韋 丹 蔣 敏 歐維琳 李佩青 李坤雄 李運(yùn)千 陳 娥 熊雨美 農(nóng)光民 楊思達(dá)
·論著·
感染腸道病毒71型14例死亡病例病理特征與臨床分期反思
韋 丹1,5蔣 敏1,5歐維琳2,5李佩青3,5李坤雄1李運(yùn)千2陳 娥4熊雨美3農(nóng)光民1楊思達(dá)3
目的 觀察腸道病毒71型(EV71)感染死亡病例臨床演變過(guò)程,探討EV71神經(jīng)損傷途徑,反思EV71感染重癥病例臨床救治專家共識(shí)(簡(jiǎn)稱專家共識(shí))的臨床分期。方法 回顧性收集2008至2010年廣西9所醫(yī)院(12例)和2011至2012年廣州市婦女兒童醫(yī)療中心(2例)EV71感染死亡病例,描述分析14例EV71感染死亡病例尸解病理特征與臨床癥狀、病程特點(diǎn)。結(jié)果 14例EV71感染死亡病例,男7例,女7例,年齡7~36月齡,平均(19.0±9.8)月齡。14例EV71感染死亡病例均見(jiàn)腦干篩狀壞死及軟化灶形成,10例累及延髓,肺、心和其他臟器病理未見(jiàn)炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。專家共識(shí)中10個(gè)(35.7%)癥狀和體征未被發(fā)現(xiàn)或記錄,4期的驚厥與2期癥狀同時(shí)出現(xiàn),4期的意識(shí)障礙在2期的抖動(dòng)后出現(xiàn),起病后48 h以內(nèi)可觀察到的癥狀和體征有,發(fā)熱、皮疹、嘔吐、驚跳、驚厥、疲倦、咽峽炎和抖動(dòng)。分別有42.9%(6/14)的EV71感染重癥病例2~4期癥狀與體征于12 h內(nèi)和48 h內(nèi)體現(xiàn),直至死亡。12例EV71感染死亡病例中從發(fā)熱至死亡平均為72.4 h,從基礎(chǔ)生命體征(3期癥狀體征)出現(xiàn)異常(平均65.5 h)至死亡為6.9 h,從出現(xiàn)自主等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀(2期癥狀體征平均39.8 h)至死亡為32.6 h。結(jié)論 ①EV71感染病例直接死亡原因?yàn)槟X干器質(zhì)性破壞后功能衰竭;②推測(cè)EV71存在神經(jīng)損傷通路;③神經(jīng)??圃u(píng)估特異性指標(biāo)應(yīng)作為EV71感染病例必要的過(guò)程;④驚厥可列入 EV71感染早期后神經(jīng)損傷的觀察指標(biāo)中,對(duì)意識(shí)障礙進(jìn)行具體分級(jí)并相應(yīng)表述于專家共識(shí)的不同分期中;⑤建議結(jié)合神經(jīng)??圃u(píng)估特異性指標(biāo),進(jìn)行更充分的臨床分期高質(zhì)量的研究,為臨床醫(yī)生提供相對(duì)充分的觀察和干預(yù)時(shí)間窗口。
腸道病毒71型; 神經(jīng)損傷; 病程; 尸解; 臨床分期
腸道病毒71(EV71)由Kennett等[1]首次報(bào)道。目前已知EV71可引起多種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)相關(guān)疾病[2],繼發(fā)嚴(yán)重的CNS并發(fā)癥或致死性肺水腫[3~11]。近年來(lái),EV71的流行在亞太地區(qū)呈上升趨勢(shì),1998年,中國(guó)臺(tái)灣地區(qū)暴發(fā)手足口病,12萬(wàn)以上居民被感染,死亡78例,其中檢出病原為EV71達(dá)92% (34/37)[12];2008年中國(guó)廣東地區(qū)手足口病暴發(fā),其中廣州地區(qū)EV71的檢出率為63.6%[13];2008至2012年中國(guó)廣西地區(qū)也有手足口病的暴發(fā)。
EV71所致手足口病的研究受到國(guó)內(nèi)外的關(guān)注[14~16],逐漸明確腦干是EV71主要的攻擊靶點(diǎn)[17]。國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)歷近5年手足口病危重癥救治,EV71感染重癥病例臨床救治專家共識(shí)(簡(jiǎn)稱專家共識(shí))先后產(chǎn)生了多個(gè)版本,對(duì)早期識(shí)別EV71感染重癥病例起到了非常重要的影響,但EV71感染重癥病例的臨床癥狀和體征變化快,難以把握,本文收集EV71感染死亡病例的病理和臨床資料,以2011年版專家共識(shí)中臨床分期的癥狀和體征作為觀察指標(biāo),反思專家共識(shí)中臨床分期對(duì)早期發(fā)現(xiàn)重癥手足口病的有利與不利因素。
1.1 病例納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①咽拭子、糞便或肛拭子標(biāo)本,RT-PCR法檢測(cè)EV71陽(yáng)性。②EV71感染死亡病例。③死亡病例于48 h內(nèi)病理??漆t(yī)生進(jìn)行尸解。
