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視神經(jīng)疾病患者顱內(nèi)壓與眼內(nèi)壓變化的相關(guān)性

2014-07-07 15:37:19王大江秦麗敏解放軍總醫(yī)院眼科北京00853遼河油田總醫(yī)院眼科遼寧盤錦400
關(guān)鍵詞:篩板視神經(jīng)眼壓

王大江,田 磊,趙 軍,秦麗敏解放軍總醫(yī)院 眼科,北京 00853;遼河油田總醫(yī)院 眼科,遼寧盤錦 400

視神經(jīng)疾病患者顱內(nèi)壓與眼內(nèi)壓變化的相關(guān)性

王大江1,田 磊1,趙 軍2,秦麗敏11解放軍總醫(yī)院 眼科,北京 100853;2遼河油田總醫(yī)院 眼科,遼寧盤錦 124010

目的 探討視神經(jīng)疾病患者腰椎穿刺前后顱內(nèi)壓(intracranial pressure,ICP)與眼內(nèi)壓(intraocular pressure,IOP)變化的相關(guān)性。方法 前瞻性分析2013年1 - 5月解放軍總醫(yī)院眼科診斷視神經(jīng)疾病12例(24眼)患者的相關(guān)資料。對診斷視神經(jīng)疾病的12例入院患者的相關(guān)資料進行研究。所有患者住院期間通過腰椎穿刺留取定量腦脊液行腦脊液常規(guī)檢查并測定ICP,同時采用回彈式眼壓計測量腰椎穿刺前后雙眼眼壓變化,并計算其平均值。所有患者腰椎穿刺術(shù)后每2 h測量1次眼壓,共12次,并繪制24 h眼壓曲線。結(jié)果 共有12例(24眼)納入本次研究,其中男7例,女5例,診斷為視神經(jīng)炎6例,缺血性視神經(jīng)病變5例,未明確診斷1例?;颊吣挲g16 ~ 55(38.125±12.438)歲。所有患者全身狀況良好,無高血壓、糖尿病等常見全身疾病。腰椎穿刺前后ICP與雙眼平均IOP之間無明顯的相關(guān)性(r=0.126,P=0.697)。腰椎穿刺前后雙眼IOP的差異(t=8.002,P<0.001)、ICP的差異(t=7.936,P<0.001)均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 IOP與ICP雖然有一定相關(guān)性,但是兩者變化之間沒有規(guī)律,以眼壓推測顱壓或者反之目前還不能得出有意義的結(jié)論。

青光眼;顱內(nèi)壓;眼內(nèi)壓

青光眼性視神經(jīng)萎縮是青光眼患者的常見致盲原因。大量研究表明,高眼壓是青光眼視神經(jīng)損害進展的最主要危險因素,但臨床上發(fā)現(xiàn)很多眼壓正?;颊叩囊暽窠?jīng)損害。目前,對于正常眼壓性青光眼(normal tension glaucoma,NTG)的發(fā)病機制還不完全清楚。最近的研究中,很多學(xué)者將焦點集中于顱內(nèi)壓(intracranial pressure,ICP)與眼內(nèi)壓(intraocular pressure,IOP)之差,也就是跨篩板壓力差(眼壓與腦脊液壓力的差值)的變化上,認為這種壓力差是造成正常眼壓性青光眼視神經(jīng)損害的主要原因[1-5]。那么究竟顱內(nèi)壓與眼內(nèi)壓存在怎樣的關(guān)系,顱內(nèi)壓的變化是否會引起相應(yīng)的眼內(nèi)壓變化,兩者的變化是否存在一定規(guī)律性?本研究以視神經(jīng)疾病患者為研究對象,測量腰椎穿刺前后顱內(nèi)壓變化及24 h眼壓變化,為進一步揭示兩者的相關(guān)性提供依據(jù)。

資料和方法

1 一般資料 2013年1 - 5月解放軍總醫(yī)院眼科診斷視神經(jīng)疾病12例(24眼),其中男7例,女5例,診斷為視神經(jīng)炎6例,缺血性視神經(jīng)病變5例,未明確診斷1例。年齡16 ~ 55(38.13±12.44)歲。所有患者全身狀況良好,無高血壓、糖尿病等常見全身疾病。

