賞析/陳榕
弗拉基米爾·納博科夫(Vladimir Nabokov, 1899~1977)出生于俄羅斯圣彼得堡的貴族之家,十月革命后隨家人流亡歐洲。他曾經(jīng)在劍橋三一學(xué)院讀書,畢業(yè)后在歐洲大陸當(dāng)過私人教師,同時開始文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。1940年,納博科夫移居美國,曾在康奈爾大學(xué)和哈佛大學(xué)等名校執(zhí)教。納博科夫有過人的語言及文學(xué)天分,雖然英語不是他的母語,但他用英語創(chuàng)作時卻將這種語言的精致復(fù)雜表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。他的代表作有《洛麗塔》(Lolita)、《普寧》(Pnin)、《微暗的火》(Pale Fire)等。其中《洛麗塔》完成于1953年,由于內(nèi)容敏感,在美國找不到出版商,1955年改由法國出版商于巴黎首次發(fā)行,1958年才終于登陸美國市場。1962年,電影大師斯坦利·庫布里克(Stanley Kubrick, 1928~1999)將它搬上了銀幕。1998年,《洛麗塔》入選美國蘭登書屋“20世紀(jì)百佳英文小說”,排名第四。
I got out of the car and slammed its door. How matter-of-fact, how square that slam sounded in the void of the sunless day! Woof, commented the dog perfunctorily2). I pressed the bell button; it vibrated through my whole system. Personne. Je resonne. Repersonne.3) From what depth this re-nonsense? Woof, said the dog. A rush and a shuffle, and woosh-woof went the door.
Couple of inches taller. Pink-rimmed glasses. New, heaped-up hairdo, new ears. How simple! The moment, the death I had kept conjuring up4) for three years was as simple as a bit of dry wood. She was frankly and hugely pregnant. Her head looked smaller (only two seconds had passed really, but let me give them as much wooden duration as life can stand), and her pale-freckled cheeks were hollowed, and her bare shins and arms had lost their tan, so that the little hairs showed. She wore a brown, sleeveless cotton dress and sloppy5) felt slippers.
“We—e—ell!” she exhaled after a pause with all the emphasis of wonder and welcome.
“Husband at home?” I croaked, fist in pocket.
I could not kill her, of course, as some have thought. You see I loved her. It was love at first sight, at last sight, at ever and ever sight.…
Standing in the middle of the slanting room and emitting questioning “hms,” she made familiar Javanese gestures with her wrists and hands, offering me, in a brief display of humorous courtesy, to choose between a rocker and the divan6) (their bed after 10 p.m.). I say “familiar” because one day she had welcomed me with the same wrist dance to her party in Beardsley. We both sat down on the divan. Curious: although actually her looks had faded, I definitely realized, so hopelessly late in the day, how much she looked—had always looked—like Botticelli7)s russet8) Venus—the same soft nose, the same blurred beauty.…
“Lolita,” I said, “this may be neither here nor there but I have to say it. Life is very short. From here to that old car9) you know so well there is a stretch of twenty, twenty-five paces. It is a very short walk. Make those twenty-five steps. Now. Right now. Come just as you are. And we shall live happily ever after.”
Carmen, voulez-vous venir avec moi?10)
“You mean,” she said opening her eyes and raising herself slightly, the snake that may strike, “you mean you will give us [us] that money only if I go with you to a motel. Is that what you mean?”
“No,” I said, “you got it all wrong. I want you to leave your incidental Dick, and this awful hole, and come to live with me, and die with me, and everything with me” (words to that effect).
“Youre crazy,” she said, her features working.
“Think it over, Lolita. There are no strings attached. Except, perhaps—well, no matter.” (A reprieve, I wanted to say but did not.)
“Anyway, if you refuse you will still get your ... trousseau11).”
“No kidding?” asked Dolly.
I handed her an envelope with four hundred dollars in cash and a check for three thousand six hundred more.
Gingerly, uncertainly, she received mon petit cadeau12); and then her forehead became a beautiful pink. “You mean,” she said, with agonized emphasis, “you are giving us four thousand bucks?” I covered my face with my hand and broke into the hottest tears I had ever shed. I felt them winding through my fingers and down my chin, and burning me, and my nose got clogged, and I could not stop, and then she touched my wrist.
“Ill die if you touch me,” I said. “You are sure you are not coming with me? Is there no hope of your coming? Tell me only this.”
“No,” she said. “No, honey, no.”
She had never called me honey before.
