黃 俊, 許益鐫, 陸永躍, 張 娟, 曾 玲*
1華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)紅火蟻研究中心, 廣東 廣州 510642; 2浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院花卉研究開發(fā)中心,浙江省蕭山棉麻研究所, 浙江 杭州 311202
自然界中,昆蟲與植物的互惠共生關(guān)系是一種很普遍的現(xiàn)象,如訪花昆蟲從植物上獲得花蜜和花粉的同時(shí)為植物提供了授粉條件(徐汝梅和成新躍,2005)。螞蟻是一種最常見和熟悉的昆蟲,幾乎無處不在,并以它龐大的種群數(shù)量在陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中起著重要作用,而它與植物的關(guān)系已引起科學(xué)家的濃厚興趣(Christian,2001)。
蟻運(yùn)植物(myrmecochore)最早由Sernander(1906)發(fā)現(xiàn)并定義,是指一類需要依靠螞蟻攜帶傳播種子的植物,全世界具有代表性的蟻運(yùn)植物類群超過70個(gè)科(Beattie,1985)。在北美東部森林,將近30%的草本植物是蟻運(yùn)植物(Beattie & Culver,1981;Handeletal.,1981);南非則有將近1300種的蟻運(yùn)植物(Milewski & Bond,1982)。蟻運(yùn)植物種子之所以能吸引螞蟻搬運(yùn),是由于其表面附生有油質(zhì)體(Handel & Beattie,1990),能為螞蟻提供營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)(Marshalletal.,1979);螞蟻在消耗油質(zhì)體的同時(shí),搬運(yùn)并散布了種子,這種行為關(guān)系不僅能使種子逃避嚙齒動(dòng)物的取食(Heithaus,1981)、火燒(Berg,1975;Majer,1982;Yeaton & Bond,1991) ,而且能避免種子由于聚集密度大而導(dǎo)致的種間競爭(Handel,1978),甚至蟻巢內(nèi)的微環(huán)境能為種子提供豐富的氮、磷、鉀等養(yǎng)料,從而促進(jìn)種子萌發(fā)和幼苗成長(Czerwinskietal.,1971)。目前,國內(nèi)關(guān)于螞蟻和蟻運(yùn)植物互惠共生關(guān)系的研究較少,僅見張智英等(2001、2006)研究了舞草Codariocalyxmotorius(Houtt.)Ohashi與伊大頭蟻PheidoleyeensisForel的互惠共生關(guān)系。
入侵螞蟻對(duì)蟻運(yùn)植物種子的影響一直是國外研究的熱點(diǎn),由于研究的難度和條件限制,當(dāng)前所見報(bào)道不多,據(jù)Ness & Bronstein(2004)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì),僅有19篇文章報(bào)道了該方面的內(nèi)容,涉及的入侵螞蟻包括紅火蟻SolenopsisinvictaBuren(Horvitz & Schemske,1986;Ness,2004;Zettleretal.,2001)、阿根廷蟻LinepithemahumileMayr (Bond & Slingsby,1984;Carneyetal.,2003; Christian,2001)、熱帶火蟻Solenopsisgeminata(Fabricius)(Horvitz & Beattie,1980)等。而在國內(nèi),該方面研究幾乎是空白。紅火蟻是近年來在華南地區(qū)嚴(yán)重發(fā)生的一種入侵性螞蟻(曾玲等,2005),該螞蟻具有明顯的種群競爭優(yōu)勢,在新入侵地短時(shí)間內(nèi)能迅速發(fā)展成為優(yōu)勢種,造成生物多樣性降低和生態(tài)單一化(Allenetal.,2004;Lofgrenetal.,1975;Stubleetal.,2009;Wojciketal.,2001),是世界范圍內(nèi)最具危險(xiǎn)的社會(huì)性昆蟲之一。本文綜述紅火蟻與蟻運(yùn)植物種子的相互關(guān)系,為今后開展該方面研究提供參考。
油質(zhì)體是靠近或附著于種子,且能吸引螞蟻并使其產(chǎn)生搬運(yùn)行為的一種乳白色食物體(Handel,1976),它含有螞蟻所需的脂肪、脂肪酸和其他一些普通營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),其中脂肪酸成分類似于昆蟲的血淋巴(Hughesetal.,1994)。在北美東部的濕地森林,舉腹蟻屬Crematogaster、前結(jié)蟻屬Prenolepis和盤腹蟻屬Aphaenogaster都能被這些油質(zhì)體所吸引。有報(bào)道,收獲蟻Pogonomyrmexspp.也能被油質(zhì)體吸引,它是蟻運(yùn)植物的重要傳播者之一(Carneyetal.,2003)。張智英等(2006)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),云南西雙版納和思茅地區(qū)有12種螞蟻幫助附生有油質(zhì)體的舞草種子擴(kuò)散,如伊大頭蟻、菱結(jié)大頭蟻PheidolerhombinodaMayr和圓葉鋪道蟻TetramoriumcyclolobiumXu et Zheng等。
紅火蟻的食物結(jié)構(gòu)中具有一定比例的植物種子(Tennant,1991)。Wilson & Oliver(1968)研究表明,種子占紅火蟻食物結(jié)構(gòu)的比例在松樹林中為0.5%,在草坪中為1.48%。同時(shí),含油質(zhì)體的種子對(duì)紅火蟻具有極強(qiáng)的吸引力,Zettleretal.(2001)研究表明,紅火蟻對(duì)延齡草屬的TrilliumundulatumLocation、T.discolorHook、T.catesbaei,血根草SanguinariacanadensisL.和堇菜Violarotundifolia種子的搬運(yùn)比率超過95%,而對(duì)芝麻SesamumindicumL.和藿香薊AgerarumhoustonianumMiller種子的搬運(yùn)率為100%和72.0%(黃俊等,2010)。
