吳 軍, 劉 澤, 張?jiān)丛? 馮德光, 彭 艷, 劉 凌, 蘇 磊, 郭振輝*
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長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者醫(yī)院內(nèi)感染前后血漿白蛋白水平及細(xì)胞免疫功能的變化
吳 軍1, 劉 澤1, 張?jiān)丛?, 馮德光1, 彭 艷2, 劉 凌2, 蘇 磊2, 郭振輝2*
(廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院:1老年病中心,2廣東省老年感染與器官功能支持重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 廣州 510010)
探討長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者醫(yī)院內(nèi)感染前后血漿白蛋白(ALB)水平及細(xì)胞免疫功能的變化及關(guān)系。選擇2009年1月至2012年12月在廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院住院的長(zhǎng)期臥床且住院期間發(fā)生院內(nèi)感染的高齡患者共78例,按感染前、感染持續(xù)≥5d、感染持續(xù)≥10d以及感染進(jìn)一步發(fā)展成嚴(yán)重膿毒癥或膿毒性休克4個(gè)時(shí)期分為B組(=78)、C組(=52)、D組(=33)、E組(=25);隨機(jī)選擇同期住院非長(zhǎng)期臥床、無(wú)感染的高齡患者作為對(duì)照組(A組,=40)。分別檢測(cè)不同時(shí)期患者血漿ALB水平、細(xì)胞免疫功能[包括外周血單核細(xì)胞表面人白細(xì)胞抗原-DR(HLA-DR)及T細(xì)胞亞群];統(tǒng)計(jì)處理時(shí)進(jìn)一步將感染前患者(B組)按血漿ALB水平分為ALB正常組(B1組,=16)和ALB偏低組(B2組,=62)。與A組相比,B組血漿ALB顯著降低(=0.000);與A組及B組相比,C、D、E三組血漿ALB均顯著降低(=0.000)。與A組相比,B1組細(xì)胞免疫功能差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05),B2組HLA-DR的表達(dá)、CD3+T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值以及CD4/CD8比值均顯著降低(=0.000),CD8+T細(xì)胞占CD3+T細(xì)胞的百分?jǐn)?shù)(CD8/CD3)顯著升高(=0.000),CD4+T細(xì)胞占CD3+T細(xì)胞的百分?jǐn)?shù)(CD4/CD3)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。與A組及B組相比,C、D、E三組HLA-DR的表達(dá)、CD3+T細(xì)胞的絕對(duì)值、CD4/CD3以及CD4/CD8比值均顯著減低(=0.000),CD8/CD3顯著升高(=0.000);而且HLA-DR、CD3+T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值、CD4/CD3、CD8/CD3、CD4/CD8比值與血漿ALB水平的相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為1=0.791,2=0.638,3=0.534,4=-0.575,5=0.580(均=0.000)。長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者醫(yī)院內(nèi)感染前血漿ALB已顯著減低,感染后血漿ALB水平進(jìn)一步下降,血漿ALB水平降低的患者其細(xì)胞免疫功能也下降,而且患者感染前后細(xì)胞免疫功能的下降與血漿ALB水平的降低密切相關(guān)。
老年人, 80以上; 醫(yī)院感染; 血清白蛋白; 細(xì)胞免疫
長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者常因感染而反復(fù)住院,每次住院的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),院內(nèi)感染甚至膿毒癥、嚴(yán)重膿毒癥及膿毒性休克的發(fā)生較非長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者明顯增多。在長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者尤其是伴有院內(nèi)感染的患者中,蛋白質(zhì)-能量營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良伴微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏是很普遍的問(wèn)題。本研究探討長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者院內(nèi)感染前后血漿白蛋白(albumin,ALB)水平與細(xì)胞免疫功能的變化、關(guān)系及臨床意義。
