唐莉 葉旭彬 吳雪薇
[摘要] 目的 探討年輕婦女卵巢上皮癌的臨床特點、治療、生存率及預后因素分析。 方法 回顧行分析1990年1月~2012年12月我院收治的62例年齡≤40歲的卵巢上皮癌患者的臨床資料。生存率用壽命表法計算。利用Cox模型分析比較影響預后的因素。 結果 62例患者確診為卵巢上皮癌中位年齡(31.3±1.6)歲。臨床表現自捫及腹部包塊或體檢發(fā)現腹部包塊17例、腹痛、腹脹各12例,腫物最大徑線平均為(13.15±2.17)cm,57例可行滿意細胞減滅術,手術病理分期Ⅰ期37例,占59.67%;Ⅱ期7例,占11.29%;Ⅲ期13例,占20.96%;Ⅳ期5例,占8.06%。病理分化程度以漿液性囊腺癌(35例,56.45%)和黏液性囊腺癌(18例,29.03%)為最多。病理分化程度高分化38例(61.2%)、中分化15例(24.2%)、低分化9例(14.5%)。59例術前或術后進行了以鉑或紫杉醇類為基礎的化療。12例保守手術中(均為Ⅰa,G1期患者),10例無瘤生存(83.34%)。按壽命表法計算的3年生存率為86.7%,5年生存率為78.3%。結論 40歲以下婦女卵巢上皮性癌患者,腫瘤體積大,單側多見,手術病理分期早,病理分化程度好,以漿液性囊腺癌多見,總的五年生存率高,預后好。部分Ⅰa、G1期患者可保留生育功能。病理分級、殘留病灶大小是40歲以下婦女卵巢上皮癌的獨立預后因素。
[關鍵詞] 卵巢上皮癌;預后因素;年齡;生存率
[中圖分類號] R737.3???[文獻標識碼] A???[文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)09-28-05
Clinical analysis of 62 women with epithelial ovarian cancer under age of 40 years
TANG?Li??YE?Xubin??WU?Xuewei
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics,Dongguan People's Hospital,Dongguan 523000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment, survival rate and prognosis factors of the young women with epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods Clinical data of 62 women with epithelial ovarian cancer under the age of 40 years treated in our hospital from January 1990 to December 2012 were analyzed retrospectively.The survival rate was calculated using the life table.The cox model was used to analyze and compare the factors influencing prognosis. Results Sixty-two patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer had a median age of (31.3±1.6) years. Physical examination found abdominal mass in 17 patients and stomachache and abdominal distension in 12 patients respectively.The average maximum radial line of lump was (13.15±2.17) cm.Fifty-seven patients could receive satisfaction cytoreductive surgery.Thirty-seven patients were in surgical pathological stage I,accounting for 59.67%,7 patients stage Ⅱ,accounting for 11.29%,13 patients stage Ⅲ,accounting for 20.96%,and 5 patients stage IV,accounting for 8.06%. Pathological differentiation degrees were mainly serous adenocarcinoma (35 patients,56.45%) and mucinous adenocarcinoma(18 patients,29.03%).In terms of pathological differentiation degree,38 patients(61.2%) were highly differentiated,15 patient (24.2%) were moderately differentiated and 9 patients (14.5%) were poorly differentiated.Fifty-nine patients received preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy based on platinum or taxanes.Of the 12 patients receiving conservative surgery(all patients were Ia and G1),10 patients survived without tumor(83.34%).The 3-year survival rate calculated based on the life table method was 86.7% and the 5-year survival rate was 78.3%. Conclusion For the women with epithelial ovarian cancer under the age of 40 years,the size of tumor is large,unilateral is mostly seen, surgical pathological staging is early, pathological differentiation degree is good,serous cystadenocarcinoma is mostly seen,the total 5-year survival rate is high,and the prognosis is good.Some patients of Ia and G1 can preserve fertility function. Pathological staging and size of residual lesion are the independent prognosis factors of women with epithelial ovarian cancer under the age of 40 years.
