馬進(jìn)才 邵清淼 劉彤
.綜述.
高尿酸血癥與心房顫動(dòng)相關(guān)性的研究現(xiàn)狀
馬進(jìn)才 邵清淼 劉彤
高尿酸血癥; 尿酸; 黃嘌呤氧化酶; 心房顫動(dòng)
隨著人口老齡化及心房顫動(dòng)(atrial fibrillation,AF)促發(fā)因素的不斷增多,AF已成為臨床上最常見(jiàn)的持續(xù)性心律失常,AF可以導(dǎo)致腦卒中及其他血栓栓塞并發(fā)癥,誘發(fā)和加重心力衰竭,增加患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。近年研究表明,氧化應(yīng)激參與AF發(fā)生發(fā)展、導(dǎo)致心房電重構(gòu)及結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)[1]。體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)主要與過(guò)多的活性氧族(reactive oxygen species,ROS)產(chǎn)生有關(guān),ROS可以直接導(dǎo)致DNA損傷、細(xì)胞凋亡及心肌細(xì)胞肥厚、纖維化。心肌中ROS水平的升高如羥基(OH-)和過(guò)氧亞硝基(ONOO-)介導(dǎo)AF患者心房肌纖維化,導(dǎo)致心房結(jié)構(gòu)性重構(gòu)。
尿酸已成為多種心血管疾病包括冠狀動(dòng)脈性心臟病和心力衰竭患者的重要血漿標(biāo)志物,與疾病的發(fā)病率和死亡率密切相關(guān)[2-4]。高尿酸血癥與氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥密切相關(guān)[5-7]。尿酸作為體內(nèi)嘌呤代謝的最終產(chǎn)物,其產(chǎn)生過(guò)程需要兩步反應(yīng):次黃嘌呤轉(zhuǎn)化為黃嘌呤和黃嘌呤轉(zhuǎn)化為尿酸,這兩步反應(yīng)都需要黃嘌呤氧化酶的催化[6],尿酸水平升高反映黃嘌呤氧化酶活性增加。雖然尿酸在細(xì)胞外是一個(gè)低效的抗氧化劑[6],但在疏水環(huán)境[8]或脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化[9]情況下,尿酸在細(xì)胞內(nèi)可通過(guò)激活NADPH氧化酶產(chǎn)生促氧化效應(yīng),還能同時(shí)激活腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)來(lái)增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激[10]。尿酸不僅是細(xì)胞損傷激活細(xì)胞免疫反應(yīng)的內(nèi)源性信號(hào)[11],還與機(jī)體促炎狀態(tài)密切相關(guān)[12]。
近年研究表明,黃嘌呤氧化酶激活可導(dǎo)致ROS產(chǎn)生過(guò)多,引起心房結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu),促進(jìn)AF發(fā)生,血尿酸水平升高反映黃嘌呤氧化酶活性增加,越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)提示高尿酸血癥是AF發(fā)生發(fā)展的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,且與AF患者血栓栓塞相關(guān)。本文結(jié)合近年來(lái)的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)就高尿酸血癥與AF的相關(guān)性研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
Dudley等[13]最早通過(guò)建立快速起搏豬房性心動(dòng)過(guò)速模型評(píng)價(jià)了左心房超氧陰離子水平及其可能產(chǎn)生途徑,結(jié)果顯示左心房黃嘌呤氧化酶活性較對(duì)照組高4.4倍,給予羥嘌呤醇(一種黃嘌呤氧化酶抑制劑)后超氧化物產(chǎn)生水平下降85%。然而,隨后Kim等[14]評(píng)價(jià)了心臟外科旁路移植或瓣膜置換術(shù)患者右心耳組織超氧化物的來(lái)源,結(jié)果顯示心肌NADPH氧化酶是ROS的主要來(lái)源,而同樣給予羥嘌呤醇后右心耳超氧化物的含量無(wú)明顯變化,分析原因可能與AF模型及黃嘌呤氧化酶活性檢測(cè)部位不同有關(guān),Dudley等[13]研究中黃嘌呤氧化酶活性的檢測(cè)部位是左心耳,而Kim等[14]研究檢測(cè)部位是右心耳。既往研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),快速起搏豬AF模型中左心房一氧化氮含量明顯下降,而右心房一氧化氮含量無(wú)明顯變化,推測(cè)左心房組織對(duì)于氧化應(yīng)激可能更敏感[15]。
目前已有多項(xiàng)臨床研究提示,尿酸是AF發(fā)生和復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。Letsas等[16]首先評(píng)價(jià)了血尿酸水平與AF的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示與對(duì)照組相比,陣發(fā)性AF和永久性AF患者血尿酸水平顯著增加,多變量分析顯示尿酸是永久性AF的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素。我們的研究評(píng)價(jià)了血尿酸水平與高血壓患者發(fā)生AF的相關(guān)關(guān)系,共入選了451例高血壓患者,其中50例(11.1%)合并AF,伴有AF的高血壓患者血尿酸水平顯著升高,多變量回歸分析提示血尿酸水平是高血壓患者AF發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[17]。另一項(xiàng)回顧性研究入選年齡大于40歲的住院患者,結(jié)果顯示血尿酸水平是AF發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR:1.42,95%CI:1.18~1.70)[18]。
隨后的多項(xiàng)大樣本前瞻性隊(duì)列研究證實(shí)了高尿酸血癥與AF的相關(guān)關(guān)系。日本的一項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究表明,血尿酸水平和AF患病率有關(guān),男性和女性高尿酸血癥患者AF的患病率分別為21.6%和19.0%,但在調(diào)整多種心血管危險(xiǎn)因素后發(fā)現(xiàn)高尿酸血癥與女性患者AF的發(fā)生相關(guān),而與男性AF無(wú)關(guān),提示高尿酸血癥與AF的關(guān)系可能存在性別差異[19]。另一項(xiàng)大規(guī)模前瞻性隊(duì)列研究ARIC研究入選了年齡45~64歲無(wú)AF病史的社區(qū)人群15 382名,發(fā)現(xiàn)血尿酸水平升高(>7 mg/dl)人群AF發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于血尿酸水平正常者(<5 mg/dl)(HR=1.74,P<0.001),基線血尿酸水平是今后AF發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,且這種相關(guān)關(guān)系在黑人和女性人群中更加明顯[20]。此外,來(lái)自希臘的一項(xiàng)研究提示,血尿酸水平是射頻消融術(shù)后AF復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[21]。