1.2 資料收集方法 ①尸體解剖以分系統(tǒng)大體病理和鏡下病理歸納描述;②以專家共識(shí)中臨床分期的癥狀和體征作為觀察指標(biāo)(1期:發(fā)熱、皮疹、咽峽炎、納差、上感樣癥狀,2期:精神差、嗜睡、易驚、頭痛、嘔吐、煩燥、抖動(dòng)、疲倦、驚跳、頸強(qiáng)直,3期:呼吸和心率加快、出冷汗、皮膚花紋、四肢冷,4期:心動(dòng)過(guò)速/過(guò)緩、呼吸急速、唇發(fā)紺、肺出血、休克、頻繁抽搐、意識(shí)障礙、死亡),以就診時(shí)發(fā)熱主訴作為EV71感染起病的起點(diǎn),高年資的兒科醫(yī)生重新調(diào)閱納入分析的死亡病歷,在統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的表格中以小時(shí)為單位統(tǒng)計(jì)上述觀察指標(biāo)出現(xiàn)時(shí)間,直至搶救不能挽回至死亡的時(shí)點(diǎn)。
1.3 病原學(xué)檢測(cè) 采集的咽拭子、糞便或肛拭子棉簽,迅速放入裝有3~5 mL保存液的配套采樣管中,旋緊管蓋并密封待檢測(cè)。樣品檢測(cè)采用RT-PCR法(美國(guó)ABI 7500實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR儀),檢測(cè)試劑盒為Rneasy Mini Kit(德國(guó)QIAGEN公司),按照試劑盒說(shuō)明書操作。結(jié)果判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn):檢測(cè)樣本Ct值>30為陰性;Ct值≤30,為陽(yáng)性結(jié)果。
2.1 一般情況 12例EV71感染死亡患兒來(lái)自于2008年5月至2010年7月廣西壯族自治區(qū)9所縣市級(jí)醫(yī)院,死亡病例分別由廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)和桂林醫(yī)學(xué)院病理教研室尸檢;2例EV71感染死亡患兒來(lái)自于2011年9月至2012年4月廣州市婦女兒童醫(yī)療中心,死亡病例由廣州醫(yī)學(xué)院病理教研室尸檢。14例EV71感染死亡患兒,男7例,女7例,死亡時(shí)的平均年齡為7~36(19.0±9.8)月齡,其中0~1歲5例(35.7%),~3歲9例(64.3%)。
2.2 尸解所見(jiàn)
2.2.1 大體解剖所見(jiàn) 腦干水腫,大腦及腦干切面未見(jiàn)出血、壞死,未見(jiàn)腦疝(圖1A);肺臟可見(jiàn)兩肺質(zhì)地較實(shí),肺切面均見(jiàn)較多泡沫狀或淡紅色液體溢出。
2.2.2 鏡下腦病理改變 均見(jiàn)腦干篩狀壞死及軟化灶形成(圖1B),10例延髓可見(jiàn)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞壞死及篩狀軟化灶,伴有較多小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),可見(jiàn)噬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞現(xiàn)象和膠質(zhì)小結(jié)形成(圖1C~E),間質(zhì)小血管擴(kuò)張充血,均見(jiàn)血管周圍有較多淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)呈“袖套狀”(圖1F)改變,較多細(xì)小的嗜酸性顆粒(圖1G);小腦部分蒲傾野氏細(xì)胞可見(jiàn)變性、壞死,未見(jiàn)炎細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)(圖1H)。
2.2.3 鏡下心、肺和其他臟器病理改變 肺臟:均可見(jiàn)肺泡壁增厚,間質(zhì)纖維組織增生,血管輕度擴(kuò)張、充血,肺泡腔內(nèi)見(jiàn)粉紅色或淡染均質(zhì)水腫液(圖1I),3例伴有少量淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞及巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn), 2例有少量透明膜形成(圖1J)。心臟:13例無(wú)心肌壞死及12例無(wú)炎細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),間質(zhì)輕度充血、水腫,未見(jiàn)出血(圖1K);1例心肌見(jiàn)少量淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);1例出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀117 h死亡的病例尸解可見(jiàn)心肌纖維局部有小灶性的變性壞死。其他臟器(如肝、脾、腎、腎上腺、胰、胸腺和胃腸道等)均未見(jiàn)明顯病理改變。
