周莉 馬媛萍
摘 要: 邊緣介詞是介詞當(dāng)中一類(lèi)較為特殊的介詞,它具有一般介詞所具有的某些語(yǔ)法功能,但由于它的詞形較特別,而大多數(shù)語(yǔ)法書(shū)中都沒(méi)有給出詳盡的用法說(shuō)明及例句,人們往往很難準(zhǔn)確理解這類(lèi)詞的用法。本文介紹了常見(jiàn)的邊緣介詞,按詞形把它們歸納為-ing型邊緣介詞 、過(guò)去分詞型邊緣介詞、動(dòng)詞型邊緣介詞和重疊型邊緣介詞四大類(lèi),并結(jié)合詳盡的例句分析其語(yǔ)義及翻譯方法,以期對(duì)讀者準(zhǔn)確掌握邊緣介詞有所幫助。
關(guān)鍵詞: 邊緣介詞 語(yǔ)義 翻譯
一、引言
英語(yǔ)中的介詞是表示名詞和句中其他詞之間關(guān)系的詞?!敖樵~能和名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞等詞搭配,表示多種不同的意思”。[1](P395-396)人們通常把介詞分為下面幾類(lèi):簡(jiǎn)單介詞(Simple Prepositions)、合成介詞(Compound Prepositions)、邊緣介詞(Marginal Prepositions)和成語(yǔ)介詞(Phrasal Prepositions)。著名學(xué)者張道真把介詞按結(jié)構(gòu)劃分為簡(jiǎn)單介詞(Simple Prepositions)、合成介詞(Compound Prepositions)、帶-ing詞尾的介詞(-ing Prepositions)和成語(yǔ)介詞(Phrasal Prepositions)。[2](P430-431)由于語(yǔ)言處于不斷的發(fā)展變化之中,人們尚沒(méi)有對(duì)其給出一個(gè)固定的分類(lèi)模式。
介詞的用法靈活多變,不易掌握,而邊緣介詞(Marginal Prepositions)是介詞當(dāng)中一類(lèi)較為特殊的介詞。目前,學(xué)者們尚未對(duì)此給出一致的定義,有人認(rèn)為,邊緣介詞,顧名思義,就是“處于邊緣狀態(tài)的介詞,具有邊緣性”(陳叢梅,2008,轉(zhuǎn)引自 侯麗香,2013)。[3]而Randolph Quirk(1985)認(rèn)為:“邊緣介詞是由一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞構(gòu)成的、與動(dòng)詞和形容詞關(guān)系密切且多用于較正式文體或古體中的介詞?!保ㄞD(zhuǎn)引自 侯麗香,2013)[3]邊緣介詞大多為分詞形式,由于其詞形較特別,加上一般的語(yǔ)法書(shū)上又沒(méi)有給出詳盡的用法說(shuō)明及例句,人們往往很難準(zhǔn)確理解這些詞的用法。然而,這類(lèi)介詞在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中比較普遍,因此,我們很有必要掌握邊緣介詞的用法。
二、邊緣介詞的分類(lèi)、語(yǔ)義及翻譯
1.-ing型邊緣介詞
英語(yǔ)中,-ing型的邊緣介詞占很大比例,其中最為常見(jiàn)的有concerning,considering,regarding,touching,according,respecting,including,excluding,excepting,failing,wanting,during,barring,bating,saving,following,pending,notwithstanding等。這類(lèi)介詞具有現(xiàn)在分詞的形式,卻不是由動(dòng)詞演變而來(lái)。
(1)concerning,regarding,touching
concerning,regarding和touching均意為“about”,“with regard to”,譯為“關(guān)……于”、“有關(guān)……”,均用于正式文體中。例如:
They showed anxiety considering their retired allowance.
關(guān)于他們的養(yǎng)老金,他們顯得甚為焦急。
Regarding the topic,you should talk to your supervisor.
關(guān)于這個(gè)話題,你應(yīng)該去找你的導(dǎo)師談?wù)劇?/p>
Mary asked me a few questions touching my school life.
瑪麗問(wèn)了我一些關(guān)于我的學(xué)習(xí)生活的問(wèn)題。
其中concerning還可以和as連用,有兩種形式,即as concerning和as concerns,都作“關(guān)于”解,但意思比considering更強(qiáng)些[1](P450)。
As concerning the date of my wedding,Id like to keep it secret from my family.關(guān)于我的婚期,我想對(duì)我的家人保密。
As concerns this topic,Id like to add my own opinions.關(guān)于這一話題,我想補(bǔ)充我自己的觀點(diǎn)。
(2)considering
considering意為“in view of”,“having regard to”,譯為“就……而論”、“照……來(lái)看”、“考慮到……”、“鑒于……”等。例如:
She is very active,considering her age.就她的年齡而言,她是十分活躍的。[4](P422)
Considering hes only just started,he knows quite a lot about it.[4](P422)
鑒于他才剛剛開(kāi)始,他懂得已經(jīng)不少了。
(3)according
according意為“as stated or shown by”,“in a way that agrees with”,譯為“如……所說(shuō)或所顯示”、“按照”、“根據(jù)”、“視……而定”。例如:
According to Mike,it is a great game.據(jù)邁克說(shuō),比賽很精彩。
The work was done according to the presidents will.這項(xiàng)工作是按照總裁的意思做的。
(4)respecting
respecting意為“with respect to”,“relating to”,“in connection with”,“in view of ”,譯為“關(guān)于”、“由于”、“鑒于”、“談及”。例如:
Respecting the situation,mutual respect and understanding should be developed.