2009年1月至2012年12月因各種原因在廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院老年病中心、神經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)中心、康復(fù)中心、重癥監(jiān)護(hù)中心住院的長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者、且在住院期間發(fā)生院內(nèi)感染者(病史1~13年)共78例,主要感染部位為肺部及泌尿系,其中男性64例、女性14例,年齡80~106(86.9±4.7)歲,院內(nèi)感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按衛(wèi)生部制定的《醫(yī)院感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[1]。排除惡性腫瘤、血液系統(tǒng)疾病、免疫性疾病以及近半年內(nèi)使用免疫抑制劑的患者。另在同期住院的患者中隨機(jī)選擇40例無(wú)感染的高齡患者作對(duì)照組(A組),其中男性32例、女性8例,年齡80~95(86.4±4.7)歲。所有患者均伴有不同的基礎(chǔ)性疾病,如高血壓病,糖尿病,冠心病,卒中,慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾?。ò灾夤苎住⒎螝饽[、支氣管擴(kuò)張、肺結(jié)核),泌尿系統(tǒng)疾?。òI囊腫、腎結(jié)石、慢性腎功能不全)。兩組患者的性別構(gòu)成、年齡、基礎(chǔ)疾病構(gòu)成等差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性(>0.05)。
本研究符合醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并經(jīng)過(guò)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有治療和檢測(cè)都取得患者及其家屬的知情同意。
1.2.1 分組及檢測(cè)指標(biāo) 長(zhǎng)期住院的高齡患者在住院期間發(fā)生院內(nèi)感染者共78例,若感染時(shí)間超過(guò)5d,按感染前、感染持續(xù)≥5d、感染持續(xù)≥10d以及感染進(jìn)一步發(fā)展成嚴(yán)重膿毒癥或膿毒性休克4個(gè)時(shí)期分為B組(78例)、C組(52例)、D組(33例)、E組(25例),分別檢測(cè)不同時(shí)期患者血漿ALB水平、細(xì)胞免疫功能[包括外周血單核細(xì)胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)表面人白細(xì)胞抗原-DR(human leukocyte antigen-DR,HLA-DR)及T細(xì)胞亞群];統(tǒng)計(jì)處理時(shí)進(jìn)一步將感染前患者(B組)按血漿ALB水平分為ALB正常組(B1組,16例)和ALB偏低組(B2組,62例)。嚴(yán)重膿毒癥/膿毒性休克診斷參照2001年在華盛頓舉行的國(guó)際膿毒癥定義會(huì)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2]。其中血漿ALB(正常35~50g/L)的數(shù)值來(lái)自于廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科確定檢測(cè)報(bào)告。細(xì)胞免疫功能用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)HLA-DR(以百分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá))和T細(xì)胞亞群分析[包括CD3+T細(xì)胞的絕對(duì)值、CD4+T細(xì)胞占CD3+T細(xì)胞(即CD4/CD3)的百分?jǐn)?shù)、CD8+T細(xì)胞占CD3+T細(xì)胞(即CD8/CD3)的百分?jǐn)?shù)以及CD4/CD8比值]。
1.2.2 PBMC表面HLA-DR的檢測(cè)[3]單核細(xì)胞HLA-DR的檢測(cè)由本院檢驗(yàn)科完成,取所有參與研究者晨起靜脈全血3ml送本院檢驗(yàn)科,結(jié)果用表達(dá)HLA-DR/CD14+的百分?jǐn)?shù)來(lái)表示。流式細(xì)胞儀(FACS-Calibur,Becton Dickinson)為德國(guó)San Jose公司產(chǎn)品,異硫氰酸熒光素(FITC)標(biāo)記的抗CD14抗體和藻紅蛋白(PE)標(biāo)記的抗HLA-DR抗體均為德國(guó)BD公司產(chǎn)品。
1.2.3 外周血T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值及亞群分析[4]向絕對(duì)值管中(Bead count 52187,Lot 89813)分別加入三色免疫熒光抗體CD4-FITC/CD8-PE/CD3-PerCP各20μl,再各自加入EDTA抗凝靜脈全血標(biāo)本50μl,混勻,室溫避光15min,加入溶血素2ml,旋渦混勻后,室溫避光溶血15min,2h內(nèi)用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)。流式細(xì)胞儀采用CD3-PerCP設(shè)門對(duì)白細(xì)胞進(jìn)行分群,選擇淋巴細(xì)胞亞群,BD Tritest軟件獲取與分析數(shù)據(jù)。分析CD3+T細(xì)胞的絕對(duì)值、CD4/CD3(%)、CD8/CD3(%)、以及CD4/CD8比值。
與A組比較,B組血漿ALB顯著減低[(39.8±3.3)(34.1±3.7)g/L,=0.000]。與A、B組比較,C、D、E三組血漿ALB呈進(jìn)行性下降,各組間血漿ALB值由高至低依次為:A組(39.8±3.3)g/L,B組(34.1±3.7)g/L,C組(31.4±2.4)g/L,D組(27.8±3.1)g/L,E組(23.3±3.1)g/L(=0.000;表1)。
與A組比較,B1組細(xì)胞免疫功能無(wú)顯著性差異(>0.05)。與A組及B1組比較,B2組部分細(xì)胞免疫功能出現(xiàn)顯著性異常,主要表現(xiàn)為HLA-DR的表達(dá)、CD3+T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值及CD4/CD8比值均顯著減低(=0.000),CD8/CD3顯著升高(=0.000),而CD4/CD3無(wú)顯著差異(>0.05;表1)。
