎn)生幻覺、噩夢、驚厥等不良反應(yīng),但小劑量使用則會減少這些不良反應(yīng)[5]。本試驗中兩組患者均未出現(xiàn)精神癥狀方面的不良反應(yīng),也提示小劑量氯胺酮用于術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛并不增加老年患者的藥物精神反應(yīng)。
在全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中及術(shù)后,患者可能出現(xiàn)較嚴重的炎癥反應(yīng)。目前的研究普遍支持骨水泥顆粒以及創(chuàng)傷可誘導巨噬細胞中IL-1,IL-6,TNF-α等細胞因子的表達[6]。TNF是一種多肽類細胞因子,主要由巨噬/單核細胞生成,是最早出現(xiàn)的細胞因子,常與重癥炎癥反應(yīng)相關(guān),可激活其他多種細胞因子和炎癥介質(zhì),共同產(chǎn)生特征性的級聯(lián)反應(yīng),放大炎癥效應(yīng)[7]。IL-1在補體系統(tǒng)的刺激下由單核細胞產(chǎn)生,是應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和代謝的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,可影響中性粒細胞黏附,增加血管通透性,降低循環(huán)阻力,是體內(nèi)主要的內(nèi)源性致熱源[8]。已有研究表明,氯胺酮具有抗炎、抗氧化應(yīng)激的作用,本試驗結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與F組比較,KF組術(shù)后0和4h IL-1β的表達差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05),術(shù)后12和24h IL-1β表達明顯降低(<0.05);與F組比較,KF組術(shù)后各時間點TNF-α的表達差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05)。以上結(jié)果提示小劑量氯胺酮復(fù)合芬太尼術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛較單用芬太尼術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛對髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)患者血漿IL-1β的表達會產(chǎn)生影響,但差異出現(xiàn)于4h之后,這可能與炎癥反應(yīng)的自身規(guī)律、麻醉的消退時間以及麻醉本身可以抑制炎癥因子的表達有關(guān);同時,對TNF-α的表達組間未見差異,這可能與血漿TNF-α濃度可受多種炎癥因子的影響、缺乏特異性有關(guān),另外,研究證實圍術(shù)期血漿TNF-α濃度的變化不如傷口局部濃度的變化顯著[9],所以以上結(jié)論有待于進一步通過后續(xù)研究來證實。
綜上所述,小劑量氯胺酮復(fù)合芬太尼用于髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,較傳統(tǒng)的單用芬太尼術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛,能產(chǎn)生良好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減少惡心、嘔吐、皮膚瘙癢等不良反應(yīng),同時能抑制炎癥因子IL-1β的表達,更有利于患者的康復(fù)。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Effects of postoperative analgesia with small dose ketamine on plasma cytokines in patients undergoing total hip replacement
ZHANG Ling-Yun*, LIU Ye-Rong, TAN Ping, XUE Jian-Jun, HE Yan-Hong, LI Yan
(Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, China)
To investigate the analgesic effect of small dose ketamine, and its impact on the expression of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in patients after total hip replacement.A total of 80 patients (with age of 65 to 80 and ASA grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ) after total hip replacement underwent patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) in our department. They were randomly divided into two groups: fentanyl and ondansetron group (F group, 20μg/kg fentanyl+8mg ondansetron+normal saline till 100ml,=40), and small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl and ondansetron group (KF group, 16μg/kg fentanyl+2mg/kg ketamine+8mg ondansetron+normal saline till 100ml,=40) at a continuous intravenous infusion of 2ml/h. Visual analogue scale (VAS), mean aterial pressure (MAP), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), side-effects during PCIA (such as nausea and vomiting), and the plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were recorded and compared between the two groups at different time points.There was no significant difference in the VAS, sedation score, MAP and SpO2between the two groups at all time points (>0.05), but the incidence of side-effects was significantly lower in KF group than in F group (<0.05). No significant difference was found in the plasma level of IL-1β between the two groups in 0 and 4h after operation; but in 12 and 24h after operation, that in KF group was significantly lower (<0.05). No significant difference was found in the level of TNF-α between the two groups at all time points. (>0.05).Small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl in PCIA has better analgesic effect than conventional method of using fentanyl alone for patients after total hip replacement. It also reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting and inhibits the expression of inflammatory factor IL-1β, and thus is helpful to patient’s recovery.
ketamine; patient controlled intravenous analgesia; total hip replacement; tumor necrosis factor-α; interleukin-1β
(2012-ZD-04).
R687
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2013.00205
2013?04?24;
2013?06?12
蘭州市科技指導性計劃項目(2012-ZD-04)
張凌云, E-mail: zhangly8848@126.com