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驗(yàn)證BGP的AS間路由轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)及同步

2014-04-29 00:44:03吳剛
計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代 2014年3期

吳剛

摘 要: 邊界網(wǎng)關(guān)協(xié)議BGP適合在多個(gè)AS自治系統(tǒng)間交換路由信息,對(duì)運(yùn)營(yíng)管理系統(tǒng)的集成和協(xié)調(diào)起著重要作用,通常對(duì)配置多個(gè)AS之間的路由轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)及IBGP的路由同步存在諸多問(wèn)題。通過(guò)搭建多自治系統(tǒng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境,在BGP網(wǎng)絡(luò)中采用路由重發(fā)布、內(nèi)部鄰居設(shè)定、指定IBGP的next-hop、啟用路由同步、路由匯總等方法,給出了針對(duì)所存在問(wèn)題的解決方案并給予了論證。

關(guān)鍵詞: BGP; IBGP; 自治系統(tǒng); 路由重發(fā)布; 路由同步

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TP393.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-8228(2014)03-14-03

0 引言

BGP協(xié)議適合在大的自治系統(tǒng)間交換路由信息,應(yīng)用在這樣幾種環(huán)境:AS允許數(shù)據(jù)包穿過(guò)它到達(dá)其他AS;有到其他AS的多條連接;必須對(duì)進(jìn)入和離開(kāi)AS的數(shù)據(jù)流進(jìn)行控制;典型的環(huán)境是ISP[1]。

BGP路由選擇的前提條件是:路由同步、無(wú)環(huán)路、下一跳可達(dá)(優(yōu)化)。

BGP路由選擇判斷條件比較多,判斷優(yōu)先順序依如下步驟:

⑴ 選擇最高的本地優(yōu)先級(jí);

⑵ 選擇本路由器始發(fā)的路由(next hop=0.0.0.0);

⑶ 選擇最短的AS路徑;

⑷ 選擇最小的起源code (IGP

⑸ 選擇最小的MED;

⑹ 選擇從EBGP鄰居學(xué)到的路由;

⑺ 選擇到達(dá)BGP下一跳最短的路由(根據(jù)IGP路由選擇);

⑻ 選擇從EBGP鄰居學(xué)到最老的路由(oldest route:意為鄰居計(jì)時(shí)器的值更大);

⑼ 選擇最小的鄰居路由器Router ID;

⑽ 選擇最小的鄰居路由器IP地址(BGP neighbor配置那個(gè)地址)[1]。

1 實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境

用一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境來(lái)驗(yàn)證BGP的配置、IBGP和IGP的同步、AS系統(tǒng)間的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)及穿透,如圖1所示。

圖1 BGP系統(tǒng)拓?fù)?/p>

在圖1所示的實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境中,包含三個(gè)自治系統(tǒng),其中AS65100含有R2、R3、R4三臺(tái)路由器,R2和R4創(chuàng)建IBGP鄰居關(guān)系,同時(shí),這三臺(tái)路由器運(yùn)行OSPF的IGP內(nèi)部路由協(xié)議;為了便于路由匯總,減少AS之間的路由信息條目,AS65100內(nèi)部規(guī)劃的網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址范圍可以匯總為60.100.0.0/16地址段。

R1和R2是兩個(gè)不同自治系統(tǒng)的邊界網(wǎng)關(guān),建立EBGP鄰居關(guān)系;

R4和R5是兩個(gè)不同自治系統(tǒng)的邊界網(wǎng)關(guān),建立EBGP鄰居關(guān)系。

2 設(shè)備配置命令序列及功能

2.1 R1配置

interface Loopback0

ip address 60.202.11.1 255.255.255.0

interface FastEthernet0/0

ip address 60.200.12.1 255.255.255.0

router bgp 65202

synchronization

network 60.202.11.0 mask 255.255.255.0

??!通告本系統(tǒng)中的網(wǎng)絡(luò)段,不通告AS外部連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)段

neighbor 60.200.12.2 remote-as 65100

no auto-summary[3]