與A組及B組相比,C、D、E各組細(xì)胞免疫功能顯著異常,包括HLA-DR的表達(dá)、CD3+T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值、CD4/CD3以及CD4/CD8比值均明顯減低(=0.000),而CD8/CD3明顯升高(=0.000;表1)。
長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者感染前后細(xì)胞免疫功能的異常,包括HLA-DR(%)、CD3+T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值、CD4/CD3(%)、CD8/CD3(%)、CD4/CD8比值的改變,均與血漿ALB的水平相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為1=0.791,2=0.683,3=0.534,4=-0.575,5=0.580(均=0.000)。
隨著社會(huì)醫(yī)療保障的逐步完善以及現(xiàn)代急救醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展,急危重癥患者的病死率明顯降低,相當(dāng)一部分患者脫離瀕死險(xiǎn)境成為長(zhǎng)期臥床患者,尤其是高齡患者,部分患者甚至因回到家中無(wú)法被適當(dāng)照料而長(zhǎng)期被患者家屬遺留在醫(yī)院,導(dǎo)致了醫(yī)療資源的極大消耗,給社會(huì)和家庭帶來(lái)了巨大負(fù)擔(dān)。
本研究中所有長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者病史均超過(guò)1年,最長(zhǎng)13年,大多數(shù)患者呈永久性植物狀態(tài)、最小意識(shí)狀態(tài)或重度癡呆狀態(tài)。他們身體上都留置多種管道,如鼻胃(腸)管、導(dǎo)尿管、氣管套管(氣管切開(kāi)狀態(tài))、經(jīng)皮內(nèi)鏡下胃造口、經(jīng)皮內(nèi)鏡下空腸造口置管、膀胱造口置管、腦室腹腔分流管等。幾乎所有患者都呈慢性持續(xù)性炎癥狀態(tài),絕大多數(shù)患者反復(fù)咳嗽、咳痰,每天需要幾十根吸痰管經(jīng)口腔、鼻腔或氣管套管從氣道內(nèi)吸出大量痰液,部分患者反復(fù)出現(xiàn)伴有絮狀物的混濁尿液、甚至膿尿,部分伴有遷延不愈的壓瘡,還有其他慢性炎癥如膽囊炎、胰腺炎、胃炎、腸炎等。本研究結(jié)果顯示,長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者院內(nèi)感染前血漿ALB就比非長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者明顯減低;院內(nèi)感染后隨著感染時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)、感染程度的加重,血漿ALB呈進(jìn)行性下降。據(jù)報(bào)道[5,6]血漿ALB減低的主要原因有:(1)因胃腸功能減低而攝入減少;(2)慢性炎癥反復(fù)急性發(fā)作導(dǎo)致代謝率增高,蛋白質(zhì)消耗速度大于正常;(3)炎癥反應(yīng)時(shí)肝臟蛋白質(zhì)的合成失去優(yōu)先地位,而且間斷出現(xiàn)的炎癥應(yīng)激狀態(tài)對(duì)肝臟代謝的干擾可導(dǎo)致ALB合成、代謝障礙。另外各種感染嚴(yán)重時(shí)可發(fā)展成嚴(yán)重膿毒癥/膿毒性休克,產(chǎn)生的大量炎性介質(zhì)、組織細(xì)胞的損傷以及毛細(xì)血管壁通透性增加、滲漏加重,大量蛋白質(zhì)被濾出而進(jìn)入組織間隙,也是導(dǎo)致血漿ALB減低的重要原因[7,8]。除了上述原因外,長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者多處于各臟器功能代償終末階段,感染時(shí)最常見(jiàn)并發(fā)心力衰竭、呼吸衰竭、腎衰竭,臨床上看到幾乎所有長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者感染時(shí)都伴隨惡心、嘔吐,抗炎治療后常伴有腹瀉,所以長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者感染后無(wú)一例外都會(huì)出現(xiàn)血漿ALB進(jìn)行性降低。
表1 長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者院內(nèi)感染前后血漿白蛋白及細(xì)胞免疫功能的變化
ALB: albumin; HLA-DR: human leukocyte antigen-DR. Compared with group A,*<0.05; compared with group B1,#<0.05; compared with group B2,△<0.05; compared with group C,▲<0.05; compared with group D,☆<0.05
本研究結(jié)果顯示,長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者院內(nèi)感染前血漿ALB正常組(B1組)細(xì)胞免疫功能可以維持在正常水平,而血漿ALB減低組(B2組)細(xì)胞免疫功能出現(xiàn)部分受損。提示細(xì)胞免疫功能的受損與血漿ALB的降低有關(guān),而慢性持續(xù)性炎癥只要不引起血漿ALB降低,患者的細(xì)胞免疫功能可以長(zhǎng)期維持在相對(duì)正常的范圍。