endprint
[Key words] Epithelial ovarian cancer;Prognosis factor;Age;Survival rate
卵巢癌是女性生殖器常見惡性腫瘤,其死亡率高居婦科惡性腫瘤之首。近年來,卵巢惡性腫瘤的發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢。其中70%~80%為上皮癌。卵巢上皮性癌多發(fā)生于絕經期婦女,以晚期多
表1??病理類型FIGO分期細胞學分級
病理類型 總例數 FIGO分期 細胞學分級
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ G1 G2 G3
Ⅰa Ⅰb Ⅰc Ⅱa Ⅱb Ⅱc
漿液性囊腺癌 35 12 2 5 1 2 1 9 3 21 8 6
黏液性囊腺癌 18 9 2 2 1 1 2 1 12 4 2
子宮內膜腺癌 6 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 4 1 1
未分化癌 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 0
合計 62 24 4 9 1 3 3 13 5 38 15 9
見,較少發(fā)生在青春期前,40歲也較少見,且其臨床特征也與老年患者有所不同。而且年輕婦女正處于生長發(fā)育或生育期,因此對此階段的卵巢上皮癌的發(fā)病情況、臨床特點、預后進行分析并探討合理的治療策略,具有特別重要的意義。
1?資料與方法
1.1?一般資料
1.1.1?一般情況?1990年1月~2012年12月東莞市人民醫(yī)院病歷資料完整,≤40歲婦女卵巢上皮性癌62例。中位年齡(31.3±1.6)歲。62例患者中,42例已婚,其中35例已生育,13例未婚且無性生活史。診斷為卵巢上皮癌時61例病例已有月經來潮,初潮年齡為12~16歲,平均(13.9±1.1)歲。
1.1.2?臨床癥狀及輔助撿查?62例病例中有18例是由外院已行第一次手術后再轉入我院治療術前癥狀記錄不詳外,余44例患者中行B超發(fā)現或自捫腹部包塊17例,腹脹13例,腹痛12例,月經改變2例,胸悶氣促1例。53例患者術前撿測CA125水平為10~10253U/mL(正常值<35U/mL),CA199水平為0~43860U/mL(正常值:0~35U/mL),CA153水平為4~65U/mL(正常值:0~36.8U/mL)。
1.1.3?病例類型?FIGO分期細胞學分級:62例卵巢上皮癌患者中,以漿液性囊腺癌及黏液性囊腺癌為最常見,占85.5%(53/62)。其中漿液性囊腺癌占56.4%(35/62)。黏液性囊腺癌占29.0%(18/62)。見表1。
1.2?治療
1.2.1?手術治療?62例患者中,44例第一次手術(腫瘤細胞減滅術)在我院進行。18例在外院行第一次手術(多為單純腫瘤切除)后3~4個月內到我院行補充手術(全子宮+附件+大網膜切除)。62例患者中,19例位于左側卵巢,28例位于右側卵巢,15例為雙側卵巢。腫物最大徑線4.5~29cm,平均(13.15±2.17)cm。44例在我院行第一次手術包括:(1)全子宮+雙附件+大網膜切除,32例(其中包括同時清掃盆腔淋巴結11例);(2)全子宮+雙附件4例。(3)單附件+大網膜切除7例。(4)姑息性手術1例。18例第一次手術在外院進行的患者中:外院:(1)外院行雙側或單側卵巢腫瘤切除,本院補充行全子宮+雙附件+大網膜切除9例(其中盆腔淋巴清掃術6例)。(2)外院行單側附件切除,本院行全子宮+另側附件+大網膜切除+盆腔淋巴結清掃術3例。(3)外院行單附件切除,本院行大網膜切除+另側卵巢楔形切除術5例。(4)外院行剖宮產術+腫瘤細胞減滅術1例。
1.2.2?化學治療?化療是卵巢上皮癌最重要的輔助治療手段,選擇以鉑類藥物為基礎的聯合化療?;煼桨钢饕獮門P CBP CP。每周一次,休息3周后再行下一程化療,化療療程4~8程。本組資料中,59例術前或術后進行了以鉑或紫杉醇類為基礎的化療。
1.3?統(tǒng)計學分析
采用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計軟件包進行相關數據的統(tǒng)計處理。