2 方法 所有患者住院期間先行24 h眼壓(1次/ 2 h)檢查。次日通過腰椎穿刺留取定量(10 ml)腦脊液行腦脊液檢查并測定ICP,記錄腰椎穿刺前后雙眼眼壓,隨后繪制腰椎穿刺后雙眼24 h眼壓曲線,并計算其平均值。眼壓測量采用手持回彈式眼壓計,平臥位測量眼壓。

3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 結(jié)果應(yīng)用SPSS17.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析及繪圖。Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗測量結(jié)果的正態(tài)分布數(shù)據(jù)用±s表示。腰穿操作前后眼內(nèi)壓及顱內(nèi)壓比較采用兩獨立樣本t檢驗或Wilcoxon秩和檢驗。Pearson雙變量相關(guān)分析腰穿操作前后眼內(nèi)壓和顱內(nèi)壓的相關(guān)性。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

結(jié) 果

1 腰穿前后顱內(nèi)壓及眼內(nèi)壓變化情況 腰穿前ICP均值為(200.83±27.12) mmH2O (1 mmH2O=9.807 Pa),腰穿后為(160.83±15.35) mmH2O,腰穿前后ICP值差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。腰穿前IOP均值為(15.72±2.73) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),腰穿后為(14.01±2.72) mmHg,腰穿前后IOP值差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.034)。見圖1。

2 腰穿前后顱內(nèi)壓與眼內(nèi)壓相關(guān)性分析 腰穿前IOP與ICP呈現(xiàn)明顯正相關(guān)性(r=0.923,P<0.001);腰穿后IOP與ICP無明顯相關(guān)性(r=0.44,P<0.152)。見圖2。腰穿后右眼IOP變化均值為(1.52±1.09) mmHg,左眼IOP變化均值為(1.92±1.57) mmHg。腰穿后雙眼IOP變化差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.48)。腰穿前后眼壓變化與顱壓變化無明顯相關(guān)性(r=0.126,P=0.697)。見圖3。

3 腰穿前后24 h眼壓變化 腰穿后24 h平均眼壓明顯低于腰穿前24 h眼壓,腰穿前24 h眼壓均值(14.82±0.98) mmHg,腰穿后24 h眼壓均值為(12.52±0.74) mmHg。腰穿前后24 h眼壓變化差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。見圖4。

圖 1 腰穿前后眼內(nèi)壓變化曲線Fig. 1 Curves of IOP changes before and after lumbar puncture

圖 2 眼內(nèi)壓與顱內(nèi)壓的相關(guān)性分析Fig. 2 Correlation analysis of IOP and ICP

圖 3 腰穿前后顱內(nèi)壓變化與眼內(nèi)壓變化的相關(guān)性分析Fig. 3 Correlation analysis of ICP and IOP changes before and after lumbar puncture

圖 4 腰穿前后24 h眼內(nèi)壓變化曲線Fig. 4 Curve of 24 hours IOP changes before and after lumbar puncture