鑒于這一狀況,必須建立起相互的尊重和理解。
Respecting these figures,I can not support you on this.鑒于這些數(shù)據(jù),我不能支持你的觀點(diǎn)。
(5)including
including意為“counting”,“besides”,譯為“包括”。例如:
Six people were killed in the riot,including a policeman.[4](P1032)
暴亂中有6人死亡,包括一名警察。
The family album contains fifty photos,including twenty of the babys birthday party.
這本家庭相冊(cè)中共有50張照片,包括這個(gè)嬰兒的20張生日照。
(6)excluding,excepting
excluding和excepting意為“not counting”,“except”,“not including”,“except for”,譯為“不包括”、“不含”、“除……之外”。例如:
Lunch costs 10 dollars per person,excluding drinks.午餐每人10美元,酒水除外。
He checked all the answers excepting the last one.
除了最后一題的答案之外,所有的答案他都檢查過(guò)了。
(7)failing,wanting
failing和wanting意為“in theabsence of”,“in default of”,“without”,譯為“沒(méi)有”、“如果沒(méi)有”、“若無(wú)……時(shí)”。例如:
Failing the good post,you should try to start from odd jobs.
如果沒(méi)有好的工作崗位,你應(yīng)該試著從做一些臨工開(kāi)始。
Failing others help,you have to do the job on your own.
若沒(méi)有其他人幫助,你得獨(dú)立完成這項(xiàng)工作。
Wanting mutual trust,friendship is hard to endure.
沒(méi)有互相的信任,友誼便難以長(zhǎng)存。
(8)during
during意為“through the whole course of”,“at the some point”,“in the course of”,譯為“(指整段時(shí)間)在……時(shí)間”、“(指某段時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn))在……時(shí)候”。例如:
He was taken to the hospital during the night.他在夜間被送往了醫(yī)院。
I visited many places during my stay in Europe.我待在歐洲那段時(shí)間曾去過(guò)好多地方。
(9)barring,bating,saving
barring,bating和saving意為“except”,“except for”,譯為“除……之外”、“除非”、“若無(wú)”。例如:
The plane should land safely barring the accident.
若無(wú)那次事故,飛機(jī)應(yīng)該是能夠安全著陸的。
Everyone has taken the tests bating David.
除了David之外,每個(gè)人都參加了考試。
All the disputes have been solved during the discussion saving the last one.
除了最后一個(gè)問(wèn)題外,所有的爭(zhēng)端都在談判中解決了。
(10)following
following意為“after”,譯為“在……之后”。例如:
Following the seminar,the professor will have a few minutes to visit the campus.
在研討會(huì)之后,教授有幾分鐘時(shí)間可以參觀校園。
Following the wonderful speech,the audience gave the professor a warm applause to show their thanks.在教授精彩的演講之后,聽(tīng)眾以熱烈的掌聲對(duì)他表示感謝。
(11)pending
pending意為“until”,“during and till the end of”,“before”,譯為“直到……時(shí)候”、“在……期間”、“在……之前”。例如:
He was released on bail pending further inquiries.[4](P469)
他獲得保釋?zhuān)群蜻M(jìn)一步調(diào)查。
She was deeply impressed by the hospitality of local people pending his visit to the village.
在訪問(wèn)這個(gè)小村莊期間,當(dāng)?shù)厝说臒崆楹每徒o她留下了深刻的印象。
(12)notwithstanding
notwithstanding意為“in spite of”,“regardless of”,譯為“雖然”、“盡管”。例如:
Notwithstanding some financial problems,the school has achieved success in the past few years.
盡管有些經(jīng)費(fèi)問(wèn)題,學(xué)校在過(guò)去幾年還是取得了成就。
They go on doing the experiment notwithstanding some failures.
雖然有過(guò)失敗,他們還是繼續(xù)做實(shí)驗(yàn)。
2.過(guò)去分詞型邊緣介詞
過(guò)去分詞型邊緣介詞往往以-en或-ed結(jié)尾,最常用的有g(shù)iven,granted等,現(xiàn)對(duì)其語(yǔ)義和翻譯技巧闡述如下:
(1)given
given意為“considering”,“taking into account”,譯為“考慮到”、“鑒于”。例如:
Given her age,I think she's done rather well in the performence.
