姜昊文+++丁強
摘 要 傳統(tǒng)開放性膀胱根治性切除術(shù)是治療肌層浸潤的局限性膀胱癌和復發(fā)性高級別膀胱癌的金標準。目前,腹腔鏡膀胱根治性切除術(shù)因其出血少、術(shù)后疼痛輕、恢復快和切口小、美觀性好等優(yōu)點,越來越多地應用于臨床。此外,單通道腹腔鏡與機器人輔助腹腔鏡技術(shù)也逐漸發(fā)展起來并應用于該領域。這些微創(chuàng)技術(shù)顯示出廣闊應用前景,但安全性和有效性仍需進一步證實。
關健詞 膀胱腫瘤 腹腔鏡手術(shù) 外科手術(shù)
中圖分類號:R699.5 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2014)06-0011-04
Radical cystectomy and urinary diversion in the era of minimally invasive surgery
DING Qiang, JIANG Haowen
(Department of Urology of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, China)
ABSTARCT Open radical cystectomy is the gold standard treatment of locally muscle-invasive and high-grade recurrent bladder cancer. Currently, laparoscopic radical cystectomy has been a popular procedure for its advantages of decreased blood loss, postoperative pain, surgical wound and better recovery. Additionally, laparoendoscopic single-site surgery and robot-assisted laparoscopic techniques are undergoing a development in this field. The minimally invasive techniques present a promising application whereas the efficacy and safety require further validation.
KEY WORDS bladder tumour; laparoscopic surgery; surgery
根治性膀胱切除術(shù)(radical cystectomy,RC)是治療肌層浸潤的局限性膀胱癌和復發(fā)性高級別膀胱癌的標準方法,包括雙側(cè)盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃、膀胱根治性切除和尿流改道。傳統(tǒng)開放性膀胱癌根治術(shù)治療的良好效果已在長期大樣本隨訪中得到證實,是目前的治療金標準。腹腔鏡手術(shù)因其出血少、術(shù)后疼痛輕、恢復快和切口小、美觀性好等優(yōu)點,自20世紀90年代開始逐漸應用于RC,并誕生了腹腔鏡膀胱根治性切除術(shù)(laparoscopic radical cystectomy,LRC)。
1 適應證和禁忌證
LRC和尿流改道術(shù)的適應證與開放手術(shù)基本一致,適用于有肌層浸潤的局限性膀胱移行細胞癌(T1-T3、N0-x、M0)、復發(fā)性膀胱移行細胞癌、原位癌以及膀胱非移行細胞癌等。正位回腸膀胱術(shù)還應滿足以下條件:(1)尿道殘端2 cm內(nèi)無腫瘤侵犯,即男性膀胱頸以下、女性膀胱三角區(qū)以下無腫瘤;(2)無前尿道狹窄,尿道括約肌及盆底肌功能正常;(3)無腸道切除史;(4)術(shù)中快速冰凍病理切片證實尿道殘端無腫瘤。禁忌證主要包括嚴重的心肺疾患、腹壁或腹腔內(nèi)感染以及膀胱癌周圍臟器侵犯或轉(zhuǎn)移。
2 盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃
盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃(pelvic lymph node dissection)與患者預后關系密切。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,擴大淋巴清掃術(shù)不僅為疾病的分期和預后提供信息,且無論對于淋巴結(jié)陽性還是陰性的患者都具有積極的臨床意義。然而,目前對于淋巴清掃的范圍尚未達成共識[1-5]。當前主要術(shù)式有:(1)常規(guī)盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),包括閉孔、髂內(nèi)、髂外和髂總淋巴結(jié);(2)擴大盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)(圖1[6]),清掃范圍在常規(guī)清掃術(shù)范圍的基礎上加上骶前淋巴結(jié)清掃;(3)局限性盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),清掃范圍包括前側(cè)髂外靜脈后緣、后側(cè)閉孔神經(jīng)、頭側(cè)髂外和髂內(nèi)靜脈匯合處、尾側(cè)恥骨韌帶的髂恥分支、內(nèi)側(cè)臍內(nèi)側(cè)襞和外側(cè)盆腔側(cè)壁肌群;(4)改良的盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),清掃髂內(nèi)和閉孔淋巴結(jié)。一般認為,對膀胱癌需行常規(guī)或擴大的盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),因約有25%術(shù)前分期為N0的患者術(shù)后病理發(fā)現(xiàn)有局部淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移[7-10],而且實際切除的陽性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)目直接關系到預后[1,7]。目前推薦至少清掃20枚淋巴結(jié),然而各中心報道的淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目差別甚大(8~80枚)[8-9,11-16],這主要與術(shù)者對淋巴清掃范圍的界定、淋巴結(jié)取出方法(分別套取或en bloc)以及病理醫(yī)師的甄別有關。