另一項(xiàng)回顧性觀察研究入選了330例行射頻消融術(shù)的陣發(fā)性AF患者,隨訪9個(gè)月,提示血尿酸水平是AF復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素(HR=1.613,P=0.014)[22]。最近的研究表明,當(dāng)血尿酸水平≥8 mg/dl時(shí)可預(yù)測(cè)AF發(fā)生,且血尿酸水平在AF發(fā)生的前一年內(nèi)明顯增加,該研究還提示尿酸可能通過(guò)激活尿酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白1(uric acid transporter 1,URAT1)調(diào)節(jié)心房離子通道表達(dá)引起心房電重構(gòu),從而引起AF發(fā)生[23]。當(dāng)尿酸水平>9 mg/dl時(shí),HL-1小鼠心房細(xì)胞Nav1.5、Kv1.5和HERG通道m(xù)RNA和蛋白水平明顯升高,而URAT1抑制劑使上述通道蛋白表達(dá)水平恢復(fù)至正常范圍,提示URAT1參與尿酸誘發(fā)的心房電重構(gòu)。Chao等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血尿酸水平與左心房直徑明顯相關(guān),隨訪6年中1.9%既往無(wú)AF病史的患者新發(fā)AF,且高尿酸血癥患者AF發(fā)生率明顯高于血尿酸水平正常者,Cox風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型提示高尿酸血癥是AF發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(HR=1.191,95%CI:1.098~1.292)。最近,Valbusa等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),高尿酸血癥還是2型糖尿病患者發(fā)生AF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。此外,Wan等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),血尿酸水平與阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)患者AF發(fā)生明顯相關(guān),提示血尿酸水平可以用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)OSA患者的AF發(fā)生。最新一篇薈萃分析入選了9篇有關(guān)血尿酸水平與AF關(guān)系的相關(guān)文章,其中6項(xiàng)橫斷面研究的匯總分析顯示,AF患者較非AF患者血尿酸水平顯著升高;3項(xiàng)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究的薈萃分析顯示,高尿酸血癥增加AF風(fēng)險(xiǎn)1.67倍[27]。
有證據(jù)表明,高尿酸血癥不僅是AF發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,還能增加腦卒中發(fā)生率[28]。高尿酸血癥是無(wú)癥狀腦梗死的一個(gè)獨(dú)立的危險(xiǎn)因素,特別是女性,但是否與其增加AF發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)有關(guān)尚不清楚[29]。最近一項(xiàng)研究對(duì)既往未進(jìn)行抗血小板或抗凝治療的AF患者隨訪3年后發(fā)現(xiàn),14.7%的AF患者發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中,在調(diào)整CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分及合并疾病后,高尿酸血癥是AF患者發(fā)生腦卒中的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(危險(xiǎn)比為1.280),尤其是CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分為0分的AF患者,但是對(duì)于CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分4分以上的AF患者,血漿高尿酸水平不能預(yù)測(cè)其腦卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[30]。Numa等[31]的研究提示,高尿酸血癥可以預(yù)測(cè)CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分≤1分的非瓣膜性AF患者血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而對(duì)CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分≥2分患者無(wú)預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,提示血尿酸水平有助于CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分低的AF患者的血栓栓塞危險(xiǎn)分層。
上述研究提示,尿酸是AF發(fā)生和維持的重要血漿標(biāo)志物,可能與炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激激活有關(guān),但兩者的因果關(guān)系尚不十分明確,其潛在的種族和性別差異及其機(jī)制尚未闡明。血尿酸水平可以預(yù)測(cè)新發(fā)AF風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和AF的復(fù)發(fā),高尿酸血癥也與AF患者血栓栓塞及腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),針對(duì)黃嘌呤氧化酶及尿酸代謝的藥物,如別嘌呤醇有望作為AF的上游治療選擇之一[32]。
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Hyperuricem ia and atrial fibrillation:a state of the art review
Ma Jincai1,Shao Qingmiao2,Liu Tong2.
1 Department of Cardiology,Linxia Prefecture People’s Hospital,Linxia 731100,China;2 Department of Cardiology,Tianjin Institute of Cardiology,Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University
Hyperuricemia; Uric acid; Xanthine oxidase; Atrial fibrillation
Liu Tong,Email:liutongdoc@126.com
2014-03-19)
(本文編輯:譚瀟)
This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81270245).
10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2014.04.019
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81270245)
731100甘肅省臨夏州人民醫(yī)院心臟科(馬進(jìn)才);天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院心臟科天津心臟病學(xué)研究所(邵清淼、劉彤)
劉彤,電子信箱:liutongdoc@126.com