曾克輝
1. 問:在很多固定短語(yǔ)中有的用ones,有的用sbs,請(qǐng)問它們一樣嗎?
答:不一樣。盡管這兩個(gè)詞都表示所有關(guān)系“某人的……”,但ones只能代替物主代詞,指句子的主語(yǔ)本身;sbs既指代物主代詞又指代名詞所有格,但卻與句子的主語(yǔ)不是同一個(gè)人,而是指的另外某個(gè)人。例如:
take ones place 就座;就職;就位
Our new headmaster will take his place next Monday.
我們的新校長(zhǎng)下周一就要上任了。(句中的his就是指headmaster本人。)
take sbs place 代替某人,取代某人的位置
Our teacher is ill. Miss Liu will take his place to give us the lesson.
我們的老師病了,劉老師將代替他給我們上課。(句中的“his”并不指代句子的主語(yǔ)“Miss Liu”,而是指代Our teacher。)
又如:try ones best“盡力”, turn ones head“趾高氣揚(yáng)”,break ones promise“食言”,make up ones mind“下決心”等等,ones必須與句子的主語(yǔ)是同一人。
而kiss sbs ass “拍馬屁”,draw sbs attention“吸引某人的注意”,poison sbs mind“毒害某人的心靈”等等,sbs并不指句子的主語(yǔ),而指另外的人。
2.問:當(dāng)先行詞表示時(shí)間的時(shí)候,定語(yǔ)從句用during which time和during which是否一樣?
答:不一樣。during which time用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,為了避免誤解修飾對(duì)象而不用during which。例如:
I stayed with her for two hours, during which time I felt pleasant. 我和她一起待了兩個(gè)小時(shí),在這期間我覺得很愉快。
during which time(= and during that time)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“在那兩個(gè)小時(shí)期間”,若用during which則有可能修飾前面整個(gè)句子,“我與她待在一起兩個(gè)小時(shí)”這件事,這樣一來定語(yǔ)從句的修飾對(duì)象就發(fā)生了變化,“美好的兩小時(shí)”就無法凸顯。又如:
He died in the Anti-Japanese War, during which time my grandfather fought side by side with him. 他在抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中為國(guó)捐軀,在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間,我祖父曾與他并肩戰(zhàn)斗過。
如果將上句中的“during which time”改為“during which”,定語(yǔ)從句的意思就變成了“他在抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)為國(guó)捐軀期間,我祖父曾與他并肩戰(zhàn)斗過”,這顯然是不符合邏輯的。下一句就不一樣了,如:
The Anti-Japanese War during which millions of people were killed ended in 1945. 抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)于1945年結(jié)束,在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間,有數(shù)百萬人喪生。
注意 限制性定語(yǔ)從句是不能用during which time的。
3.問:“There existed some problems.”屬于there be句式嗎?
答:是的,這是there be結(jié)構(gòu)的擴(kuò)展式。該結(jié)構(gòu)通??煞譃橐韵聨最悾?/p>
① there和remain, exist, live, stay, lie, stand等靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用,表示一種狀態(tài),使得句子意義更形象、具體、生動(dòng)。例如:
There once lived a great man in our town. 我們鎮(zhèn)里曾經(jīng)住過一個(gè)大人物。
There stands a TV tower at the back of the school. 學(xué)校后面聳立著一座電視塔。
There lies a railway before our village. 我們村子前面有一條鐵路。
② there與come, go, occur, enter, follow, rush, run等動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用,描述某事的發(fā)生或某人、某物的到達(dá)。例如:
There occurred some misunderstanding between both sides. 雙方之間發(fā)生了一些誤會(huì)。
There followed an uncomfortable silence. 接著是一陣令人難以接受的沉默。
Look! There comes your English teacher. 瞧,你們英語(yǔ)老師來了。(comes不可以用is coming。)
③ there常與seem to be, appear to be, be sure to be, be likely to be, happen to be等連用,為there be句式增添新的含義。例如:
There seems to be no better way. 好像也沒有什么更好的辦法了。
There appeared to be only one room. 這里似乎只有一間房。
There happened to be a taxi parked at the gate. 碰巧門口停著一輛出租車。endprint
4.問:有些合成形容詞中的名詞后加“-ed”,有些不加“-ed”,請(qǐng)問這有規(guī)律可循嗎?