2.2 R2配置

interface FastEthernet0/0

ip address 60.100.23.2 255.255.255.0

interface FastEthernet0/1

ip address 60.200.12.2 255.255.255.0

router ospf 1

??!AS65100系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部使用OSPF路由協(xié)議

redistribute bgp 65100 metric 1000 subnets

??!為了使EBGP傳播的路由信息和IBGP保持同步,需要把EBGP路由再發(fā)布到OSPF路由信息中。

network 60.100.23.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

router bgp 65100

bgp log-neighbor-changes

neighbor 60.100.34.4 remote-as 65100

neighbor 60.200.12.1 remote-as 65202

neighbor 60.100.34.4 next-hop-self

??!IBGP保持路由條目的下一跳信息,IBGP鄰居收到的路由下一跳是不可達(dá)的外部AS網(wǎng)關(guān),所以通告IBGP鄰居,EBGP的下一跳路由指向自己,這是可達(dá)的路由條目。

no auto-summary

synchronization

??!啟用同步功能,防止路由黑洞

network 60.100.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0

?。∠蛲獠緼S系統(tǒng)通告一條匯總的網(wǎng)段

ip route 60.100.0.0 255.255.0.0 Null0

??!需要在IGP表中構(gòu)造一條對(duì)應(yīng)的匯總網(wǎng)段路由,不然就不能用network通告匯總路由[2]。

2.3 R3配置

interface FastEthernet0/0

ip address 60.100.34.3 255.255.255.0

interface FastEthernet0/1

ip address 60.100.23.3 255.255.255.0

router ospf 1

network 60.100.23.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

network 60.100.34.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

R3中不需要運(yùn)行BGP協(xié)議建立網(wǎng)狀的IBGP鄰居關(guān)系,BGP協(xié)議運(yùn)行在TCP協(xié)議中,可以通過(guò)IGP路由傳遞,只要本AS中的邊界網(wǎng)關(guān)互相建立IBGP鄰居關(guān)系就可。

2.4 R4配置

interface FastEthernet0/0

ip address 60.100.34.4 255.255.255.0

interface FastEthernet0/1

ip address 60.201.45.4 255.255.255.0

router ospf 1

log-adjacency-changes

redistribute bgp 65100 metric 1000 subnets

network 60.100.34.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

router bgp 65100

bgp log-neighbor-changes

neighbor 60.100.23.2 remote-as 65100

neighbor 60.201.45.5 remote-as 65203

neighbor 60.100.23.2 next-hop-self

no auto-summary

synchronization

network 60.100.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0

ip route 60.100.0.0 255.255.0.0 Null0

2.5 R5配置

interface Loopback0

ip address 60.203.55.5 255.255.255.0

interface FastEthernet0/0

ip address 60.201.45.5 255.255.255.0

router bgp 65203

synchronization

network 60.203.55.0 mask 255.255.255.0

neighbor 60.201.45.4 remote-as 65100

no auto-summary

3 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果輸出信息

3.1 R4輸出信息

R4上顯示TCP連接:

R4#show tcp brief

TCB Local Address Foreign Address (state)

66702968 60.100.34.4.179 60.100.23.2.45640 ESTAB

675625E0 60.201.45.4.46746 60.201.45.5.179 ESTAB

標(biāo)明BGP通過(guò)TCP的179端口建立了連接。

R4上顯示BGP鄰居信息:

R4#show ip bgp neighbor

BGP neighbor is 60.100.23.2, remote AS 65100, internal link

BGP version 4, remote router ID 60.200.12.2

BGP state=Established, up for 00:41:03

BGP neighbor is 60.201.45.5, remote AS 65203, external link

BGP version 4, remote router ID 60.203.55.5

BGP state=Established, up for 00:41:06

IBGP鄰居和EBGP鄰居都已經(jīng)建立起來(lái)了。

顯示鄰居摘要信息:

R4#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 60.201.45.4, local AS number 65100

BGP table version is 5, main routing table version 5

3 network entries using 360 bytes of memory

4 path entries using 208 bytes of memory

5/3 BGP path/bestpath attribute entries using 620 bytes of memory

2 BGP AS-PATH entries using 48 bytes of memory

Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd

60.100.23.2 4 65100 51 51 5 0 0 00:45:05 2

60.201.45.5 4 65203 49 49 5 0 0 00:44:56 1

查看BGP表信息:

R4#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 5, local router ID is 60.201.45.4

Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history,

* valid, > best, i - internal, r RIB-failure, S Stale

Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path

* i60.100.0.0/16 60.100.23.2 0 100 0 i

*> 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i

r>i60.202.11.0/24 60.100.23.2 0 100 0 65202 i

*> 60.203.55.0/24 60.201.45.5 0 0 65203 i

r>i60.202.11.0/24這一項(xiàng)中,“r”表明選用了IGP的路由,BGP路由加入路由表失效,但是“>”表示是最優(yōu)路由,仍然可以傳遞給外部EBGP。緊接著的“i”表示是IBGP傳遞過(guò)來(lái)的路由[4]。

