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Nesfatin-1的研究新進(jìn)展

2014-03-19 15:14鄧潤鈞綜述田字彬審校
胃腸病學(xué) 2014年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:中樞攝食葡萄糖

鄧潤鈞 綜述 田字彬 審校

青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院消化科(266003)

核連蛋白2(nucleobindin 2, NUCB2)受NEFA基因編碼,由包含24個(gè)氨基酸的多肽和396個(gè)氨基酸的蛋白組成,其氨基酸序列在人、小鼠、大鼠等不同種屬間高度同源。NUCB2可經(jīng)激素原轉(zhuǎn)化酶剪切為nesfatin-1、nesfatin-2、nesfatin-3三個(gè)片段。Oh-I等[1]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦室內(nèi)注射nesfatin-1可抑制攝食,且效應(yīng)呈劑量依賴性,而nesfatin-2和nesfatin-3均無此作用,由此提示nesfatin-1是NUCB2發(fā)揮攝食抑制作用的主要成分,其屬于厭食調(diào)節(jié)肽的一種。本文就nesfatin-1的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。

一、Nesfatin-1 的分布

Nesfatin-1可表達(dá)于人、豬、魚、鼠、犬齒類等多種生物種群[2-4],在中樞系統(tǒng)主要分布于下丘腦室旁核(PVN)、視上核、弓狀核、孤束核以及外側(cè)區(qū)(LHA)等部位[5],在外周系統(tǒng)可分布于食管、胃腸、脂肪組織、胰腺、睪丸、心臟等部位[6-7]。Nesfatin-1能以非飽和方式通過血腦屏障,在血清和腦脊液間的相互傳輸可影響其在中樞和外周的分布[8]。

二、Nesfatin-1的作用及其機(jī)制

1. Nesfatin-1在中樞的作用及其機(jī)制:Oh-I 等[1]對(duì)雌性Wistar大鼠腦室內(nèi)注射nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA,6 h內(nèi)大鼠攝食量減少,呈劑量依賴性,而后給予nesfatin-1抗體Ab24,大鼠攝食量明顯回升。Stengel等[9]進(jìn)一步對(duì)nesfatin-1的82個(gè)氨基酸片段進(jìn)行分割研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)腦室內(nèi)注射nesfatin-130-59(M30)會(huì)降低小鼠夜間攝食量,而nesfatin-11-29(N23)、nesfatin-160-82(C29)無此作用,證實(shí)M30為nesfatin-1的活性片段。Shimizu等[10]對(duì)瘦素(leptin)受體突變的小鼠研究顯示,α-促黑素細(xì)胞激素(α-MSH)受體(MC4-R)阻斷劑可阻斷nesfatin-1對(duì)大鼠攝食的抑制效應(yīng),而腦室內(nèi)注射α-MSH可引起室旁核NUCB2 mRNA表達(dá)增加。Ishida等[11]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),M30與刺鼠基因相關(guān)蛋白(AgRP)活化片段相似,而AgRP可阻遏α-MSH作用。上述研究證實(shí)nesfatin-1對(duì)食欲的影響可能由MSH系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo)所致。此外,F(xiàn)oo等[5]的研究顯示,nesfatin-1可通過抑制弓狀核神經(jīng)肽Y(NPY)的活性,從而抑制攝食行為。Gil等[12]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),行迷走神經(jīng)刺激術(shù)(VNS)后,大鼠攝食量和體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)下降,外周血清中nesfatin-1表達(dá)增加,然而迷走神經(jīng)是否參與nesfatin-1的攝食調(diào)節(jié)作用仍需進(jìn)一步研究。Gantulga等[13]的研究顯示,葡萄糖和胰島素可類似于食物刺激,通過增加PVN神經(jīng)元中的Ca2+濃度激活nesfatin-1。Chen等[14]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在PVN和LHA區(qū)注射nesfatin-1后,葡萄糖抑制性神經(jīng)元數(shù)量增多,后者為葡萄糖感受器,可通過改變神經(jīng)元自身發(fā)放頻率調(diào)節(jié)攝食行為。