紅火蟻直接處理蟻運(yùn)植物種子主要分為3個(gè)步驟,即搬運(yùn)種子、取食油質(zhì)體、劃痕或毀壞種子(Zettleretal.,2001)。Dressetal.(1991)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),紅火蟻在取食種子的過程中會(huì)銼磨種皮、取食胚乳及子葉,從而損壞整個(gè)種子;黃俊等(2010)室內(nèi)研究表明,紅火蟻雖然對(duì)芝麻種子最為喜好,但刮啃率也最高,達(dá)到82.4%,對(duì)芝麻、藿香薊、象草PennisetumpurpureumSuhumach及芥藍(lán)BrassicaalbograbraBailey種子的丟棄率分別為86.4%、50.4%、79.2%和88.9%;通過大田試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),紅火蟻對(duì)堇菜屬的2種種子破壞率高達(dá)86%和100%。因此,有學(xué)者將紅火蟻定義為蟻運(yùn)植物種子的取食者(Beattie & Lyons,1975;Horvitz & Schemske,1986)。
種子的種皮硬度及其自身所包含的一些化合物會(huì)影響紅火蟻對(duì)種子所造成的危害程度(Rodgerson,1998),種皮越硬或越厚,越可以防止種子胚部的損壞。Boyd (1996)發(fā)現(xiàn),種皮厚度是其他身體部分的3倍時(shí),可有效防止取食者消耗油質(zhì)體后對(duì)種子的破壞。然而,種子被適當(dāng)?shù)毓蝿潊s有利于其萌發(fā)(Culver & Beattie,1980)。
紅火蟻對(duì)蟻運(yùn)植物種子的間接影響主要通過干擾本地螞蟻的豐富度和多樣性而實(shí)現(xiàn)(LeBretonetal.,2003;Morrison,2002;Porteretal.,1988),因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)本地螞蟻是蟻運(yùn)植物種子的搬運(yùn)者。Carneyetal.(2003)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),紅火蟻入侵后,作為蟻運(yùn)植物重要傳播者的收獲蟻受到排擠,并最終在生境里消失。紅火蟻還會(huì)取代一些原本就對(duì)蟻運(yùn)植物不利的螞蟻類群,如熱帶火蟻,它是一些蟻運(yùn)植物種子的取食者,而紅火蟻入侵后很快就在區(qū)域里擴(kuò)散并取代熱帶火蟻,從而對(duì)蟻運(yùn)植物造成更大的危害(Beattie & Lyons,1975)。紅火蟻之所以是一個(gè)不合格的“搬運(yùn)者”,主要體現(xiàn)在3個(gè)方面:(1)傳播散布的距離短。Holwayetal.(2002)和McGlynn(1999)指出,由于紅火蟻個(gè)體比一些本地螞蟻小,從而影響了它傳播種子的距離(平均距離短15 cm);(2)紅火蟻不會(huì)包埋被搬運(yùn)的種子,而是丟棄在不適宜種子萌發(fā)和幼苗成長的地方(Bond & Slingsby,1984;Christian,2001;Gomez & Oliveras,2003;Horvitz & Schemske,1986;Ness,2004);(3)紅火蟻搬運(yùn)種子的效率低,這一觀點(diǎn)目前還未達(dá)成一致,Christain(2001)研究表明,入侵蟻在單位時(shí)間里搬運(yùn)種子的數(shù)量相對(duì)本地螞蟻要少,而Ness(2004)則認(rèn)為紅火蟻與本地螞蟻的搬運(yùn)效率沒差別。
紅火蟻入侵我國造成區(qū)域內(nèi)生物多樣性降低和生態(tài)單一化已是不爭的事實(shí),通過報(bào)道我們也已深刻認(rèn)識(shí)到該入侵螞蟻對(duì)植物所造成的嚴(yán)重后果,但是目前國內(nèi)還一直缺乏對(duì)該方面的系統(tǒng)研究。蟻運(yùn)植物與螞蟻具有密切聯(lián)系,因此紅火蟻入侵對(duì)該類植物的影響應(yīng)該受到重要關(guān)注。這方面研究在國內(nèi)幾乎還是空白,借鑒國外研究現(xiàn)狀,提出如下幾點(diǎn)研究建議供參考:
(1)我國蟻運(yùn)植物種類的調(diào)查、統(tǒng)計(jì)。我國植物類群豐富,不乏有許多蟻運(yùn)植物。蟻運(yùn)植物種類的調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)是后期所有工作的基礎(chǔ)。
(2)紅火蟻對(duì)蟻運(yùn)植物種子萌發(fā)、傳播擴(kuò)散及空間結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。收集蟻運(yùn)植物種子,通過室內(nèi)外條件開展該項(xiàng)研究。
(3)紅火蟻對(duì)本地螞蟻、鳥類、哺乳動(dòng)物等其他種子搬運(yùn)者或取食者的影響。不應(yīng)局限于考慮紅火蟻通過干擾本地螞蟻對(duì)蟻運(yùn)植物造成危害,還應(yīng)考慮生境內(nèi)其他取食者,如鳥類和哺乳動(dòng)物。
(4)結(jié)合蟻運(yùn)植物的生長狀況,系統(tǒng)調(diào)查紅火蟻對(duì)蟻運(yùn)植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。
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