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Aflibercept治療濕性AMD和黃斑水腫的相關(guān)研究現(xiàn)狀

2014-03-08 05:56肖昂周瓊
眼科新進(jìn)展 2014年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:雷珠濕性黃斑

肖昂 周瓊

Aflibercept治療濕性AMD和黃斑水腫的相關(guān)研究現(xiàn)狀

肖昂 周瓊

Aflibercept;濕性年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性;黃斑水腫

Aflibercept是一種可溶性誘導(dǎo)受體,可結(jié)合血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子-A和胎盤生長(zhǎng)因子,從而阻止同源血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體的結(jié)合和激活,抑制視網(wǎng)膜血管增生,導(dǎo)致新生血管退化。作為眼科一種新的抗血管生成物,其藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)、安全性和耐受性等獲得了臨床研究依據(jù),目前主要用于濕性年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性和黃斑水腫的治療,現(xiàn)將Aflibercept在濕性年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性和黃斑水腫治療中的相關(guān)研究作一綜述。

[眼科新進(jìn)展,2014,34(6):598-600]

在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變和年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)分別是導(dǎo)致中年人和老年人失明的主要原因[1-3],它們都具有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn),即病理性新生血管。血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在視網(wǎng)膜新生血管生成中是必不可少的誘導(dǎo)因子,可導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜新生血管異常增生[4-6],早期抑制VEGF能夠阻止疾病的進(jìn)展[7]。隨著貝伐單抗和雷珠單抗的成功研發(fā)以及療效的局限性、不良反應(yīng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的出現(xiàn),研究者隨之對(duì)Aflibercept進(jìn)行了研究,現(xiàn)綜述如下。

1 Aflibercept概述

Aflibercept 是一種融合蛋白,它的配體結(jié)合域融合了來自VEGF受體1、2及IgG1的Fc部分[8-9]。Aflibercept 作為眼科一種新的抗血管生成物,是人VEGF受體Flt-1、KDR的細(xì)胞外區(qū)域部分與人IgG的Fe片段的結(jié)合體,阻止VEGF與Flt-1、KDR的結(jié)合,也作為一種可溶性誘導(dǎo)受體來結(jié)合VEGF-A和胎盤生長(zhǎng)因子(placental growth factor,PIGF),抑制同源VEGF受體的結(jié)合和激活,且Aflibercept與血液中VEGF的親合力比單克隆抗體高100~1000倍[10]。與雷珠單抗(Kd 46 pmol·L-1)和貝伐單抗(Kd 58 pmol·L-1)相比,Aflibercept與VEGF165具有高親和力(Kd 0.49 pmol·L-1)[11],是目前為止唯一抑制VEGF-B和PIGF的重組VEGF受體蛋白[12]。Papadopoulos等[13]指出,Aflibercept與人VEGF-A具有高結(jié)合率,中和VEGF-A的效能強(qiáng)于雷珠單抗或貝伐單抗。這可能有利于減緩濕性AMD和黃斑水腫(macular edema,ME)的進(jìn)展速度,使患者中央視覺維持較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,并減少給藥頻率。

2 Aflibercept的臨床研究

2.1藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)眼部Aflibercept藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)研究較少,多基于臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。Stewart等[14-16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人眼每2周玻璃體內(nèi)注射Aflibercept 2 mg在波峰和波谷階段結(jié)合VEGF的水平均很高,由于Aflibercept的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量達(dá)115 000,Aflibercept在血清中的半衰期約18 d,高于貝伐單抗(8.25 d)和雷珠單抗(4.75 d);玻璃體內(nèi)注射Aflibercept的半衰期達(dá)到7.1 d,高于雷珠單抗(4.75 d)和貝伐單抗(3.34 d)[15,17]。這使2個(gè)月一次的給藥劑量成為可能,改變濕性AMD每個(gè)月一次注射的治療方案,有利于定期復(fù)診困難的濕性AMD患者。