3 LRC及尿流改道術(shù)
LRC的手術(shù)方法基本成熟并已標準化,此處不再贅述,其分離操作與腹腔鏡下前列腺癌根治術(shù)類似,為防止腫瘤播散,應先關閉尿道再切除膀胱,淋巴清掃一般在膀胱切除后進行。LRC后均需行尿流改道,除了簡單的輸尿管腹壁造口外,各種異位可控和正位可控的膀胱替代成形及尿流改道術(shù)已成為當今的主流。目前,多數(shù)中心采用體外尿道改流術(shù),需在臍周作5~7 cm切口并在體外完成腸道操作及輸尿管腸管吻合(圖2[17]),尿道腸管吻合均在腹腔鏡下完成[18]。與開放手術(shù)相比,LRC除手術(shù)時間較長外,其在失血量、術(shù)后腸道功能恢復、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥及術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛藥物使用等方面均優(yōu)于開放手術(shù)[19-21]。然而,相比體外尿流改道術(shù),完全體內(nèi)尿流改道LRC,鑒于其輸尿管腸道吻合技術(shù)難度大,既增加了手術(shù)時間和出血量,又增加了術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和二次手術(shù)的發(fā)生率,目前已遭部分中心棄用[22-23]。在切緣陽性率和淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目方面,LRC已被證實與開放手術(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[18,20-21],而腹腔鏡特有的通道切口腫瘤種植僅在機器人輔助的LRC中有1例報道[24]。目前,LRC術(shù)后2年的腫瘤特異生存率高達80%[25-26]。
4 單通道腹腔鏡(LESS)
近年來,LESS在泌尿外科的發(fā)展迅速,與傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡的多通道相比,LESS可減少多套管造成的并發(fā)癥并具有更好的美容效果。目前,LESS已應用于單純腎切除、部分腎切除、腎上腺摘除等諸多泌尿外科手術(shù),取得了良好的效果[27]。Kaouk等[28]首次報道LESS應用于2例男性及1例女性的根治性膀胱切除及雙側(cè)盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃,其尿流改道采用體外Bricker式,手術(shù)平均時間315 min,平均出血217 ml,平均取出淋巴結(jié)16枚。3例中無一切緣陽性,隨訪2年后無一復發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移。Lin等[26]通過改良的自制手套套管在12例男性開展LESS根治性膀胱切除并采用體外回腸正位新膀胱術(shù)進行尿流改道(圖3[6]),大大解決了器械操作空間狹小的難題,并取得了與LRC相當?shù)男Ч?/p>
5 機器人輔助腹腔鏡技術(shù)(RRC)
機器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)操作因其靈巧和穩(wěn)定性特別適用于耗時長、難度大、操作空間小的手術(shù),使諸多學者對體內(nèi)尿流改道術(shù)重燃希望。最近的幾項報道提示RRC完成體內(nèi)尿流改道術(shù)是可行的,并與RRC體外尿流改道術(shù)效果相當[29-32]。RRC對于膀胱切除及淋巴清掃的手術(shù)方法已基本標準化(圖4[33]),一些非隨機對照研究提示RRC在術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等方面優(yōu)于開放手術(shù),短期效果與開放手術(shù)相當。盡管RRC在淋巴清掃方面較LCR具有更清楚的視野及更細致的操作,目前尚無證據(jù)支持RRC可達到與開放手術(shù)相當?shù)牧馨颓鍜咚絒33]。
綜上所述,LRC和尿流改道術(shù)已經(jīng)開展十余年,與傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)相比,該術(shù)式具備相當?shù)氖中g(shù)效果及明顯的微創(chuàng)優(yōu)勢,并已顯示出廣闊應用前景。但因難以設計良好的隨機前瞻性研究和多中心大樣本長期隨訪的回顧性研究,該術(shù)式的安全性和有效性仍需進一步證實。
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(收稿日期:2014-02-19)
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[27] Jeon HG, Jeong W, Oh CK, et al. Initial experience with 50 laparoendoscopic single site surgeries using a homemade, single port device at a single center[J]. J Urol, 2010, 183(5): 1866-1871.