生物體溫和進(jìn)食行為存在晝夜節(jié)律性,兩者共同調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體能量平衡。Nesfatin-1與多種體溫調(diào)節(jié)激素在下丘腦核團(tuán)中共同表達(dá),如PVN區(qū)催產(chǎn)素、促甲狀腺素釋放激素、促腎上腺素釋放激素、弓狀核區(qū)可卡因-苯丙胺調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄肽(CART)、弓狀核區(qū)阿黑皮素原(POMC)、孤束核區(qū)催乳素、結(jié)節(jié)-垂體DA通路(THDA)區(qū)MSH等,提示nesfatin-1可能在體溫調(diào)控方面發(fā)揮一定作用。K?ncz?l等的[15]研究顯示,大鼠側(cè)腦室注射nesfatin-1后,48 h內(nèi)體溫持續(xù)高于生理溫度,且晝夜波動(dòng)較小,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)寒冷條件下nesfatin-1表達(dá)增加。目前,關(guān)于nesfatin-1調(diào)節(jié)體溫的機(jī)制尚未明確,有研究[16]顯示nesfatin-1可提高交感神經(jīng)興奮性,然而可否解釋其體溫調(diào)節(jié)的作用仍有待研究。

Nesfatin-1除了對(duì)食欲、體溫的影響外,亦參與多種生理病理活動(dòng)的調(diào)節(jié)。Yosten等[17]的研究顯示,對(duì)藥物性(血管緊張素Ⅱ)和生理性(禁水)饑渴的大鼠給予腦室注射nesfatin-1,恢復(fù)飲水后,大鼠飲水量低于正常對(duì)照組,且藥物性饑渴的大鼠恢復(fù)飲水后,PVN區(qū)nesfatin-1表達(dá)減少,提示nesfatin-1參與水電解質(zhì)平衡調(diào)節(jié)。Nesfatin-1分布于PVN區(qū)和穹窿下器,兩者是AT1受體介導(dǎo)血管緊張素作用的部位,亦是影響水電解質(zhì)平衡的重要區(qū)域。此外,Yosten等[16]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),nesfatin-1參與機(jī)體心血管反應(yīng),大鼠給予腦室內(nèi)注射nesfatin-1后,平均動(dòng)脈壓升高,心率加快,其作用機(jī)制與nesfatin-1刺激孤束內(nèi)側(cè)亞核(mNTS)的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞去極化/超極化或增強(qiáng)交感神經(jīng)興奮性等因素有關(guān)。研究[18-19]發(fā)現(xiàn),nesfatin-1參與了焦慮、恐懼等精神心理活動(dòng),壓力應(yīng)激會(huì)導(dǎo)致大鼠中樞nesfatin-1表達(dá)增加,而腦室內(nèi)注射nesfatin-1會(huì)引起大鼠焦慮和恐懼反射行為。Bloem等[20]的研究顯示,抑郁癥自殺身亡的人群中,男性患者中樞nesfatin-1表達(dá)水平較正常人群升高,但女性患者表達(dá)水平較正常人群減少,引起此差異的機(jī)制尚不明確。Okere等[21]的研究顯示,在嚙齒類動(dòng)物中,CART、Ucn1以及nesfatin-1共同集中投射于中腦埃丁格-韋斯特法爾核(EWcp),后者在壓力調(diào)適和情緒反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要作用,與精神疾病的發(fā)生有明顯關(guān)聯(lián)。K?ncz?l等[22]的研究認(rèn)為,表達(dá)nesfatin-1的髓質(zhì)兒茶酚胺類細(xì)胞能夠調(diào)節(jié)傳遞至PVN的內(nèi)臟壓力感覺,并通過下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺素軸調(diào)節(jié)情緒活動(dòng)。

2. Nesfatin-1在外周的表達(dá)和作用:Nesfatin-1在外周主要分布于食管、肝、胃、胰腺、十二指腸、小腸、結(jié)腸、脂肪組織等。Osaki等[23]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),下丘腦性肥胖大鼠皮下和內(nèi)臟脂肪組織中nesfatin-1表達(dá)增加。Stengel等[24]的研究顯示,高BMI人群中胃、脂肪組織的nesfatin-1表達(dá)增加。Ogiso等[25]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),神經(jīng)性厭食癥患者血漿nesfatin-1表達(dá)減少。Abaci等[26]和Boutsikou等[27]的研究表明,肥胖兒童血漿和過期妊娠孕婦臍帶血nesfatin-1表達(dá)減少。上述研究提示nesfatin-1在外周表達(dá)的特點(diǎn)或可用于疾病診斷。