2?結果
隨訪時間為治療日至末次隨訪所獲得的截尾時間。平均隨訪(72.54±4.07)個月,最長達176個月。62例患者中,其中死亡9例。3例在我院手術后即失訪,2例隨訪時間<3年,9例患者隨訪時間<5年。具體見表2。
2.1?臨床分期、病理類型、細胞學分級
臨床分期按FIGO分期法Ⅰ期37例、Ⅱ期7例、Ⅲ期13例、Ⅳ期5例,早期患者(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)44例占70.9%。病理所占類型以漿液性囊腺癌比例最高占56.5%和黏液性囊腺癌為其次占29.0%。細胞學分級G1 38例、G2 15例、G3 9例。G1所占比例61.2%。
表2??病理類型、細胞學分級、FIGO分期、是否滿意減滅術、手術方式、生存率比較
類型 總例數 3年存活率 5年存活率
例數 百分率(%) 例數 百分率(%)
病理類型
漿液性囊腺癌 35 28 80.00 23 65.71
黏液性囊腺癌 18 15 83.33 12 66.67
子宮內膜腺癌 6 5 83.33 3 50.00
未分化癌 3 2 66.67 1 33.34
FIGO分期
Ⅰ 37 33 89.19 28 75.67
Ⅱ 7 6 85.71 4 57.14
Ⅲ 13 10 76.92 6 46.15
Ⅳ 5 1 20.00 1 20.00
細胞學分級
G1 38 34 89.47 28 73.68
G2 15 11 73.33 8 53.33
G3 9 5 55.57 3 33.33
是否滿意減滅術
滿意減滅術(腫瘤殘留病灶<2cm) 57 49 85.96 39 68.42
不滿意減滅術(腫瘤殘留病灶>2cm) 5 1 20.00 0 0
手術方式
全子宮+雙附件+大網膜切除+盆腔淋巴清掃術 20 15 75.00 11 55.00
全子宮+雙附件+大網膜切除 24 21 87.50 16 66.67
全子宮+雙附件切除 4 3 75.00 2 50.00
單附件+大網膜切除 12 11 91.67 10 83.34
2.2?生存率
用壽命表法分析:3年生存率為86.7%,5年生存率為78.3%。
2.3?逐步Cox模型分析影響預后因素
Cox模型多因素分析顯示病理分級、殘留病灶大小是影響40歲以下婦女卵巢上皮性癌預后的因素,年齡不是影響預后的相關因素。見表3。
表3??卵巢上皮癌預后獨立因素的Cox回歸多因素分析
Covariate B Odds ratio Pvalue 95% confidence interval
病理分級 -19.861 0.071 0.037 0.070~0.712
殘留病灶大小 2.743 47.538 0.002 3.572~548.143
年齡 -0.121 0.775 0.311 0.753~1.640
3?討論
3.1?發(fā)病分布特點
卵巢上皮性癌是女性生殖系統(tǒng)常見腫瘤,發(fā)病率隨年齡增加而升高[1]。絕大多數的上皮性卵巢癌患者在40~65歲之間,40歲前發(fā)病較少。相關文獻報道,在幼女和<30歲年輕女性中,生殖細胞腫瘤、性索間質腫瘤更為常見。Duska[2]報道中指出:在卵巢上皮性腫瘤中,30歲以下患者在4.1%。Rodriguez等[3]報道中顯示:患上皮性卵巢癌患者中≤40歲占13.9%~17%。陳蓉[4]報道<30歲卵巢上皮性癌的發(fā)病率為4.99%。說明卵巢上皮癌較少發(fā)生于年輕婦女。
endprint
3.2?臨床及病理特點
卵巢在盆腔內的解剖位置深而特殊,病變難以早期發(fā)現,容易誤診漏診而延誤治療。本組資料顯示<40歲婦女卵巢上皮癌患者常見的癥狀為腹脹、腹痛、也有部分患者無臨床癥狀,而是體檢時腹部包塊。陳蓉報道[3]卵巢腫物最大經線35cm,平均17.6cm。本組顯示卵巢腫物最大徑線29cm,平均為(13.15±2.17)cm。Fotopoulou等[5]報道<35歲的年輕婦女卵巢上皮性癌病理類型主要為漿液性囊腺癌和黏液性囊腺癌。本組資料中:病理類型以漿液性囊腺癌比例最高占56.45%和黏液性囊腺癌為其次占29.03%。這與部分文獻報道的相同[6],而與王莉英[7]報道的以黏液性囊腺癌為主有差異。