答:有,這里介紹幾條一般性規(guī)律:
①若合成形容詞中名詞是表示身體部位、器官、或者器官功能時(shí)通常加“ed”。如:
warm-hearted熱心腸的;near-sighted近視的;three-legged三條腿的;one-armed獨(dú)臂的;cold-blooded冷血的;baby-faced娃娃臉的;white-haired白頭發(fā)的;blue-eyed藍(lán)眼睛的;heavy-handed笨手笨腳的
②若合成形容詞中的名詞是某整體中的組成部分,一般也要加“-ed”。如:
twenty-storeyed building二十層樓的大廈;three-edged rule三角尺;five-roomed house五個(gè)房間的房子
③其他情況下均不加“-ed”。如:
low-cost低成本的;full-time專職的;high-level 高水平的;200-metre兩百米的;first-class一流的;fast-speed高速的
④以上均為基本規(guī)律,但也有一些例外情況。如:
second-hand car二手車(hand不加ed);five-star red flag; five-starred flag五星紅旗(兩者均可用);middle-aged woman中年婦女(age須加ed)
5.問:在很多合成形容詞中,有的用過去分詞,有的用現(xiàn)在分詞,請(qǐng)問,它們有什么不同?
答:含分詞的合成形容詞本身就存在一定的邏輯關(guān)系,并且與被修飾詞也存在關(guān)聯(lián)。大致可分為以下幾類:
①形容詞+感官類的現(xiàn)在分詞+被修飾名詞。其邏輯關(guān)系為:“表語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”,如:ordinary-looking man, soft-feeling silk,reasonable-sounding idea, fragrant-smelling flower, sweet-tasting food。
②副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞+被修飾名詞。其邏輯關(guān)系為:“狀語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)”,如:hard-working student,fast-running train,angrily-shouting man
③名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞+被修飾名詞。其邏輯關(guān)系為:“賓語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)”,如:peace-loving people,meat-eating animal,game-playing boy
④名詞+過去分詞+被修飾名詞。其邏輯關(guān)系為:“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”,如:man-made satellite,snow-covered field,computer-controlled vehicle
⑤副詞+過去分詞+被修飾名詞。其邏輯關(guān)系為:“狀語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)”,如:deep-set eyes,easily-understood article,quickly-solved problem
6.問:from which, where和from where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)有什么不同?
答:在不同的情況下,它們的含義是不同的。
①在from which中,which指代的是前面的某個(gè)名詞或代詞。如:
The village has only one well from which the villagers draw water. 這個(gè)村子僅有一口井供村民們?nèi)∷?/p>
This is the point, from which all distances can be measured. 就是這個(gè)點(diǎn),從這個(gè)點(diǎn),各方面的距離都可以測(cè)量。
②在from where中,where指代的是前面表地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ),指明具體的地點(diǎn)方位。如:
He hid himself under the bed, from where he could hear what they were talking about. 他躲在床下面,從床下他可以聽到他們?cè)谡勑┦裁?。(from where = and from under the bed)
③一般情況下,where可直接引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
What is the name of the town where we stayed last night? 我們昨晚呆過的那個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)叫什么?
④但在特定語(yǔ)境中,用where不如用from where。如:
She climbed up to the top of the hill, from where she could have a good view of the whole town. 她登上山頂,從那里可以一覽全城風(fēng)光。
該句中的from where相當(dāng)于and from on the top of the hill或from on the top of which..., 不可變?yōu)閒rom which,但可直接用where引導(dǎo)。不過,語(yǔ)義較為含糊,不如from where生動(dòng)、形象、具體。where?;\統(tǒng)地表示位置,所含的意義很泛,它可以指“不同方位的介詞+地點(diǎn)/位置名詞”,這些常見的方位介詞有 in, on, by, at, below, under, beside, inside, above, near等。
7.問:如何理解和使用as it is或as they are?
答:這是兩個(gè)很常見的句式,解釋如下:
①as it is/was的意義為“照現(xiàn)在的情況;事實(shí)上;實(shí)際上”。無論as it is還是as it was,它們都是直陳語(yǔ)氣,常放在句首,有時(shí)也放在句中。例如:
As it is, we neednt replace the equipment. 照目前的情況,我們不必更換設(shè)備。
As it was, I declined his offer. 事實(shí)上,我拒絕了他提供的幫助。
②as it is和as they are放在句子末尾的時(shí)候表示“照舊;照原樣;照實(shí)際情況;已經(jīng)”的意義。如:
Since we cannot find a more appropriate word, lets leave it as it is. 既然找不到一個(gè)更適當(dāng)?shù)脑~,就不改動(dòng)它算了。
You should state the facts as they are. 你應(yīng)該照實(shí)際情況陳述事實(shí)。
Dont say anything else; youre in enough trouble as it is. 別再說了,你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)夠麻煩的啦。
③值得注意的是:as it were是as if it were so的省略。as it were和so to speak的意義相同,表示“可以說;打個(gè)比喻說;好像;換句話說”等意義。在語(yǔ)法上是獨(dú)立成分,用作插入語(yǔ),可以用于任何時(shí)態(tài)的句子里。例如:
He is, as it were, a walking dictionary. 他可以說是一部活字典。
The book gives, as it were, a picture of the evil old society. 這本書可謂是展現(xiàn)過去那個(gè)邪惡社會(huì)的圖畫。endprint