“No,” she said, “it is quite out of the question. I would sooner go back to Cue13). I mean—”
She groped14) for words. I supplied them mentally (“He broke my heart. You merely broke my life”).…
She and the dog saw me off. I was surprised (this a rhetorical figure, I was not) that the sight of the old car in which she had ridden as a child and a nymphet15), left her so very indifferent. All she remarked was it was getting sort of purplish about the gills…. “One last word,” I said in my horrible careful English, “are you quite quite sure that—well, not tomorrow, of course, and not after tomorrow, but—well—some day, any day, you will not come to live with me? I will create a brand new God and thank him with piercing cries, if you give me that microscopic hope” (to that effect).
“No,” she said smiling, “no.”
“It would have made all the difference,” said Humbert Humbert.
Then I pulled out my automatic—I mean, this is the kind of fool thing a reader might suppose I did. It never even occurred to me to do it.
“Good by-aye!” she chanted, my American sweet immortal dead love; for she is dead and immortal if you are reading this. I mean, such is the formal agreement with the so-called authorities.
Then, as I drove away, I heard her shout in a vibrant voice to her Dick; and the dog started to lope alongside my car like a fat dolphin, but he was too heavy and old, and very soon gave up.
And presently I was driving through the drizzle of the dying day, with the windshield wipers in full action but unable to cope with my tears.
1. 節(jié)選部分選自小說末尾,亨伯特(Humbert)與洛麗塔(Lolita)闊別三年之后重逢,他試圖讓洛麗塔回到他的身邊,卻遭到拒絕。
2. perfunctorily [p?(r)?f??kt(?)rili] adv. 敷衍地
3. Personne. Je resonne. Repersonne.:法語,意為“沒有人,我又按了一下門鈴,還是沒有人”。
4. conjure up:使想起,使在腦海中出現(xiàn)
5. sloppy [?sl?pi] adj. 邋遢的,不整潔的
6. divan [d??v?n] n. (可用作床的)長沙發(fā)椅
7. Botticelli:即桑德羅·波提切利(Sandro Botticelli, 1445~1510),歐洲文藝復(fù)興早期的佛羅倫薩畫派藝術(shù)家,代表作有《維納斯的誕生》(La Nascita di Venere)、《春》(La Primavera)等。
8. russet [?r?s?t] adj. 黃褐色的;赤褐色的
9. that old car:指亨伯特的車,也是他帶洛麗塔四處漂泊時開的車。
10. Carmen, voulez-vous venir avec moi?:法語,意為“卡門,請跟我來好嗎?”這句話引自法國作家普羅斯珀·梅里美(Prosper Mérimée, 1803~1870)的小說《卡門》(Carmen)。
11. trousseau [?tru?s??] n. 嫁妝
12. mon petit cadeau:法語,意為“我的這份薄禮”。
13. Cue:指當(dāng)初將洛麗塔從亨伯特身邊帶走的奎爾蒂。
14. grope [ɡr??p] vi. 搜尋,摸索
15. nymphet [?n?mf?t] n. 早熟的少女
作品賞析