2.3 臨床表現(xiàn) 專家共識(shí)中共涉及28個(gè)癥狀和體征,本組14例EV71感染死亡病例中,專家共識(shí)中10個(gè)(35.7%)癥狀和體征未被發(fā)現(xiàn)或記錄,包括1期:納差、上感樣癥狀,2期:精神差、嗜睡、頭痛、煩燥、頸強(qiáng)直,3期:出冷汗、皮膚花紋,4期:唇發(fā)紺。表1顯示,以就診時(shí)發(fā)熱主訴作為EV71感染起病時(shí)點(diǎn),被發(fā)現(xiàn)或記錄的專家共識(shí)中癥狀和體征出現(xiàn)時(shí)間順序?yàn)椋喊l(fā)熱14例(1期,0 h)、皮疹9例(1期,18 h)、嘔吐11例(2期,29 h ) 、驚跳6例 (2期,36 h)、驚厥8例(4期,42 h)、疲倦12例(2期,46 h)、咽峽炎3例(1期,48 h)、抖動(dòng)8例(2期,48 h)、意識(shí)障礙12例(4期,58 h)、呼吸加快11例(3期,64 h )、 心率加快10例(3期,65 h)、四肢冷13例(3期,67 h)、休克11例(4期,74 h)、肺出血14例(4期,74 h)、呼吸減慢10例(4期,76 h)、心率減慢10例(4期,80 h)、肺水腫7例(4期,81 h)。9/14例(64.3%)4期的驚厥癥狀與2期癥狀同時(shí)出現(xiàn),11/14例(78.6%)4期的意識(shí)障礙在2期抖動(dòng)癥狀后出現(xiàn),起病后48 h以內(nèi)可觀察到的癥狀和體征有,發(fā)熱、皮疹、嘔吐、驚跳、驚厥、疲倦、咽峽炎和抖動(dòng)。分別有6/14例(42.9%)的EV71感染重癥病例2~4期癥狀與體征于12 h內(nèi)和48 h內(nèi)先后、同時(shí)或交替出現(xiàn),直至死亡,其中例10以1期發(fā)熱與4期抽搐起病,隨后其他3、4期癥狀同時(shí)出現(xiàn),2 h后死亡。
圖1 EV71感染死亡病例大體解剖和病理(蘇木精-伊紅染色)所見(jiàn)
Fig 1 Gross and micrographs of unsurvival enterovirus 71 infection cases (stained with hematoxylin and eosin)
Notes A: Autopsy revealed edema in brain stem; B: dilation of blood vessels and neuronal and perivascular area widened (×100); C: neuronophagia phenomenon (×400); D: colloid in the brain stem (×400); E: neuronal necrosis and softening in the brain stem (×100); F: perivascular cuffing in the brain stem (×200); G: small eosinophils (×200); H: neuronal degeneration and necrosis; I: pink fluid in the alveolar space (×200); J: hyaline membrane in the alveolar space (×200); K: mild congestion and edema without inflammation and necrosis (×200)
表1 14例EV71感染死亡病例癥狀和體征出現(xiàn)時(shí)間(h)及排序
本文2例在高級(jí)生命支持下至放棄治療持續(xù)9和10 d。7例(50%)EV71感染重癥病例起病72 h內(nèi)死亡,5例(35.8%)起病120 h內(nèi)死亡,這12例EV71感染死亡病例中從發(fā)熱至死亡平均時(shí)間為72. 4 h,從基礎(chǔ)生命體征(3期癥狀體癥)出現(xiàn)異常(平均65.5 h)至死亡為6.9 h,從出現(xiàn)自主等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀(2期癥狀體征平均39.8 h)至死亡為32.6 h。
本文14例EV71感染死亡病例均見(jiàn)腦干篩狀壞死及軟化灶形成,10例累及延髓,肺、心和其他臟器病理未見(jiàn)炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。咽拭子、糞便或肛拭子標(biāo)本RT-PCR法檢測(cè)EV71陽(yáng)性,但未行累及臟器病原學(xué)檢測(cè),因此說(shuō)明本組死亡病例與EV71感染關(guān)聯(lián)性很強(qiáng),以此為基礎(chǔ)的對(duì)專家共識(shí)中各期癥狀和體征出現(xiàn)時(shí)間順序的統(tǒng)計(jì),可較為真實(shí)地體現(xiàn)EV71感染至死亡的臨床演變進(jìn)程。