2.2安全性、耐受性有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),單眼玻璃體內(nèi)注射Aflibercept 2.0 mg或4.0 mg,眼部耐受性良好,安全且無眼部毒性作用及眼部不良反應(yīng)(0/51眼)[18-22]。Heier等[23]研究指出,Aflibercept單眼玻璃體內(nèi)注射2.0 mg的眼部不良反應(yīng)(包括眼內(nèi)炎、視力下降、后囊膜混濁和視網(wǎng)膜出血)與雷珠單抗每個(gè)月給藥的結(jié)果類似(Ranibizumab組1.83%、Aflibercept組1.17%)。

2.3用藥方法和范圍目前,Aflibercept眼部用藥多為經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的用藥。在兩項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)中,玻璃體內(nèi)注射 Aflibercept 2.0 mg組最佳矯正視力和視網(wǎng)膜厚度穩(wěn)定改善[22,24]。Nguyen等[22]和Heier等[23,25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),玻璃體內(nèi)Aflibercept 2.0 mg/4周(每4周注射2.0 mg)組視網(wǎng)膜厚度平均減少量(170.9 μm)高于0.5 mg/4周Aflibercept組(149.5 μm)、0.5 mg組(129.8 μm)和Ranibizumab組(138.5 μm)。Aflibercept推薦治療方案為初始3個(gè)月注射2.0 mg/4周,而后2.0 mg/8周[12,26]。更頻繁地給藥并不有利于患者[16]。Aflibercept主要適用于濕性AMD和ME的治療。

2.4Aflibercept療效目前治療濕性AMD和ME的療法中,除了激光光凝、貝伐單抗和雷珠單抗治療,Aflibercept治療也是研究熱點(diǎn),其光學(xué)相干斷層掃描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)和視力改善指標(biāo)(ETDRS字母表)成為評(píng)價(jià)療效的重點(diǎn)。

2.4.1OCT指標(biāo)Heier 等[23,25]和Zampros等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),玻璃體內(nèi)注射Aflibercept治療組視網(wǎng)膜厚度在第12周開始減少,并在第12-52周內(nèi)繼續(xù)減少,脈絡(luò)膜新生血管范圍在52周內(nèi)平均退化了2.21 mm,脈絡(luò)膜新生血管面積減少了6.0 mm2,高于雷珠單抗組(4.2 mm2),中央視網(wǎng)膜厚度減少了170.9 μm,高于雷珠單抗組(138.5 μm)。Do等[28-29]發(fā)現(xiàn)Aflibercept治療組中央黃斑厚度減少范圍(127.3~194.5 μm)高于激光組(58.4~67.9 μm)(P≤0.001)。在另一項(xiàng)研究中,Alfibercept治療組視網(wǎng)膜厚度減少了457.2 μm,高于假性注射組(144.8 μm)(P<0.001)[30]。在3個(gè)月的療程中,漿液性色素上皮脫離和視網(wǎng)膜滲出幾乎完全消退[31];在6個(gè)月隨訪中,中央視網(wǎng)膜中央凹厚度平均減少了168 μm(P=0.004),色素上皮脫離最大高度和直徑分別平均降低了56 μm(P<0.001)和316 μm(P=0.040)[32]。

2.4.2視力改善指標(biāo)Do等[28-29]和Boyer等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),玻璃體內(nèi)注射Aflibercept 2.0 mg組視力平均提高13.6個(gè)字母,高于激光治療組(2.5個(gè)字母)和假性注射組(4.0個(gè)字母)(P<0.001)。在III期臨床試驗(yàn)中,觀察組1結(jié)果顯示初始3個(gè)月后每2個(gè)月玻璃體內(nèi)注射Aflibercept 2.0 mg組提高了7.9個(gè)字母,觀察組2結(jié)果中提高了8.9個(gè)字母,且比雷珠單抗或貝伐單抗的用藥次數(shù)少[33]。Tyagi等[34]指出Aflibercept在ME治療中有一定的療效和臨床意義。OCT和視力改善指標(biāo)表明,Aflibercept在治療AMD中療效較好[35],這使得Aflibercept在治療脈絡(luò)膜新生血管和ME中成為一個(gè)新的治療方法[8]。