且腫瘤的分化程度較高,高分化及中分化分別占61.2%和24.2%,低分化占14.5%。本組資料中70.9%的患者確診時為早期(I+II期),這與大部分文獻報道基本相符[3,8-9]。且可行滿意減滅術占91%。而老年患者以晚期多見,臨床癥狀以腹脹、腹水為主[10],這是與年輕婦女的臨床特點不同的。這可能與年輕患者自我保健意識不斷提高,能夠及早發(fā)現病變有一定的關系。另外,本組資料顯示多數患者術前檢測CA125均有增高,因此CA125的測定可幫助診斷卵巢上皮性癌,同時也可用于指導治療和評估預后。
3.3?治療
卵巢上皮性癌多發(fā)生于絕經期婦女,預后差。治療的基本原則是在充分的細胞減滅術的基礎上進行規(guī)范化療。年輕患者以單側、早期、高分化多見,所以實施腫瘤細胞減滅術滿意的比例高(91%)。且部分患者尚未生育,故在手術方式的選擇上有其獨特之處。手術和化療的具體選擇應有其特點[4]。結果表明,早期卵巢上皮性癌患者保留生育功能是可行的。據Rodriguez及Colombon等[11]的研究顯示,卵巢上皮性癌行保留生育功能手術比例由38%增加到59.1%,且不增加復發(fā)和死亡率。因此,對于有低危因素(年輕、Ⅰa期、病理分化好、并能接受嚴密隨訪、有強烈生育要求)的卵巢上皮性癌婦女可以考慮保留生育功能。本組資料中,12例保留生育功能的保守手術,10例均無瘤存活(83.34%)。說明選擇行保留生育功能手術是可行的,并未降低生存率。在選擇保留生育功能手術時,首先應行全面腹腔、盆腔探查,必要時可疑病灶作活檢,正確分期。手術方式以單側附件切除為主,不行腫瘤剝除,大網膜、闌尾切除有助于發(fā)現腹腔有無轉移。是否行腹膜后淋巴清掃尚有爭議[12]。有學者認為保守治療選擇的是早期病例,淋巴結轉移率低,經全面、仔細探查無明顯腫大淋巴結,亦可不行淋巴結清掃。術后除Ⅰa期和Ⅰb期腫瘤細胞分化Ⅰ級(除外透明細胞癌)無需化療,其他Ⅰ期及Ⅱ期患者均需化療3~6療程。Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者行卵巢腫瘤細胞減滅術后視手術滿意度決定化療程數及是否行再次細胞減滅術。滿意細胞減滅術后化療6~8程。化療方案以TP方案為主。多數學者認為化療提高了保守手術的安全性,并且對卵巢功能及生育力均無影響[13]。也有學者認為化療對患者的生育功能可能有一定影響,但對子代無明顯致畸作用[14]。本組資料中,59例術前或術后進行了以鉑或紫杉醇類為基礎的化療。
3.4?影響預后的因素分析
早期卵巢上皮癌預后較好,5年生存率可達62%~85%[4]。張蓉等[15]的研究中年輕婦女卵巢上皮惡性腫瘤5年總生存率高達79.5%。本組資料中:患者的3年生存率為86.7%,5年生存率為78.3%。說明早期年輕婦女卵巢上皮癌預后較好,這可能與年輕患者分期較早、細胞學分級高、多數都能行滿意減滅術有關。Rodriguez等[3]對美國1230所醫(yī)院有關腫瘤患病情況的統(tǒng)計顯示,<25歲早期卵巢上皮癌患者5年生存率為87.3%,其中Ⅰ期為86.7%,Ⅱ期為90.0%,Ⅲ期為78.5%,Ⅳ期為76.4%。病理分級G1為93.7%,G2為85.7%,G3為33.3%。也有研究認為對于卵巢惡性腫瘤手術病理分期、術后殘余病灶大小是獨立的臨床預測因子[15-16]。本組資料顯示:殘留病灶大小、病理分級是影響預后的相關因素(P<0.05)。對卵巢上皮惡性腫瘤的預后與年齡的關系研究較多,張蓉等[15]研究認為年齡可能是影響卵巢惡性腫瘤預后的一個獨立因素。Ries等[17]的研究中指出<45歲卵巢上皮癌患者的預后明顯好于>45歲患者,提示年齡是影響預后的獨立因素。也有的研究報道[18]表明年齡與與卵巢上皮癌患者的預后無明顯關系。本資料研究表明:年齡不是影響預后的獨立因素(P>0.05)。因此,有關年輕婦女卵巢上皮癌年齡與預后的關系,尚需較大樣本的深入研究。
[參考文獻]
[1] Cantrel LA,Van LL.Carcinosarcoma of the ovary:a aeview[J].Obstetrcial & Gynecological Survey,2009,64(10):673.