R4#show ip route

60.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks

O 60.100.23.0/24 [110/20] via 60.100.34.3, 00:49:10,

FastEthernet0/0

S 60.100.0.0/16 is directly connected, Null0

C 60.100.34.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

B 60.203.55.0/24 [20/0] via 60.201.45.5, 00:48:29

C 60.201.45.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

O E2 60.202.11.0/24 [110/1000] via 60.100.34.3, 00:49:10,

FastEthernet0/0

R4#

3.2 R1輸出信息

R1#show ip bgp

Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path

*>60.100.0.0/16 60.200.12.2 0 0 65100 i

*>60.202.11.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i

*>60.203.55.0/24 60.200.12.2 0 65100 65203 i

R1#show ip route

60.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks

B 60.100.0.0/16 [20/0] via 60.200.12.2, 01:01:53

B 60.203.55.0/24 [20/0] via 60.200.12.2, 01:00:25

C 60.200.12.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

C 60.202.11.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0

R1#ping 60.203.55.5

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 60.203.55.5,

timeout is 2 seconds:

.....

Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)

缺省情況下,R1去ping AS65203的網(wǎng)段,是用物理接口地址60.200.12.1,而這個(gè)網(wǎng)段在另外兩個(gè)AS系統(tǒng)中是沒(méi)有路由條目的,也不必要去通告這條AS系統(tǒng)間的網(wǎng)段,所以是ping 不通的。

R1#ping 60.203.55.5 source 60.202.11.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 60.203.55.5,

timeout is 2 seconds:

Packet sent with a source address of 60.202.11.1

?。。。?!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max

=172/258/332 ms

根據(jù)source來(lái)指定的源地址是AS65202內(nèi)部的網(wǎng)段,這是BGP對(duì)外通告的網(wǎng)段,在另外兩個(gè)AS是有BGP路由,可以順利ping通。

3.3 R2輸出信息

R2#show ip bgp

Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path

* i60.100.0.0/16 60.100.34.4 0 100 0 i

*> 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i

*> 60.202.11.0/24 60.200.12.1 0 0 65202 i

r>i60.203.55.0/24 60.100.34.4 0 100 0 65203 i

可以獲取兩個(gè)EBGP的路由。

R2#show ip route

60.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks

C 60.100.23.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

S 60.100.0.0/16 is directly connected, Null0

O 60.100.34.0/24 [110/20] via 60.100.23.3, 01:02:29,

FastEthernet0/0

O E2 60.203.55.0/24 [110/1000] via 60.100.23.3,

01:01:36, FastEthernet0/0

C 60.200.12.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

B 60.202.11.0/24 [20/0] via 60.200.12.1, 01:03:04

R2#

3.4 R3輸出信息

R3#show ip route

60.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks

C 60.100.23.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

O E2 60.100.0.0/16 [110/1000] via 60.100.34.4, 01:04:22,

FastEthernet0/0

[110/1000] via 60.100.23.2, 01:04:22, FastEthernet0/1

C 60.100.34.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

O E2 60.203.55.0/24 [110/1000] via 60.100.34.4,

01:03:30, FastEthernet0/0

O E2 60.202.11.0/24 [110/1000] via 60.100.23.2,

01:04:22, FastEthernet0/1

R3#

3.5 R5輸出信息

R5#show ip bgp

Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path

*> 60.100.0.0/16 60.201.45.4 0 0 65100 i

*> 60.202.11.0/24 60.201.45.4 0 65100 65202 i

*> 60.203.55.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i

可以正常獲得AS65202的路由信息,并加入到路由表中。

R5#show ip route

B 60.100.0.0/16 [20/0] via 60.201.45.4, 01:04:56

C 60.203.55.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0

C 60.201.45.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

B 60.202.11.0/24 [20/0] via 60.201.45.4, 01:04:56

4 結(jié)束語(yǔ)

本文對(duì)BGP的多AS系統(tǒng)路由配置方案解決了如下問(wèn)題:AS系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的IGP和IBGP的同步;AS系統(tǒng)間的路由轉(zhuǎn)發(fā);ping 通各AS內(nèi)部網(wǎng)絡(luò)。因?yàn)锽GP不同的自治系統(tǒng)可能分屬于不同的運(yùn)營(yíng)商,所以路由轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)需要控制過(guò)濾,不同的自治系統(tǒng)還需要認(rèn)證。對(duì)于多種屬性靈活控制選路,以及BGP的路由黑洞解決辦法等技術(shù)還有待進(jìn)一步研究論證。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1] 程慶梅.創(chuàng)建高級(jí)路由型互聯(lián)網(wǎng)[M].機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2012.

[2] 程慶梅.創(chuàng)建高級(jí)路由型互聯(lián)網(wǎng)實(shí)訓(xùn)手冊(cè)[M].機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2012.

[3] 斯桃枝.路由協(xié)議與交換技術(shù)[M].清華大學(xué)出版社,2012.

[4] 龐玲.邊界路由器BGP協(xié)議的脆弱性[J].計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用,2013.22

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