討 論

隨著臨床上對正常眼壓性青光眼認識的不斷深入,ICP與IOP的關(guān)系已越來越受到眼科醫(yī)生的重視[6-9]。眾所周知,由于眼球與大腦鄰近并與顱腔相溝通,視神經(jīng)走行路徑中有兩處存在壓力的部位:眼內(nèi)和顱內(nèi)。目前的一些研究表明,IOP和ICP之間的關(guān)系可能在青光眼的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中起到重要作用[10-13]。ICP升高可通過以下機制引起IOP相應(yīng)升高:1)眼內(nèi)靜脈大部分經(jīng)眶上裂回流入顱內(nèi)海綿竇,ICP升高可致眼靜脈回流受阻,使上鞏膜靜脈壓升高,影響房水循環(huán),導(dǎo)致IOP升高。2)顱內(nèi)及眼靜脈壁薄且無瓣膜易于反流和受壓,能夠傳遞增高了的ICP。3)視神經(jīng)鞘內(nèi)充滿腦脊液并與視交叉池相通,ICP升高通過視神經(jīng)鞘內(nèi)的腦脊液的傳遞,使眼內(nèi)容量增加,導(dǎo)致IOP升高[14-15]。Berdahl等[12]的研究中對原發(fā)性開角型青光眼(primary open-angle glaucoma,POAG)患者、正常眼壓性青光眼患者、高眼壓癥患者以及正常對照者的IOP和ICP進行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)ICP在POAG患者和NTG患者中均比正常對照者低,而在高眼壓癥患者中比正常對照者高。研究結(jié)果提示,ICP在POAG和NTG的發(fā)生發(fā)展中可能起重要作用,并且在高眼壓癥患者中較高的顱內(nèi)壓可能對高眼壓癥發(fā)展成POAG有一定的預(yù)防作用。而在Ren等[13]的研究中,比較NTG患者、POAG患者和正常對照者的ICP和IOP的結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)ICP在NTG患者或正常對照者中均低,而跨篩板壓力差(眼壓與腦脊液壓力的差值)在NTG患者和POAG患者中比正常對照者均較高,并且青光眼性視野損傷的程度和跨篩板壓力差呈正相關(guān)。因此推測,在NTG患者中,腦脊液壓力異常降低,導(dǎo)致了異常的篩板壓力差,可能是導(dǎo)致視神經(jīng)損傷的重要因素之一。Siaudvytyte等[16]的研究結(jié)果顯示,青光眼患者的跨篩板壓力差增大,在正常眼壓性青光眼患者中,盤沿丟失與跨篩板壓力差相關(guān)。國內(nèi)Wang等[17]通過MRI測量視神經(jīng)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔的寬度替代測量顱壓研究低顱壓與NTG之間的關(guān)系,其研究結(jié)果顯示,NTG患者的視神經(jīng)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔的寬度顯著窄于高眼壓的POAG患者及正常對照組,從而提示NTG的發(fā)病與跨篩板壓力差有關(guān),為NTG的診斷和治療提供新的思路和方法。

但由于眼內(nèi)壓受到很多因素的影響,房水生成率、房水流出易度、房水流出阻力、上鞏膜靜脈壓、ICP和血壓等都會影響IOP,很難找到IOP與ICP的相關(guān)規(guī)律,并使通過IOP測定估計ICP在臨床應(yīng)用中也存在一定局限性。

本研究觀察視神經(jīng)疾病患者腰穿前后ICP的變化和IOP的變化,并首次觀察腰穿前后24 h IOP的變化,期望找到ICP與IOP變化的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果顯示,IOP與ICP呈正相關(guān),ICP的降低會引起IOP的降低,在ICP恢復(fù)過程中,IOP也逐漸升高,但兩者之間的變化并未見到明確的相關(guān)性,這一結(jié)果與Muchnok等[18]的研究結(jié)果一致。分析本研究的可能影響因素:1)本研究選取病人均為視神經(jīng)疾病患者,可能存在一定特殊性;2)腰穿前后24 h IOP測量過程煩瑣,需要患者及醫(yī)護人員的協(xié)調(diào)配合,故因條件有限選取病人例數(shù)少可能影響結(jié)果。今后,我們將擴大樣本量進行深入研究。

1 Morgan WH, Yu DY, Cooper RL, et al. The influence of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on the lamina cribrosa tissue pressure gradient[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1995, 36(6): 1163-1172.

2 Jonas JB, Berenshtein E, Holbach L. Anatomic relationship between lamina cribrosa, intraocular space, and cerebrospinal fluid space[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2003, 44(12): 5189-5195.

3 Burgoyne CF, Downs JC, Bellezza AJ, et al. The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res,2005, 24(1): 39-73.

4 Berdahl JP, Allingham RR, Johnson DH. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure is decreased in primary open-angle glaucoma[J]. Ophthalmology,2008, 115(5): 763-768.

5 Ren R, Zhang X, Wang N, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in ocular hypertension[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2011, 89(2): e142-e148.

6 Yavin D, Luu J, James MT, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of intraocular pressure measurement for the detection of raised intracranial pressure: meta-analysis[J]. J Neurosurg, 2014, 23: 1-8.

7 Golan S, Kurtz S, Mezad-Koursh D, et al. Poor correlation between intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure by hand-held tonometry[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2013, 7: 1083-1087.

