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多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的機(jī)制

2014-03-22 23:22王貴鴻姜冬梅
關(guān)鍵詞:腐胺精胺陽(yáng)離子

王貴鴻 馬 容 康 波 姜冬梅 何 琿

(四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院,雅安 625014)

多胺(如腐胺、亞精胺和精胺)是一類廣泛存在于動(dòng)物機(jī)體內(nèi)的脂肪族化合物,在細(xì)胞增殖、分化和凋亡過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多胺可參與調(diào)控動(dòng)物繁殖、胚胎發(fā)育以及癌癥發(fā)生發(fā)展等生物學(xué)過(guò)程[1-2]。因此,細(xì)胞內(nèi)多胺穩(wěn)態(tài)的維持就顯得尤為重要。生物體內(nèi)多胺主要來(lái)源于體內(nèi)生物合成、食物和腸道菌群等3條途徑,因而細(xì)胞內(nèi)多胺的濃度是通過(guò)多胺合成、分解和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程共同維持[3]。用抗生素抑制腸道微生物菌群的活性,或攝食多胺缺乏的食物可顯著增強(qiáng)二氟甲基鳥(niǎo)氨酸(difluoromethylornithine,DFMO,一種多胺生物合成酶抑制劑)誘導(dǎo)的多胺耗竭效應(yīng),說(shuō)明多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)對(duì)維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)多胺穩(wěn)態(tài)起著至關(guān)重要的作用[4]。因此,闡明多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)分子調(diào)控機(jī)制對(duì)動(dòng)物繁殖、胚胎發(fā)育以及癌癥發(fā)生發(fā)展等生物學(xué)過(guò)程的研究有著十分重要的理論和實(shí)踐意義。本文就多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白、多胺代謝相關(guān)基因和蛋白質(zhì)以及內(nèi)環(huán)境因素調(diào)控多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的研究作一綜述,旨在為闡明多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)調(diào)控機(jī)制的研究奠定理論基礎(chǔ)。

1 多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白

多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白是一種能特異性識(shí)別多胺及多胺類似物,并介導(dǎo)多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的蛋白質(zhì)[5]。盡管多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的分子機(jī)制仍不清楚,但有研究表明,一些膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白能參與多胺的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[6]。目前,在人體中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了超過(guò)400種屬于溶質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(solute-linked carrier,SLC)和ATP結(jié)合盒蛋白(ATP-binding cassette,ABC)的膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,而且SLC基因家族編碼的部分蛋白質(zhì)能介導(dǎo)多胺的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。

SLC基因家族編碼的有機(jī)陽(yáng)離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(organic cation transporters,OCTs)能介導(dǎo)多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。OCTs包括 OCT1、OCT2和 OCT3,其中 OCT1由SLC22A1基因編碼,在肝臟中表達(dá)量高[7];OCT2由SLC22A2基因編碼,相較于 OCT1,OCT2更具組織特異性,主要在人腎臟遠(yuǎn)端小管的管腔膜上表達(dá),另有研究表明OCT2在人腦部神經(jīng)細(xì)胞也有表達(dá)[8];OCT3由SLC22A3基因編碼,在大多數(shù)組織中均有表達(dá)[7]。在鼠體內(nèi)OCT1能介導(dǎo)陽(yáng)離子通過(guò)細(xì)胞膜,而這種介導(dǎo)過(guò)程不依賴于Na+,而且對(duì)pH也不敏感。進(jìn)一步的研究表明,OCT1能介導(dǎo)亞精胺和精胺的入胞過(guò)程[9]。Winter等[10]研究表明,HEK293細(xì)胞中的OCT2能介導(dǎo)腐胺的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),而且呈一定的濃度和pH依賴性。此外,腐胺和亞精胺的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程依賴于細(xì)胞膜的跨膜電位水平[11-12];而 OCT1和 OCT3介導(dǎo)陽(yáng)離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的過(guò)程也依賴于細(xì)胞膜的跨膜電位水平[7],據(jù)此推測(cè)OCT1和OCT3能介導(dǎo)腐胺和亞精胺的跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。最近,Sala-Rabanal等[13]研究非洲爪蟾蜍OCTs(OCT1、OCT2和OCT3)介導(dǎo)多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的結(jié)果進(jìn)一步證實(shí),OCTs可作為多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,并且在多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程中具有重要作用。