就她的年齡來(lái)看,我認(rèn)為她在這次表演中的表現(xiàn)已經(jīng)相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)了。
Given his experience and qualifications in this area,they will give him the job he wants.
鑒于他在這一領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和資質(zhì),他們會(huì)給他這份他想要的工作的。
(2)granted
granted意為“assuming”,“supposing”,譯為“假定”、“即使”。例如:
Granted the bad weather,the farmers must take other measures to protect their crops.
假如遇到惡劣天氣,農(nóng)民就得采取別的措施來(lái)保護(hù)莊稼。
Granted his tiredness,he must go on working.
即使他非常疲勞,他也得接著工作。
3.動(dòng)詞型邊緣介詞
動(dòng)詞型邊緣介詞為數(shù)不多,形似動(dòng)詞原形,最常用的有bar,save,less,plus和minus等,他們的語(yǔ)義和翻譯技巧如下:
(1)bar
bar意為“except”,“except for”,譯為“除了……之外”、“除非”。例如:
Well come on time bar traffic jam.除非遇到交通堵塞,否則我們將準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。
The whole teaching staff was trained to use the new equipment,bar none.
全體教職工都參加了使用新設(shè)備的培訓(xùn),一個(gè)都不例外。
(2)save
save為正式用語(yǔ),意為“except”,“except for”,譯為“除了……之外”。例如:
The building was all dark save for one single light from a third-storey window.
除了三樓的一個(gè)窗戶透出一絲光之外,整幢樓一片黑暗。
All the students have participated in the sports meet save him.
除他之外,所有的學(xué)生都參加了運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。
(3)plus
plus意為“with the addition of ”,“not only…but also”,譯為“也”、“外加”、“不僅……而且”、“和”。例如:
Three plus five is eight.三加五等于八。
The work needs experience plus care.這項(xiàng)工作需要經(jīng)驗(yàn)和細(xì)心。
(4)minus
minus意為“with the deduction of”,“without”,譯為“減去”、“沒(méi)有”。例如:
He came back from the war minus a leg.他戰(zhàn)后回來(lái)少了一條腿。
Eight minus three is five.八減去三等于五。
(5)times
times意為“multiplied by”,譯為“乘以”。
Three times four is twelve.三乘以四等于十二。
(6)less
less意為“before a particular amount that must be taken away from the amount just mentioned”,譯為“減去”、“扣除”。例如:
This is your monthly salary of $2000 less tax and insurance.[4](P157)
這是你的月薪2000美元,從中已扣除稅款和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。
4.重疊型邊緣介詞
重疊型邊緣介詞由兩個(gè)介詞連接組成,詞形較特殊,常見(jiàn)的有from型重疊邊緣介詞和until型重疊的邊緣介詞。
(1)from型重疊邊緣介詞
from among,from behind,from under和from out of等均屬這類(lèi)介詞中較常用的邊緣介詞,它們分別意為為“come from a group”,“come from the back of somebody or something”,“come from the lower part of”,“come out from a place”,翻譯重疊邊緣介詞時(shí)只需將兩個(gè)介詞的意思按順序組合起來(lái),因此可譯為“從……當(dāng)中”、“從……后面”、“從……下面”和“從……出來(lái)”。例如:
He is a technician from among the workers.他是一個(gè)工人出身的技術(shù)員。
The sun appears from behind the mountain.太陽(yáng)從山背后出來(lái)了。
The mouse ran from under the barn.老鼠從谷倉(cāng)底下跑了出來(lái)。
Slowly,the old mad came from out of his apartment.那個(gè)老人緩慢地從公寓里走了出來(lái)。
(2)until型重疊邊緣介詞
until型重疊邊緣常見(jiàn)的有“until after”,“until before”,“until at”等,它們分別意為“not… until a certain time”,“until ahead of a certain time or degree”,“not…until a certain time”,譯為“直到……之后”、“直到……之前”、“直到……”。例如:
I will not go home until after I finish my homework.我要寫(xiě)完作業(yè)后才回家。
You will not be able to finish your work until before midnight.半夜前你才能完成這項(xiàng)工作。
三、結(jié)語(yǔ)
正確理解邊緣介詞的語(yǔ)義和翻譯技巧,有助于讀者正確理解句子的內(nèi)涵,是學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵。本文對(duì)邊緣介詞的分類(lèi)方法主要是按詞形來(lái)歸類(lèi)劃分的,便于廣大學(xué)習(xí)者理解和掌握邊緣介詞,但這并非是唯一的分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也無(wú)法將所有的邊緣介詞都羅列出來(lái),以期起到拋磚引玉的作用。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]羅國(guó)梁,羅健利.當(dāng)代實(shí)用英語(yǔ)精華[M].上海:華東化工學(xué)院出版社,1992.
[2]張道真.實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002.
[3]侯麗香.淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中的邊緣介詞.雞西大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)[J],2013(3).
[4][英]霍恩比,著.王玉章,等譯.牛津高階英漢雙解詞典第7版[K].北京:商務(wù)印書(shū)館,2009.