[2] Duska LR, Chang YC, Flynn CE, et al.Epithelial ovarian carcinoma in the reproductive age group[J].Cancer,1999,85(12):2623-2629.
[3] Rodriguez M,Nguyen HN,Averette HE,et al.National survey of ovarian carcinomaⅫ.Epithelial ovarian m alignancies in women less than or equal to 25 years of age[J].Cancer,1994,73(8):1245-1250.
[4] 陳蓉,沈鏗,吳鳴,等.30歲以下卵巢上皮癌患者21例臨床分析[J].中華婦產科雜志,2005,40(2):417-419.
[5] Fotopoulou C, Savvatis K, Schumacher G,et al. Surgical outcome and survival analysis of young patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer[J]. Anticancer Res, 2009,29(1):2809-2815.
[6] Tsai JY,Saigo PE,Brown C,et al.Diagnosis,pathology,staging,treatment,and outcome of epithelial ovarian neoplasia in patients age<21 years[J].Cancer,2001,91(6):2065-2070.
(下轉第頁)
(上接第頁)
[7] 王莉英.35歲以下卵巢上皮癌29例分析[J].中國誤診學雜志,2006,6(21):4243-4244.
[8] 杜鑫,魏玲,李艷玲.青年卵巢上皮癌19例分析[J].中國誤診學雜志,2010,10(13):3231-3232.
[9] Stankovic ZB,Djukic MK,Savic D,et al.Pre-operative differentiation of pediatric ovarian tumors: morphological scoring system and tumor markers[J].J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab,2006,19(10):1231-1238.
endprint
[10] Hightower RD,Nguyen HN,HervyE,et al.National survey of ovarian carcinoma IV:Patterns of care and related survival for older patients[J].Cancer,1994,73(8):377.
[11] Colombon.Role of conservative surgery in ovarian cancer:the European experience[J]. International Journal of Gynecologial Cancer,2005,15(Suppl 3):206-211.
[12] El-Lamie LK,Shehala NA,Abon-lax SK,et al. C0nservative surgieal management of m alignant ovarian germ cell tumors:the experience of the Gynccol Oncol Unit at Ain Shams Lniversity [J].Eur J Gynccol Oncol, 2000,21(6):605-609.
[13] KanazzwaK, Suzuki T. Sakumoto K,et al.Treatment of m alignant ovarian germ cell tunors with preservation of fertility:reproductive performnce after persistent remission [J].Am J Clin Oncol,2000,23(3):244-248.
[14] Guo Wenping, Guo Hongyan.The effect of the chemotherapy on ovarian function in patient with ovarian carcinoma undergoiong preservation opration[J] .Chin J Clin Obstet Gynecol March 2011, 12(2):107-111.
[15] 張蓉,吳令英,章文華,等.年輕婦女卵巢上皮細胞癌預后因素分析[J].中華腫瘤雜志,2003,25(3):264-267.
[16] 張惠娟,Sanjiv Manek,Han Chen,et al.卵巢癌臨床和生物學預測因子研究[J].現代婦產科進展,2002,11(4):251-254.