SLC7A1屬于陽(yáng)離子氨基酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體家族中的一員,在哺乳動(dòng)物的大部分組織中均有表達(dá)[14-15],其家族成員屬于氨基酸y+轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng),表現(xiàn)出轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體的活性[14,16],主要負(fù)責(zé) L-賴氨酸、精氨酸和鳥(niǎo)氨酸的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。Sharpe等[17]研究表明,由于y+轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的氨基酸和多胺的結(jié)構(gòu)相似,而且轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)都具有底物高親和力和非Na+依賴的特性,因而y+轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)能接受多胺作為底物進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)??梢?jiàn),多胺的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)可能受到一個(gè)未知y+轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)位點(diǎn)的介導(dǎo)。SLC3A2基因編碼的蛋白質(zhì)是細(xì)胞抗原4F2重鏈。研究表明,SLC3A2基因不僅能作為癌癥化學(xué)預(yù)防的靶點(diǎn)[18-19],還可作為Ⅱ型腎細(xì)胞癌的生物標(biāo)志[20]。在哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞中,SLC3A2基因參與多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[21]。在CHO細(xì)胞中,SLC3A2基因能促進(jìn)多胺的外排[22-23]。另外,在人直腸癌細(xì)胞中,SLC3A2基因能促進(jìn)腐胺的外排[23],然而在低水平多胺的組織中,SLC3A2基因能介導(dǎo)腐胺的攝入??梢?jiàn),SLC3A2介導(dǎo)腐胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)具有雙向性的特點(diǎn)[4]。另外,SLC22A16基因編碼的OCT6在人類組織中表達(dá)較低,但在睪丸組織中高表達(dá)[7]。有研究表明,OCT6不僅能介導(dǎo)多胺的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),還能介導(dǎo)多胺類似物的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[24]。SLC12A8基因編碼的陽(yáng)離子-氯離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白9可促進(jìn)哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞多胺和氨基酸的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[24-25]。若HEK293細(xì)胞表達(dá)SLC12A8A基因,那么細(xì)胞膜能夠接受多胺和氨基酸作為底物并促進(jìn)它們的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),與此同時(shí),隨著SLC12A8A基因在HEK293細(xì)胞內(nèi)表達(dá),細(xì)胞對(duì)多胺的攝入量增加[6]。

此外,非洲爪蟾蜍卵母細(xì)胞中表達(dá)的TcPAT12基因在亞精胺攝入過(guò)程中也發(fā)揮重要調(diào)控作用。Carrillo等[26]研究表明,TcPAT12基因不僅能參與調(diào)控亞精胺的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),而且還能參與腐胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的調(diào)節(jié)。另外,轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)載體PotABCD也能參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞對(duì)亞精胺和精胺的跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程[27-28]。總之,一些膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,尤其是SLC基因家族編碼蛋白能以多胺和多胺類似物為底物,在介導(dǎo)多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。

2 多胺代謝關(guān)鍵基因和蛋白質(zhì)

多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不僅受到多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的調(diào)控,還受到多胺代謝相關(guān)基因的調(diào)控。研究表明,鳥(niǎo)氨酸脫羧酶(ornithine decarboxylase,ODC)與多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)密切相關(guān),ODC抑制劑二氟甲基鳥(niǎo)氨酸(difluoromethylornithine,DFMO)能顯著增強(qiáng)多胺的跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[29]。鳥(niǎo)氨酸脫羧酶抗酶(ornithine decarboxylase antizyme,OAZ)作為多胺合成代謝過(guò)程第一限速酶ODC的特異性抑制劑,是多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控因子之一。OAZ1廣泛存在于生物體中,Hoshino等[30-31]研究表明,在NIH3T3細(xì)胞中,OAZ不僅能顯著抑制精胺的攝取,而且還能抑制ODC的生物活性,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)ODC降解。另外,研究還證實(shí),OAZ2和OAZ3也能抑制細(xì)胞對(duì)外源多胺的攝?。?2]。在酵母的雙雜交試驗(yàn)中,OAZ1能與排序連接蛋白5(sorting nexin-5,SNX-5)結(jié)合,而SNX-5在囊泡運(yùn)輸中有重要作用[33-34],提示多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)可能與囊泡運(yùn)輸有關(guān)。綜上所述,OAZ能參與多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的調(diào)節(jié),但其抑制多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的具體機(jī)制仍有待進(jìn)一步研究闡明。鳥(niǎo)氨酸脫羧酶抗酶抑制劑(ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor,AZIN)作為 OAZ的抑制劑,能促進(jìn)OAZ-ODC復(fù)合物中ODC的解離,從而恢復(fù)ODC的生物活性。新近研究表明,AZIN在多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程中也具有重要調(diào)控作用[35]。Liao等[36]研究表明,在肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞中,肺孢子菌可誘導(dǎo)AZIN1基因過(guò)表達(dá),繼而顯著增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)多胺的生物合成和多胺的攝入。多胺代謝途徑是Myc和Ras等致癌基因的下游靶點(diǎn),而且在癌細(xì)胞中,多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)的活性顯著增強(qiáng)。Roy等[37]研究表明,在人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞中,激活K-ras蛋白將上調(diào)細(xì)胞對(duì)多胺的攝取。綜上所述,多胺代謝途徑的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因和蛋白質(zhì)在多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用,而致癌因子也可能在多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程中具有重要調(diào)控作用,然而其機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究闡明。