研究表明,EV71致中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受累癥狀可理解為中腦、基底節(jié)、丘腦、腦干及自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂癥狀[18~20],這些神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀和體征在本組病例中均有不同程度的表達(dá),尸解所見(jiàn)腦干篩狀壞死,證實(shí)腦干為EV71攻擊的靶位以及腦干功能衰竭為其主要死因[21~27],同時(shí)也證實(shí)EV71感染神經(jīng)受累病例出現(xiàn)的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)外異常表現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)源性反應(yīng)。本組病例從發(fā)熱至死亡時(shí)程平均94.6 h,其中例13和14高級(jí)生命支持了120~140 h后放棄,實(shí)際從發(fā)熱至死亡平均時(shí)間75.7 h。尸解未見(jiàn)腦干外臟器原發(fā)性感染或基礎(chǔ)疾病表現(xiàn),考慮EV71存在神經(jīng)通路損傷機(jī)制[28~36],可通過(guò)第3~12 對(duì)顱神經(jīng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)逆行擴(kuò)散影響腦干不同部位對(duì)應(yīng)的神經(jīng)核團(tuán),隨后向上擴(kuò)展至皮質(zhì)延髓束及至大腦運(yùn)動(dòng)皮質(zhì)[37~39]。
就EV71神經(jīng)損傷病例而言,需進(jìn)行神經(jīng)??圃u(píng)估,包括基礎(chǔ)生命體征外的意識(shí)狀態(tài)、瞳孔和神經(jīng)反射。本組病例除放棄后死亡的例13和14外,12例EV71感染死亡病例從基礎(chǔ)生命體征出現(xiàn)異常至死亡為6.9 h,基礎(chǔ)生命體征異常時(shí),機(jī)體已處在失代償狀態(tài),可迅速進(jìn)入死亡,為臨床醫(yī)生所留搶救干預(yù)的時(shí)間短速,降低病患良好存活的機(jī)會(huì)。這12例從出現(xiàn)自主等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀至死亡為32.6 h,與出現(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)生命異常比較而言,出現(xiàn)自主等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀更能為臨床醫(yī)生提供相對(duì)充分的觀察和干預(yù)時(shí)間窗口。結(jié)合本文死亡病例以腦干損害為主要表現(xiàn),EV71感染重癥病例更體現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的急性表現(xiàn)和重癥表型。因此,對(duì)于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)重癥病例一方面應(yīng)進(jìn)一步提煉較為特異的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀和體征,同時(shí)更應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)早期EV71感染病例以神經(jīng)??频囊暯沁M(jìn)行評(píng)估。
專家共識(shí)將EV71感染分為5期,1~4期的10個(gè)癥狀和體征在本組病例中未被發(fā)現(xiàn)或記錄,可能與癥狀和體征未發(fā)生有關(guān)、也有可能與未被觀察到有關(guān)、也有可能與臨床醫(yī)生不認(rèn)知或判斷不準(zhǔn)確有關(guān),專家共識(shí)2期未被記錄到的頭痛,可能受患兒年齡及意識(shí)水平等因素的限制未能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá),臨床醫(yī)生不能進(jìn)行客觀評(píng)估。2期未被記錄到的嗜睡可能與專家共識(shí)中意識(shí)障礙定義和分級(jí)不清晰有關(guān)。
本組病例中有57.1%(8/14) 記錄了驚厥, 專家共識(shí)中的4期驚厥(平均出現(xiàn)時(shí)間42 h)與2期癥狀幾乎同時(shí)出現(xiàn)(平均出現(xiàn)時(shí)間39.8 h),4期的驚厥與2期的抖動(dòng)、驚跳,雖然各自的神經(jīng)定位及其臨床表現(xiàn)不盡相同,但在本組病例中同時(shí)出現(xiàn),加之驚厥發(fā)作影響因素不單一,將其納入專家共識(shí)2期的觀察指標(biāo)中較為合理。
本組病例中有78.6%(11/14) 記錄了意識(shí)障礙, 在專家共識(shí)中癥狀和體征出現(xiàn)時(shí)間順序中僅次于與2期的抖動(dòng),2期抖動(dòng)出現(xiàn)于48 h,4期意識(shí)障礙出現(xiàn)于58 h。臨床對(duì)意識(shí)障礙有不同程度的表達(dá),如輕度意識(shí)障礙可為意識(shí)模糊、疲倦和思睡;中度意識(shí)障礙可見(jiàn)嗜睡和譫妄;重度意識(shí)障礙表現(xiàn)為昏睡及各種程度的昏迷。 專家共識(shí)臨床分期中,在2期有中度意識(shí)障礙的嗜睡表述,在4期有不分程度意識(shí)障礙表述,本組病例不排除將不同程度(輕度、中度、重度)的意識(shí)障礙均理解為意識(shí)障礙被記錄。建議在專家共識(shí)分期中對(duì)意識(shí)障礙進(jìn)行具體分級(jí)并相應(yīng)表述于不同分期中。