長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者院內(nèi)感染后,隨著感染時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)、感染程度的加重,血漿ALB的減低逐漸加重,同時(shí)出現(xiàn)逐漸加重的細(xì)胞免疫功能障礙,包括HLA-DR的表達(dá)減低、CD3+T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值的減少、CD4+T細(xì)胞占CD3+T細(xì)胞的百分?jǐn)?shù)明顯減低。研究表明,CD14+單核細(xì)胞表面HLA-DR表達(dá)量的下降提示單核細(xì)胞功能的損害[9,10];CD3+T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值減低以及CD4+T細(xì)胞占CD3+T細(xì)胞百分?jǐn)?shù)的減少,表明免疫細(xì)胞不能對(duì)病原體產(chǎn)生足夠有效的免疫應(yīng)答[11,12]。另外,從CD3+T細(xì)胞的絕對(duì)值、CD4+T細(xì)胞占CD3+T細(xì)胞的百分?jǐn)?shù)、CD8+T細(xì)胞占CD3+T細(xì)胞的百分?jǐn)?shù)以及CD4/CD8的比值可以推算出,長(zhǎng)期住院高齡患者感染伴低血漿ALB時(shí),CD4+T細(xì)胞及CD8+T細(xì)胞的絕對(duì)值均有所減少,但CD4+T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值的減少比CD8+T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值的減少更顯著,提示感染所致低血漿ALB可能引起Th1/Th2亞群平衡失調(diào)進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致CD4/CD8比值失衡[13,14]。研究結(jié)果還提示細(xì)胞免疫功能障礙與血漿ALB水平的減低密切相關(guān),說(shuō)明低血漿ALB或嚴(yán)重營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良可能是長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者院內(nèi)感染時(shí)尤其是嚴(yán)重膿毒癥/膿毒性休克時(shí)細(xì)胞免疫紊亂[15,16]的重要原因之一;這個(gè)結(jié)果對(duì)進(jìn)一步理解膿毒癥以及嚴(yán)重膿毒癥/膿毒性休克時(shí)發(fā)生細(xì)胞免疫紊亂的機(jī)制、臨床治療都有重要的意義。但臨床上在通過(guò)輸注血漿或白蛋白來(lái)治療感染,尤其是嚴(yán)重膿毒癥/膿毒性休克低血漿ALB時(shí),即使血漿ALB達(dá)到正常水平,細(xì)胞免疫功能并不能恢復(fù)正常水平[17,18]。報(bào)道顯示,補(bǔ)充外源性血漿ALB除了提高血漿ALB水平外,與氮平衡、前白蛋白和轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白等營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)變化均無(wú)相關(guān)性[19?21]。究其原因,在于血漿ALB的半衰期長(zhǎng)(21d),進(jìn)入體內(nèi)后不能直接被機(jī)體利用,而是先分解成氨基酸代謝庫(kù),再在有能量和其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)素供給的情況下參與新的蛋白質(zhì)合成。因此臨床所見(jiàn)的輸入外源性血漿ALB后數(shù)天內(nèi)血漿ALB水平的升高只是暫時(shí)的表面現(xiàn)象,并不能直接改善營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況。我們知道長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者除了慢性持續(xù)性炎癥、胃腸功能減弱、蛋白質(zhì)攝入不足導(dǎo)致的低血漿ALB外,通常還伴有維生素缺乏(尤其是具有抗氧化作用的維生素A,C,E等)和微量元素供應(yīng)不足(尤其是對(duì)免疫功能淋巴細(xì)胞增殖應(yīng)答至關(guān)重要的鋅等)[22,23],以及用藥較多(如解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥、非類固醇抗炎藥、類固醇藥物、抗生素、抗抑郁藥物、降壓藥、別嘌呤醇等)[24?27],這些都會(huì)引起淋巴細(xì)胞的減少及免疫功能障礙。另外機(jī)體內(nèi)一些營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)(如谷氨酰胺、ω-3多不飽和脂肪酸、精氨酸、核苷和核苷酸、膳食纖維等),這些物質(zhì)不僅能提供生長(zhǎng)迅速的細(xì)胞(如淋巴細(xì)胞)生長(zhǎng)、修復(fù)所必需的能量,防治營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏,而且可以通過(guò)調(diào)控細(xì)胞因子、炎癥介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生和釋放等來(lái)維持免疫平衡[28?31]。因此,改善長(zhǎng)期臥床高齡患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況對(duì)維持患者細(xì)胞免疫功能、增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)、減少感染的發(fā)生率,從而降低住院率及住院時(shí)間有重要意義。
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(編輯: 張青山)
Plasma albumin level and cellular immune function in elderly bed-ridden patients before and after nosocomial infection
WU Jun1, LIU Ze1, ZHANG Yuan-Yuan1, FENG De-Guang1, PENG Yan2, LIU Ling2, SU Lei2, GUO Zhen-Hui2*