[28] Kaouk JH, Haber GP, Goel RK, et al. Single-port laparoscopic surgery in urology: Initial experience and 2-year follow-up[J]. Urology, 2008, 71(1):3-6.
[29] Schumacher MC, Jonsson MN, Wiklund NP. Robotic cystectomy[J]. Scand J Surg, 2009, 98(2): 89-95.
[30] Schumacher MC, Jonsson MN, Hosseini A, et al. Critical analysis of surgery related complications at robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion[J]. Urology, 2011, 77(4): 871-876.
[31] Pruthi RS, Nix J, McRackan D, et al. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic intracorporeal urinary diversion[J]. Eur Urol, 2010, 57(6): 1013-1021.
[32] Guru K, Seixas-Mikelus SA, Hussain A, et al. Robot-assisted intracorporeal ileal conduit: marionette technique and initial experience at Roswell Park Cancer Institute[J]. Urology, 2010, 76(4): 866-871.
[33] Schumacher MC, Jonsson MN, Wiklund NP, et al. Does extended lymphadenectomy preclude laparoscopic or robot-assisted radical cystectomy in advanced bladder cancer?[J]. Curr Opin Urol, 2009, 19(5): 527-532.
(收稿日期:2014-02-19)
[24] Gamé X, Mallet R, Guillotreau J, et al. Uterus, fallopian tube, ovary and vagina-sparing laparoscopic cystectomy: technical description and results[J]. Eur Urol, 2007, 51(2): 441-446.
[25] Berger A, Aron M. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy: long-term outcomes[J]. Curr Opin Urol, 2008, 18(2): 167-172.
[26] Stein JP, Penson DF. Invasive T1 bladder cancer: indications and rationale for radical cystectomy[J]. BJU Int, 2008, 102(3): 270-275.
[27] Jeon HG, Jeong W, Oh CK, et al. Initial experience with 50 laparoendoscopic single site surgeries using a homemade, single port device at a single center[J]. J Urol, 2010, 183(5): 1866-1871.
[28] Kaouk JH, Haber GP, Goel RK, et al. Single-port laparoscopic surgery in urology: Initial experience and 2-year follow-up[J]. Urology, 2008, 71(1):3-6.
[29] Schumacher MC, Jonsson MN, Wiklund NP. Robotic cystectomy[J]. Scand J Surg, 2009, 98(2): 89-95.
[30] Schumacher MC, Jonsson MN, Hosseini A, et al. Critical analysis of surgery related complications at robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion[J]. Urology, 2011, 77(4): 871-876.
[31] Pruthi RS, Nix J, McRackan D, et al. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic intracorporeal urinary diversion[J]. Eur Urol, 2010, 57(6): 1013-1021.
[32] Guru K, Seixas-Mikelus SA, Hussain A, et al. Robot-assisted intracorporeal ileal conduit: marionette technique and initial experience at Roswell Park Cancer Institute[J]. Urology, 2010, 76(4): 866-871.
[33] Schumacher MC, Jonsson MN, Wiklund NP, et al. Does extended lymphadenectomy preclude laparoscopic or robot-assisted radical cystectomy in advanced bladder cancer?[J]. Curr Opin Urol, 2009, 19(5): 527-532.
(收稿日期:2014-02-19)