3 調(diào)控多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的內(nèi)環(huán)境因素

細(xì)胞膜跨膜電位、金屬陽(yáng)離子和pH等內(nèi)環(huán)境因素可參與調(diào)節(jié)多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。腐胺和亞精胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)具有Na+依賴的特性,因此可利用內(nèi)源性的Na+濃度梯度作為多胺協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的驅(qū)動(dòng)力。Aziz等[38]研究表明,在低氧環(huán)境中,降低牛肺動(dòng)脈平滑肌細(xì)胞外液Na+濃度或增加Na+通透性可顯著抑制細(xì)胞的多胺跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),提示低氧可誘導(dǎo)Na+依賴的多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。然而,后繼研究發(fā)現(xiàn),用非電解質(zhì)溶液完全替換NaCl將促進(jìn)細(xì)胞攝取多胺,提示Na+本身也可作為一種多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的抑制劑[39]。Kakinuma等[40]研究表明,牛淋巴細(xì)胞中多胺攝取依賴于細(xì)胞膜的跨膜電位水平,并且受細(xì)胞內(nèi)亞精胺和精胺水平的調(diào)節(jié)。隨后的研究證實(shí),細(xì)胞攝取多胺的過(guò)程依賴于細(xì)胞膜的跨膜電位水平[11,41],而且細(xì)胞對(duì)多胺的攝取對(duì)離子通道具有強(qiáng)烈的依賴性。另外有研究表明,二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子是腐胺和精胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白激活的必需因子,這些二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子激活腐胺和精胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的效率為:Mn2+>Ca2+>Mg2+>Co2+[42-44],而且乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和乙二醇雙四乙酸(EGTA)螯合試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果表明,Mn2+和Mg2+是多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)所必需的二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子[39]。另外,多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)還與 pH有關(guān)。研究表明,在轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程中,腐胺比精胺對(duì)pH更為敏感,其最適pH偏向于堿性[45]。因此,多胺的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)與細(xì)胞跨膜電位、金屬陽(yáng)離子和pH等因素有關(guān)。

4 小結(jié)

多胺參與調(diào)控動(dòng)物繁殖、胚胎發(fā)育和癌癥發(fā)生發(fā)展等多種生物學(xué)過(guò)程,同時(shí)還具有調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖、分化和凋亡的功能。多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白、多胺代謝關(guān)鍵基因和蛋白質(zhì)以及內(nèi)環(huán)境因素共同參與細(xì)胞多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程。然而,目前關(guān)于多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白介導(dǎo)多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的機(jī)制尚不清楚,ODC、OAZ和AZIN等多胺代謝關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因調(diào)控多胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)活性的機(jī)制仍有待進(jìn)一步研究闡明。多胺跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)分子調(diào)控機(jī)制的研究將對(duì)闡明細(xì)胞內(nèi)多胺穩(wěn)態(tài)維持調(diào)控機(jī)制具有重要意義,同時(shí)也將為動(dòng)物繁殖、胚胎發(fā)育以及抗癌治療等方面的研究提供新的切入點(diǎn)。

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