8 Kirk T, Jones K, Miller S, et al. Measurement of intraocular and intracranial pressure: is there a relationship?[J]. Ann Neurol,2011, 70(2): 323-326.

9 Li Z, Yang Y, Lu Y, et al. Intraocular pressure vs intracranial pressure in disease conditions: a prospective cohort study (Beijing iCOP study)[J]. BMC Neurol, 2012, 12:66.

10 Morgan WH, Chauhan BC, Yu DY, et al. Optic disc movement with variations in intraocular and cerebrospinal fluid pressure[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2002, 43(10): 3236-3242.

11 Ren R, Wang N, Zhang X, et al. Trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference correlated with neuroretinal rim area in glaucoma[J]. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2011, 249(7):1057-1063.

12 Berdahl JP, Fautsch MP, Stinnett SS, et al. Intracranial pressure in primary open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, and ocular hypertension: a case-control study[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2008, 49(12): 5412-5418.

13 Ren R, Jonas JB, Tian G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma: a prospective study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(2):259-266.

14 董云德,索班西.眼內(nèi)壓與顱內(nèi)壓關(guān)系的臨床研究[J].中華神經(jīng)外科雜志,1993,9(1):44-45.

15 李鳳鳴.眼科全書[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,1996:288.

16 Siaudvytyte L, Januleviciene I, Ragauskas A, et al. The difference in translaminar pressure gradient and neuroretinal rim area in glaucoma and healthy subjects[J/OL]. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ joph/2014/937360

17 Wang N, Xie X, Yang D, et al. Orbital cerebrospinal fluid space in glaucoma: the Beijing intracranial and intraocular pressure (iCOP)study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(10): 2065-2073.e1.

18 Muchnok T, Deitch K, Giraldo P. Can intraocular pressure measurements be used to screen for elevated intracranial pressure in emergency department patients?[J]. J Emerg Med, 2012, 43(3):532-537.

Correlation of intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure changes in patients with optic nerve disease

WANG Da-jiang1, TIAN Lei1, ZHAO Jun2, QIN Li-min11Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;2Department of Ophthalmology, The Central Hospital of Liaohe Oil Field, Panjin 124010, Liaoning Province, China

Objective To investigate the correlation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) changes in patients with optic nerve disease. Methods Clinical data about 12 patients with optic nerve disease admitted to our hospital from January to May in 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The quantitative cerebrospinal fluid of all patients during hospitalization were extracted by lumbar puncture, and after that routine inspection of cerebrospinal fluid, the measurement of ICP were performed. The changes of before and after lumbar puncture were measured using spring back tonometer and the average value were calculated. 24-hour intraocular pressure curve was described with all patients undergoing the lumbar puncture once every 2 hours. Results Of the 12 cases (24 eyes), 7 cases were male and 5 cases were female with the average age of (38.125 ± 12.438) years old (range, 16-55 years old). 6 cases were diagnosed as optic neuritis, 5 cases were ischemic optic neuropathy, and 1 case was undefined diagnosis. All patients were in good condition with no high blood pressure, diabetes or any other common systemic disease. There was no significant correlation between before and after lumbar puncture ICP and eyes mean IOP (r=0.126, P=0.697). The differences of before and after lumbar puncture in IOP (t=8.002, P<0.001) and ICP (t=7.936, P<0.001) were statistically significant. Conclusion There is a certain correlation between IOP and ICP, but no regularity is found between the changes of them. Meaningful conclusion about presuming the IOP basing on the ICP or presuming the ICP basing on the IOP is yet to be educed.

glaucoma; intracranial pressure; intraocular pressure

R 778.1

A

2095-5227(2014)10-0993-04

10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.10.005

時間:2014-08-06 09:59

http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140806.0959.001.html

2014-07-11

全國博士后特別資助項目(201104781)

Supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(201104781)

王大江,男,副主任醫(yī)師,博士,出站博士后。專業(yè)方向:青光眼、白內(nèi)障及角膜病的臨床基礎(chǔ)研究。Email: wangdajiang 301@163.com

The First author: WANG Da-jiang. Email: wangdajiang301@163.com

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