[17] Ries LA .Ovarian cancer.Survival and treatment differences by ages [J].Cancer,1993,71(2):129-137.
[18] Zuo Jian zhong, Xia Zi fang.Clinical characteristics and pognosis of 19 young patients with ovarian cancer[J].Practical Preventive Medicine,2011,18(5):857-869.
(收稿日期:2014-02-22)
endprint
[10] Hightower RD,Nguyen HN,HervyE,et al.National survey of ovarian carcinoma IV:Patterns of care and related survival for older patients[J].Cancer,1994,73(8):377.
[11] Colombon.Role of conservative surgery in ovarian cancer:the European experience[J]. International Journal of Gynecologial Cancer,2005,15(Suppl 3):206-211.
[12] El-Lamie LK,Shehala NA,Abon-lax SK,et al. C0nservative surgieal management of m alignant ovarian germ cell tumors:the experience of the Gynccol Oncol Unit at Ain Shams Lniversity [J].Eur J Gynccol Oncol, 2000,21(6):605-609.
[13] KanazzwaK, Suzuki T. Sakumoto K,et al.Treatment of m alignant ovarian germ cell tunors with preservation of fertility:reproductive performnce after persistent remission [J].Am J Clin Oncol,2000,23(3):244-248.
[14] Guo Wenping, Guo Hongyan.The effect of the chemotherapy on ovarian function in patient with ovarian carcinoma undergoiong preservation opration[J] .Chin J Clin Obstet Gynecol March 2011, 12(2):107-111.
[15] 張蓉,吳令英,章文華,等.年輕婦女卵巢上皮細胞癌預后因素分析[J].中華腫瘤雜志,2003,25(3):264-267.
[16] 張惠娟,Sanjiv Manek,Han Chen,et al.卵巢癌臨床和生物學預測因子研究[J].現代婦產科進展,2002,11(4):251-254.
[17] Ries LA .Ovarian cancer.Survival and treatment differences by ages [J].Cancer,1993,71(2):129-137.
[18] Zuo Jian zhong, Xia Zi fang.Clinical characteristics and pognosis of 19 young patients with ovarian cancer[J].Practical Preventive Medicine,2011,18(5):857-869.
(收稿日期:2014-02-22)
endprint
[10] Hightower RD,Nguyen HN,HervyE,et al.National survey of ovarian carcinoma IV:Patterns of care and related survival for older patients[J].Cancer,1994,73(8):377.
[11] Colombon.Role of conservative surgery in ovarian cancer:the European experience[J]. International Journal of Gynecologial Cancer,2005,15(Suppl 3):206-211.
[12] El-Lamie LK,Shehala NA,Abon-lax SK,et al. C0nservative surgieal management of m alignant ovarian germ cell tumors:the experience of the Gynccol Oncol Unit at Ain Shams Lniversity [J].Eur J Gynccol Oncol, 2000,21(6):605-609.
[13] KanazzwaK, Suzuki T. Sakumoto K,et al.Treatment of m alignant ovarian germ cell tunors with preservation of fertility:reproductive performnce after persistent remission [J].Am J Clin Oncol,2000,23(3):244-248.
[14] Guo Wenping, Guo Hongyan.The effect of the chemotherapy on ovarian function in patient with ovarian carcinoma undergoiong preservation opration[J] .Chin J Clin Obstet Gynecol March 2011, 12(2):107-111.
[15] 張蓉,吳令英,章文華,等.年輕婦女卵巢上皮細胞癌預后因素分析[J].中華腫瘤雜志,2003,25(3):264-267.
[16] 張惠娟,Sanjiv Manek,Han Chen,et al.卵巢癌臨床和生物學預測因子研究[J].現代婦產科進展,2002,11(4):251-254.
[17] Ries LA .Ovarian cancer.Survival and treatment differences by ages [J].Cancer,1993,71(2):129-137.
[18] Zuo Jian zhong, Xia Zi fang.Clinical characteristics and pognosis of 19 young patients with ovarian cancer[J].Practical Preventive Medicine,2011,18(5):857-869.
(收稿日期:2014-02-22)
endprint