“洛麗塔,照亮我生命的光,點燃我情欲的火。我的罪惡,我的靈魂。洛——麗——塔:舌尖接觸上腭三次。洛。麗。塔?!奔{博科夫的小說《洛麗塔》以此開篇,創(chuàng)造了一個家喻戶曉的形象——洛麗塔。她是一名豆蔻年華的少女,既單純又狡黠,無邪的青春令人驚艷。她的出現(xiàn)甚至帶來了一個新詞匯——“蘿莉”,一切精靈一樣的少女都是她的后人。
其實,“洛麗塔”并不是納博科夫筆下女主人公的本名。她的真實姓名叫多洛蕾絲·黑茲(Dolores Haze),一個平凡普通的美國女孩的名字。所謂“洛麗塔”,是小說的敘述者亨伯特·亨伯特(Humbert Humbert)為她創(chuàng)造的名字。而讀者所看到的洛麗塔也是經(jīng)由他的視角和想象而被重新塑造過的少女。
《洛麗塔》的主人公亨伯特是一位中年男子,他只喜歡9~14歲的女孩。他迎娶洛麗塔的母親,為的是能夠接近未成年的洛麗塔。在洛麗塔的母親死后,他成為洛麗塔的監(jiān)護(hù)人,并趁機(jī)占有了她。為了不引起周圍人對他們關(guān)系的懷疑,他帶著洛麗塔四處漂泊。洛麗塔時刻想要逃跑,并最終通過劇作家奎爾蒂的幫助擺脫了亨伯特。三年后,亨伯特和洛麗塔重逢,并得知奎爾蒂對她始亂終棄。為了替洛麗塔報仇,亨伯特殺死了奎爾蒂,自己也被關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)牢。他寫下自傳,回顧自己的一生,在開庭前幾天病故。
在亨伯特的敘述中,洛麗塔天生是個“妖女”,小小年紀(jì)就懂得如何施展自己的魅力。亨伯特認(rèn)為是洛麗塔先引誘了他,他實在無法抗拒她的美麗,因此認(rèn)為自己是受害者,而不是加害者。事實上,洛麗塔只是一個普通的小姑娘,就如她的本名多洛蕾絲·黑茲一樣平凡。是亨伯特用自己的想象塑造了新的洛麗塔:“我狂熱地?fù)碛械牟皇撬?,只是‘我自己的?chuàng)造,另一個想象出來的洛麗塔;浮在我和洛麗塔之間,沒有意志,沒有思想——實際上沒有屬于她的生命。”古希臘神話中,塞浦路斯國王皮格馬利翁愛上了自己所雕刻的雕像。和皮格馬利翁一樣,亨伯特愛上了自己的造物——那個在他的想象中回眸一笑百媚生的精靈。
然而,這個被亨伯特取名為洛麗塔的女孩并不是皮格馬利翁手中沒有溫度的大理石。無論她叫做洛麗塔,還是叫做多洛蕾絲·黑茲,她都是有血有肉活生生的人,正值豆蔻年華,理應(yīng)享受自由快樂的人生。亨伯特?zé)o論如何表現(xiàn)自己的無辜,都無法掩飾他出于一己之私占有洛麗塔的事實。在洛麗塔的母親去世后,亨伯特威脅孤立無援的洛麗塔,如果她向警察揭發(fā)他強(qiáng)奸了她,他就會坐牢,而她會被送到感化院,從此再無自由。單純的洛麗塔相信了他的話。
亨伯特侵害洛麗塔的時候,洛麗塔只有12歲。她的人生才剛剛開始,正處在懵懂無知、需要保護(hù)的年紀(jì)。亨伯特剝奪了她無憂無慮的童年,使她無法正常上學(xué),不能和同齡人交往,居無定所,被切斷了與社會的聯(lián)系,只能將身體出賣給亨伯特,以換取物質(zhì)上的保障。盡管敘述者亨伯特一再標(biāo)榜自己對洛麗塔的深情,但他對洛麗塔的情感更多的是欲望,而不是愛情。欲望的滿足不需要受到理性的監(jiān)控,不需要為他人著想,關(guān)注的只是得到所欲之物。亨伯特被自己的欲望所驅(qū)使、控制,難怪無論他怎樣表白,洛麗塔從來沒有給過他回應(yīng)。
然而,在閱讀《洛麗塔》的時候,我們卻發(fā)現(xiàn)很難不分給亨伯特一點同情。這一方面是因為亨伯特深諳敘述技巧,懂得如何引來讀者的憐憫;另一方面,小說中亨伯特對洛麗塔的感情不是一成不變的,而是從欲望逐漸向愛情接近。
亨伯特的欲望對象是美少女。換言之,他是在和時間賽跑:他所迷戀的少女終將失去花季的光彩,對他不再具有吸引力。在遇到洛麗塔之前,亨伯特曾經(jīng)喜歡過不少少女,每當(dāng)她們長大成人,他就喪失了興趣??墒撬麑β妍愃母星閰s經(jīng)歷了時間的考驗。當(dāng)他和洛麗塔分別三年后重逢時,洛麗塔已經(jīng)結(jié)婚、懷孕,是個普通得不能再普通的女子,美麗不再,靈性不再。而面對洛麗塔,亨伯特發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的情感超越了欲望,他懂得了尊重,懂得了成全。這一次,亨伯特沒有再用想象來美化洛麗塔,他接受她變“老”和變丑,也接受了她完全不愛他的事實。他將屬于洛麗塔的錢交還給她,放她到自由的天地里開始新的生活。他終于學(xué)會了聆聽洛麗塔的真實意愿,沒有再試圖將洛麗塔禁錮在他的狹小世界里??上ьI(lǐng)悟來得太晚,傷害已經(jīng)發(fā)生。正如亨伯特設(shè)想洛麗塔要對他說的話:“他(奎爾蒂)碎了我的心,你(亨伯特)卻毀了我的生活。”
亨伯特的故事看似是極端的個案,但他對洛麗塔的情感卻也隱喻著人世間常常出現(xiàn)的無奈情境。我們或許不會像亨伯特那樣戀上未成年的少女,但是我們可能會戀上某個不該戀的人。情感是不會因為我們理性的拒絕便可以不發(fā)生的,然而,愛情需要的是雙方的共鳴。如果一方無心,一方有意,明智的選擇應(yīng)該是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)走開,默默祝福,而不是自私地占有。只有欲望才會要求百分之百的占有。強(qiáng)求個人情感的圓滿,那并不是真正的愛情。
誰是洛麗塔?她不是亨伯特·亨伯特所形容的那個顛倒眾生、將愛她之人的癡心捏在手心的小妖精。她是個不幸的女孩,曾經(jīng)被她不愛的人假借愛情的名義深深地傷害。