2.5不良反應(yīng)眾多研究結(jié)果顯示[19,21,25,27,36],眼部對(duì)Aflibercept的一般耐受性良好,無嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng),最常見不良反應(yīng)包括結(jié)膜出血、一過性眼壓升高、屈光不正、視網(wǎng)膜出血、主觀性視力下降、玻璃體脫離、眼痛,發(fā)生率均很低。Heier等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)玻璃體內(nèi)注射Aflibercept 2.0 mg,眼部一般耐受性良好;少數(shù)患者在52周內(nèi)出現(xiàn)眼壓一過性升高,且玻璃體內(nèi)注射雷珠單抗0.5 mg/4周組、0.5 mg/4周Aflibercept組、2.0 mg/4周Aflibercept組、2.0 mg/8周Aflibercept組不良反應(yīng)(包括眼部異常、眼內(nèi)炎、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥、眼壓升高)發(fā)生的概率分別是1.1/1000、0.1/1000、0.8/1000、0.2/1000,與雷珠單抗類似,且無注射劑量性不良反應(yīng)的證據(jù)。

3 展望

Aflibercept的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)、安全性、耐受性和療效等在研究中獲得了臨床依據(jù)。美國(guó)FDA已經(jīng)于2011年9月批準(zhǔn)Aflibercept應(yīng)用于新生血管性AMD和ME的治療[33,35]。Aflibercept的療效、給藥周期延長(zhǎng)和給藥次數(shù)減少等潛在優(yōu)勢(shì)可能能夠穩(wěn)定提高患者視力、降低患者復(fù)診次數(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[37-39],其眼科應(yīng)用前景比較理想。但該藥的臨床試驗(yàn)基于小樣本、短期的研究,我們需對(duì)Aflibercept的遠(yuǎn)期效果和大樣本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析研究,今后需繼續(xù)探索該藥物的療效、安全和價(jià)值的相關(guān)性,從而幫助和指導(dǎo)患者選擇最佳治療方案。

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date:Apr 26,2013

Related studies on Aflibercept for wet AMD and macular edema

XIAO Ang,ZHOU Qiong

Aflibercept;wet age-related macular degeneration;macular edema

Aflibercept is a soluble induced receptor,which can be combined with vascular endothelial growth factor-A and placental growth factor to block the binding and activation of these homologous vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.It also inhibits retinal angiogenesis and leads to degradation of the new blood vessels.As a new anti-vascular drug in ophthalmology,Aflibercept had been gained clinical basis of pharmacokinetics,safety and tolerability,used for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration and macular edema.This article reviews the related studies on Aflibercept for wet age-related macular degeneration and macular edema.

肖昂,男,1986年12月出生,湖北咸寧人,碩士。主要研究方向?yàn)檠鄣撞?。?lián)系電話:15870647395;E-mail:xiao2818161@126.com

AboutXIAOAng:Male,born in December,1986.Master degree.Tel:15870647395;E-mail:xiao2818161@126.com

2013-04-26

330006 江西省南昌市,南昌大學(xué)研究生院醫(yī)學(xué)部第一臨床(肖昂);南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院眼科(周瓊)

周瓊,E-mail:qiong-ms@126.com

肖昂,周瓊.Aflibercept治療濕性AMD和黃斑水腫的相關(guān)研究現(xiàn)狀[J].眼科新進(jìn)展, 2014,34(6):598-600.

10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2014.0165

【文獻(xiàn)綜述】

修回日期:2013-06-03

本文編輯:方紅玲

Accepteddate:Jun 3,2013

From theGraduateSchoolofMedicineinNachangUniversity,FirstClinical(XIAO Ang);DepartmentofOphthalmology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofNanchangUniversity(ZHOU Qiong),Nanchang330006,JiangxiProvince,China

Responsibleauthor:ZHOU Qiong,E-mail:qiong-ms@126.com

[RecAdvOphthalmol,2014,34(6):598-600]

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