(1Geriatric Center,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatric Infection and Organ Function Support, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China)
To investigate the changes of plasma albumin (ALB) level and cellular immune function, and their relationship in elderly bed-ridden patients before and after nosocomial infection.Seventy-eight elderly bed-ridden patients getting nosocomial infection during hospitalization in our department from January 2009 to December 2012 were enrolled in this study. The clinical data of the patients before getting nosocomial infection (group B,=78), suffering from infection for ≥5d (group C,=52) and for ≥10d (group D,=33), and having severe sepsis/septic shock (group E,=25) were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Another 40 elderly patients hospitalized in the same period without bed-ridden or infection served as control (group A). Plasma ALB level and cellular immune function, including peripheral blood mononuclear cell surface human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and T cell subsets, were compared among the patients at different periods. The group B were further assigned into group B1(normal ALB level,=16) and group B2(lower ALB level,=62) according to their ALB level.Plasma ALB level was significantly lower in group B than in group A (=0.000), and significantly lower in group C, D, and E than in group A and B (=0.000). Cellular immune function was similar in group B1and group A. Patients of group B2had significantly lower expression of HLA-DR, decreased absolute number of CD3+T cells and CD4/CD8 ratio (=0.000), significantly increased percentage of CD8+T cells among CD3+T cells (CD8/CD3;=0.000), and unchanged percentage of CD4+T cells among CD3+T cells(CD4/CD3;>0.05). Compared with those of group A and B, HLA-DR expression, absolute number of CD3+T cells, CD4/CD8 ratio, and CD4/CD3 ratio were significantly lower in group C, D and E (=0.000), and CD8/CD3 was significantly higher (=0.000). The changes of HLA-DR, absolute number of CD3+T cells, and CD4/CD3, CD8/CD3 and CD4/CD8 ratios were all correlated with plasma ALB level (1=0.791,2=0.638,3=0.534,4=-0.575,5=0.580;=0.000).Plasma ALB level has been significantly reduced in elderly bed-ridden patients before nosocomial infection, and the level declines steadily thereafter the infection. The decreased cellular immune function before and after nosocomial infection is closely associated with the declined plasma ALB levels.
aged, 80 and over; nosocomial infection; serum albumin; cellular immune
(10BJZ09).
R592
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2013.00161
2013?07?30;
201?08?18
中國(guó)人民解放軍保健專項(xiàng)課題(10BJZ09)
郭振輝, E-mail: micugzh@126.com