Nesfatin-1與胰島素抵抗和糖耐量的關(guān)系是目前的研究熱點(diǎn)。Yang等[28]的研究顯示,對(duì)營養(yǎng)性肥胖大鼠第三腦室內(nèi)注射nesfatin-1可提高肝臟對(duì)胰島素的敏感性,并使肝糖原合成減少,肌糖原合成增加。Belgardt等[29]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)肥胖或消瘦大鼠腦室內(nèi)注射nesfatin-1可引起胰島素受體(INSR)磷酸化和INSR底物表達(dá)增加,從而誘導(dǎo)INSR活化,INSR可與胰島素結(jié)合,增加葡萄糖吸收和糖原合成,降低血糖。Gonzalez等[30]的研究顯示,糖尿病小鼠胰島在離體環(huán)境中nesfatin-1表達(dá)存在差異,Ⅰ型糖尿病nesfatin-1表達(dá)減少,Ⅱ型糖尿病nesfatin-1表達(dá)增加。Zhang等[31]的研究表明,Ⅱ型糖尿病和糖耐量受損者的血漿nesfatin-1水平較正常人群升高。然而,Li 等[32]通過監(jiān)測糖尿病患者空腹口服葡萄糖后血漿nesfatin-1水平發(fā)現(xiàn),Ⅱ型糖尿病患者nesfatin-1水平較健康人群和Ⅰ型糖尿病患者顯著降低。由此可見, nesfatin-1在不同類型糖尿病和代謝異常性疾病中的表達(dá)存在爭論,其相關(guān)作用需行深入研究探討。

三、結(jié)語

Nesfatin-1是一種厭食調(diào)節(jié)肽,隨著對(duì)nesfatin-1的深入研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)其作用不僅局限于對(duì)攝食的影響,在能量代謝、內(nèi)分泌、精神等方面亦具有一定調(diào)節(jié)作用,探索其在疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中的作用,研究其在中樞、外周的表達(dá)特點(diǎn),或可用于臨床疾病診斷。此外,nesfatin-1在中樞、外周的相互作用及其機(jī)制尚需進(jìn)一步研究,從而為nesfatin-1的臨床應(yīng)用提供理論基礎(chǔ)。

1 Oh-I S, Shimizu H, Satoh T, et al. Identification of nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule in the hypothalamus[J]. Nature, 2006, 443 (7112): 709-712.

2 Gonkowski S, Rychlik A, Nowicki M, et al. A population of nesfatin 1-like immunoreactive (LI) cells in the mucosal layer of the canine digestive tract[J]. Res Vet Sci, 2012, 93 (3): 1119-1121.

3 Gaigé S, Bonnet MS, Tardivel C, et al. c-Fos immunoreactivity in the pig brain following deoxynivalenol intoxication: focus on NUCB2/nesfatin-1 expressing neurons[J]. Neuro-toxicology, 2013, 34: 135-149.

4 Gonzalez R, Shepperd E, Thiruppugazh V, et al. Nesfatin-1 regulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis of fish[J]. Biol Reprod, 2012, 87 (4): 84.

5 Foo KS, Brismar H, Broberger C. Distribution and neuro-peptide coexistence of nucleobindin-2 mRNA/nesfatin-like immunoreactivity in the rat CNS[J]. Neuroscience, 2008, 156 (3): 563-579.

6 Angelone T, Filice E, Pasqua T, et al. Nesfatin-1 as a novel cardiac peptide: identification, functional characterization, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury[J]. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2013, 70 (3): 495-509.

7 García-Galiano D, Pineda R, Ilhan T, et al. Cellular distribution, regulated expression, and functional role of the anorexigenic peptide, NUCB2/nesfatin-1, in the testis[J]. Endocrinology, 2012, 153 (4): 1959-1971.

8 Pan W, Hsuchou H, Kastin AJ. Nesfatin-1 crosses the blood-brain barrier without saturation[J]. Peptides, 2007, 28 (11): 2223-2228.

9 Stengel A, Goebel-Stengel M, Wang L, et al. Nesfatin-1(30-59) but not the N- and C-terminal fragments, nesfatin-1(1-29) and nesfatin-1(60-82) injected intracerebroventricularly decreases dark phase food intake by increasing inter-meal intervals in mice[J]. Peptides, 2012, 35 (2): 143-148.

10 Shimizu H, Oh-I S, Hashimoto K, et al. Peripheral administration of nesfatin-1 reduces food intake in mice: the leptin-independent mechanism[J]. Endocrinology, 2009, 150 (2): 662-671.

11 Ishida E, Hashimoto K, Shimizu H, et al. Nesfatin-1 induces the phosphorylation levels of cAMP response element-binding protein for intracellular signaling in a neural cell line[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7 (12): e50918.