本研究觀察到的 EV71感染至死亡的臨床演變進(jìn)程,專家共識(shí)中1~4期癥狀體征可先后或同時(shí)出現(xiàn),也可交替發(fā)生,個(gè)別病情進(jìn)展兇猛患兒,在短期內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)異常呼吸,腦干延髓呼吸中樞直接受到攻擊,按專家共識(shí)的臨床分期,患兒僅處于2期,提示專家共識(shí)中2和4期分期界限不夠清晰, 或需更系統(tǒng)地觀察和挖掘新的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的癥狀與體征, 如顱神經(jīng)癥狀和精神狀態(tài)等;或提煉反映腦干受損神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)特異指標(biāo)在2期中表述,如中國(guó)臺(tái)灣學(xué)者提出的腦干腦炎3級(jí)分法[38],Ⅰ級(jí):腦干炎,全身性肌陣攣抽搐、震顫和共濟(jì)失調(diào),或兩者兼而有之;Ⅱ級(jí),顱神經(jīng)受累,包括眼干擾,眼球震顫,斜視或凝視麻痹和延髓麻痹(構(gòu)音障礙、吞咽困難、發(fā)音困難、面癱肌陣攣);Ⅲ級(jí),進(jìn)展快,出現(xiàn)呼吸困難、發(fā)紺、周圍血管灌注不良、休克、昏迷和眼睛反射消失等。對(duì)上述癥狀和體征的了解與熟悉,有利于臨床醫(yī)生認(rèn)識(shí)及提早預(yù)警危重狀態(tài)發(fā)生, 提高搶救成功率。當(dāng)然合理和實(shí)用的EV71感染臨床分期還有待于設(shè)計(jì)嚴(yán)密的、偏倚得到很好控制的高質(zhì)量研究來(lái)體現(xiàn)。
本文的不足與局限:①本文雖然在 EV71感染癥狀與體征的統(tǒng)計(jì)上做了充分的準(zhǔn)備, 從回顧性收集的病歷資料中以高年資的兒科醫(yī)生進(jìn)行認(rèn)真提煉, 但限于病情進(jìn)展快(從 EV71感染至死亡時(shí)間平均75.7 h) ,或來(lái)自于10家縣市級(jí)醫(yī)院臨床醫(yī)生不認(rèn)知或判斷不準(zhǔn)確,導(dǎo)致可能存在未被觀察到的癥狀和體征, 或觀察到的癥狀與體征不能做出準(zhǔn)確的判斷, 故本文僅為描述性的研究; ②本組尸解病例未行累及臟器病原學(xué)檢測(cè), 確切說(shuō)明死亡病例與 EV71感染尚顯不足。
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The introspection on clinical staging and pathological features of autopsy and clinical manifestations after Enterovirus 71 infection
WEIDan1,5,JIANGMin1,5,OUWei-lin2,5,LIPei-qing3,5,LIKun-xiong1,LIYun-qian2,CHENE4,XIONGYu-mei34,NONGGuang-min1,YANGSi-da3
(1FirstAffiliatedHospitalofGuangxiMedicalUniversity,Nanning530021; 2AffiliatedHospitalofGuilinMedicalCollege,Guilin541001; 3GuangzhouWomenandChildren′sMedicalCenter,Guangzhou510623 ; 4YuLinSecondPeople′sHospital,GuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion,YuLin537000,China;5hasequalcontribution)
NONG Guang-min,E-mail:ngm8525@163.com;YANG Si-da,E-mail:sida_yang@yahoo.com.cn