12 Gil K, Bugajski A, Thor P. Electrical vagus nerve stimulation decreases food consumption and weight gain in rats fed a high-fat diet[J]. J Physiol Pharmacol, 2011, 62 (6): 637-646.

13 Gantulga D, Maejima Y, Nakata M, et al. Glucose and insulin induce Ca2+ signaling in nesfatin-1 neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2012, 420 (4): 811-815.

14 Chen X, Dong J, Jiang ZY. Nesfatin-1 influences the excitability of glucosensing neurons in the hypothalamic nuclei and inhibits the food intake[J]. Regul Pept, 2012, 177 (1-3): 21-26.

15 K?ncz?l K, Pintér O, Ferenczi S, et al. Nesfatin-1 exerts long-term effect on food intake and body temperature[J]. Int J Obes (Lond), 2012, 36 (12): 1514-1521.

16 Yosten GL, Samson WK. Nesfatin-1 exerts cardiovascular actions in brain: possible interaction with the central melanocortin system[J]. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2009, 297 (2): R330-R336.

17 Yosten GL, Redlinger L, Samson WK. Evidence for a role of endogenous nesfatin-1 in the control of water drinking[J]. J Neuroendocrinol, 2012, 24 (7): 1078-1084.

18 Goebel M, Stengel A, Wang L, et al. Restraint stress activates nesfatin-1-immunoreactive brain nuclei in rats[J]. Brain Res, 2009, 1300: 114-124.

19 Merali Z, Cayer C, Kent P, et al. Nesfatin-1 increases anxiety- and fear-related behaviors in the rat[J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2008, 201 (1): 115-123.

20 Bloem B, Xu L, Morava E, et al. Sex-specific differences in the dynamics of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and nesfatin-1 expressions in the midbrain of depressed suicide victimsvs. controls[J]. Neuropharmacology, 2012, 62 (1): 297-303.

21 Okere B, Xu L, Roubos EW, et al. Restraint stress alters the secretory activity of neurons co-expressing urocortin-1, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and nesfatin-1 in the mouse Edinger-Westphal nucleus[J]. Brain Res, 2010, 1317: 92-99.

22 K?ncz?l K, Bodnár I, Zelena D, et al. Nesfatin-1/NUCB2 may participate in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats[J]. Neurochem Int, 2010, 57 (3): 189-197.

23 Osaki A, Shimizu H, Ishizuka N, et al. Enhanced expression of nesfatin/nucleobindin-2 in white adipose tissue of ventromedial hypothalamus-lesioned rats[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2012, 521 (1): 46-51.

24 Stengel A, Hofmann T, Goebel-Stengel M, et al. Ghrelin and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 are expressed in the same gastric cell and differentially correlated with body mass index in obese subjects[J]. Histochem Cell Biol, 2013, 139 (6): 909-918.

25 Ogiso K, Asakawa A, Amitani H, et al. Plasma nesfatin-1 concentrations in restricting-type anorexia nervosa[J]. Peptides, 2011, 32 (1): 150-153.

26 Abaci A, Catli G, Anik A, et al. The relation of serum nesfatin-1 level with metabolic and clinical parameters in obese and healthy children[J]. Pediatr Diabetes, 2013, 14 (3): 189-195.

27 Boutsikou T, Briana DD, Boutsikou M, et al. Cord blood nesfatin-1 in large for gestational age pregnancies[J]. Cytokine, 2013, 61 (2): 591-594.

28 Yang M, Zhang Z, Wang C, et al. Nesfatin-1 action in the brain increases insulin sensitivity through Akt/AMPK/TORC2 pathway in diet-induced insulin resistance[J]. Diabetes, 2012, 61 (8): 1959-1968.

29 Belgardt BF, Brüning JC. CNS leptin and insulin action in the control of energy homeostasis[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2010, 1212: 97-113.

30 Gonzalez R, Reingold BK, Gao X, et al. Nesfatin-1 exerts a direct, glucose-dependent insulinotropic action on mouse islet β- and MIN6 cells[J]. J Endocrinol, 2011, 208 (3): R9-R16.

31 Zhang Z, Li L, Yang M, et al. Increased plasma levels of nesfatin-1 in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 2012, 120 (2): 91-95.

32 Li QC, Wang HY, Chen X, et al. Fasting plasma levels of nesfatin-1 in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and the nutrient-related fluctuation of nesfatin-1 level in normal humans[J]. Regul Pept, 2010, 159 (1-3): 72-77.

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