ObjectiveTo observe clinical progression in severe cases with enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection, attempt to explore the neurologic invasive pathways, and introspect on the " Clinical expert consensus of EV71 infection severe cases (referred to expert consensus) " after EV71 infection.MethodsUnsurvival cases of EV71 infection were selected from nine hospitals in Guangxi (12 cases) from 2008 to 2010,and in Guangzhou Women and Children′s Medical Center (2 cases) from2011 to 2012, to analyze these 14 cases in clinical manifestations and features of autopsy.Results14 unsurvival cases of EV71 infection, male: female =7∶7 , aged from 7 to 36 months, the average age was (19.0 ± 9.8) months. The autopsy common features of 14/14 cases were the brainstem cribriform necrosis and malacia formation, 10 cases involved in the medulla oblongata, and there were no inflammatory cells in other organs. Nine symptoms/signs (34.6%) in the expert consensus hadn′t been recorded. Both seizure and disturbance of consciousness in stage 4 had occurred with the symptoms / signs in stage 2 simultaneously. The symptoms/signs could be observed at the beginning were fever, rash, vomiting, startle, seizure, fatigue; 42.9% cases appeared various neurological symptoms orderly, simultaneously or alternately until death. The 12/14 cases average survival duration after onset of symptoms/ signs was 72.4 h, and after appearing any abnormal basic vital signs in stage 3(mean duration 65.5 h) was 6.9 h, and after appearing neurologic symptoms/ signs in stage 2 (mean duration 39.8 h) was 32.6 h.Conclusion①The cause of death for confirmed EV71 infection was brainstem function failure; ②It is speculated that EV71 neurologic invasive pathways existed; ③It is recommended that neurologic specialist assessment for special clinical indicators is needed after EV71 infection; ④Seizure and confusion should be included in the earlier observation indicators; ⑤It is proposed that indicators of neurologic specialist assessment would be used in the fuller clinical staging study of EV71 infected neurologic involvement, to provide sufficient time of observation and intervention for clinicans.
Enterovirus 71; Nerve damage; Course; Autopsy; Clinical staging
1 廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院 南寧,530021; 2 桂林醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院 桂林,541001;3 廣州市婦女兒童醫(yī)療中心廣州,510623;4 廣西壯族自治區(qū)玉林市第二人民醫(yī)院 玉林,537000; 5 共同第一作者
農(nóng)光民,E-mail:ngm8525@163.com;楊思達(dá),E-mail:sida_yang@yahoo.com.cn
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2013.02.001
2012-11-17
2013-03-11)
張崇凡)