趙雁偉+++王廉佐
[摘要] 目的 探討應(yīng)用前后路法在胸腰椎骨折的治療效果。方法 總結(jié)分析2008 年3月~2012年3月我院骨科在胸腰椎骨折治療時(shí)采用前后路手術(shù)方法治療46例胸腰椎骨折的不同治療效果、手術(shù)方法選擇的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果 平均隨診4~16個(gè)月,前路手術(shù)21例,術(shù)后并發(fā)腰痛明顯減少,神經(jīng)功能按Frankel分級(jí),均有1~3級(jí)的改善,椎體高度恢復(fù)達(dá)80%~100%,脊柱穩(wěn)定性明顯改善;后路手術(shù)25例中,7例術(shù)后腰痛,骨折復(fù)位不滿(mǎn)意。結(jié)論 胸腰椎骨折手術(shù)方式選擇,前路比后路治療效果略好。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 胸腰椎骨折; 手術(shù)方式; 脊柱
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R687.3[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B[文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2014)16-0140-03
Discussion on selection of anterior and posterior approach in surgery of thoracolumbar spinal fracture
ZHAO Yanwei WANG Lianzuo
Department of Orthopedic,China Railway 12th Bureau Group Central Hospital, Taiyuan030000,China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effects of anterior and posterior approach in surgery of thoracolumbar spinal fracture. Methods All 46 cases with thoracolumbar fracture were operated by anterior and poster or approach. Clinical examination and radiography were analyzed. Results The average follow up was 4-16 months.21 patients with anterior approach obtained good reduction of the height of vertebral bodies and were free from back pain. Neurological function had 1-3 degree improvement Frankel score. While 7 of 25 cases with posterior approach had back pain and neurological deficit. Conclusion Surgery with anterior approach in the thoracolumbar fracture is better than that with posterior approach.
[Key words] Thoracolumbar fracture; Operation; Spine 脊柱胸腰段骨折系指發(fā)生在T11~L2的骨折,因其解剖學(xué)的特點(diǎn),成為脊柱骨折的多發(fā)部位[1,2]。近年來(lái)影像學(xué)及生物力學(xué)的發(fā)展使人們對(duì)胸腰椎骨折的損傷機(jī)理、臨床診斷及治療有了更深的認(rèn)識(shí)[3]。我科2008年3月~2012年3月四年間對(duì)胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴脊髓損傷治療,選擇前路或后路切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定,伴有椎管狹窄者行椎管減壓術(shù),手術(shù)方法:采用AF固定系統(tǒng)、Harrington固定系統(tǒng)、Dick固定系統(tǒng)、Z-plate系統(tǒng)、ATLP(AO前路胸腰椎帶鎖鈦板)等治療。術(shù)后46例患者進(jìn)行隨訪(fǎng),本研究將隨訪(fǎng)結(jié)果結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),分析討論急性胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴脊髓損傷患者手術(shù)方式的選擇,觀察兩組治療方案哪種能更好地促進(jìn)脊髓損傷后椎體穩(wěn)定性及神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
2008~2012年4年中胸腰椎骨折病例共46例,男33例,女13例;年齡20~53歲,平均35歲;損傷部位:T11 12例,T12 15例, L1 11例, L2 8例。術(shù)前天數(shù):2~16d,平均3.5d。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受傷程度分級(jí)按Frankel法分為4級(jí):A級(jí)13例,B級(jí)7例,C級(jí)11例,D級(jí)8例,E級(jí)7例。
1.2治療方法及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
入選兩組患者入路選擇,采用后路:其中9例行后路傷椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狹窄行椎管減壓Harington固定系統(tǒng)內(nèi)固定術(shù);6例行后路傷椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狹窄行椎管減壓,經(jīng)后路Luque固定系統(tǒng)內(nèi)固定術(shù);7例行后路病椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狹窄行椎管減壓Dick固定系統(tǒng)內(nèi)固定術(shù)。6例行后路傷椎椎板切除(GSS)椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù),其中2例切除神經(jīng)癥狀重的一側(cè)或椎管狹窄較重一側(cè)的椎板,1例行全椎板切除,恢復(fù)椎管容積達(dá)到減壓效果。前路患者:15例行前路傷椎椎體次全或全切除并行椎管減壓術(shù),8例Z-Plate系統(tǒng)內(nèi)固定術(shù),7例AO前路胸腰椎帶鎖鈦板(ATLP)。以上手術(shù)除Z-plate系統(tǒng)植骨時(shí)有4例加用鈦合金網(wǎng)外,其余均采取內(nèi)固定基礎(chǔ)上加植骨的方式完成。
2結(jié)果
46例患者術(shù)后4周帶胸腰椎強(qiáng)制性矯形器功能鍛煉(除合并截癱病例),出院病例隨訪(fǎng):1~4年,平均2年。均按Frankel分級(jí)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)后2年兩組病例46例中合并截癱的13例中(A 級(jí)),術(shù)后2例脊柱穩(wěn)定性及神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)到基本正常(D級(jí)),1例恢復(fù)到B級(jí),2例恢復(fù)到C級(jí),余8例脊柱穩(wěn)定性恢復(fù)良好但神經(jīng)功能沒(méi)有明顯改善。表1示其余患者受損神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)情況。
表1 18例胸腰椎骨折患者后入路手術(shù)神經(jīng)功能分級(jí)(Frankel分級(jí))
表2 15例胸腰椎骨折患者前入路手術(shù)神經(jīng)功能分級(jí)(Frankel分級(jí))
3討論
脊髓損傷可分原發(fā)性損傷和繼發(fā)性損傷,當(dāng)發(fā)生急性脊髓損傷時(shí),受損神經(jīng)的細(xì)胞不可再生,研究表明原發(fā)性損傷在短時(shí)間內(nèi)被動(dòng)發(fā)生,形成不可逆損害;繼發(fā)性損傷包括組織代謝障礙、水腫、炎癥反應(yīng)、血流量下降、局部缺血、再灌注損傷等特征[4-7]。繼發(fā)性損傷是在原發(fā)性損傷的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生的,具有漸進(jìn)性,是可以逆轉(zhuǎn)的,這就為治療SCI提供了理論依據(jù)[6-9]。因此,對(duì)于胸腰椎骨折尤其截癱的患者,及時(shí)手術(shù)切開(kāi)減壓非常關(guān)鍵。這是因?yàn)樾匮倒钦蹠r(shí)可造成椎體穩(wěn)定性喪失,如果爆裂的椎體或骨片及破碎的間盤(pán)組織進(jìn)入椎管,壓迫脊髓,將會(huì)可能造成患者癱瘓。此時(shí),由于脊髓出血或水腫等為繼發(fā)性改變,及時(shí)治療(手術(shù)減壓配合藥物)則有可逆性,神經(jīng)功能部分得到恢復(fù)[10-12]。但如果椎管內(nèi)脊髓受壓時(shí)間長(zhǎng)損傷程度過(guò)重,細(xì)胞可因缺血及壞死血液循環(huán)障礙發(fā)生繼發(fā),缺血壞死-血循環(huán)障礙形成惡性循環(huán),神經(jīng)細(xì)胞最終變性,纖維化瘢痕形成,神經(jīng)細(xì)胞永久壞死。
因此急性脊髓損傷患者關(guān)鍵是盡早手術(shù)解除椎管內(nèi)脊髓受壓,并恢復(fù)椎體穩(wěn)定性,從而使受損的脊髓有效地減輕其水腫,保證神經(jīng)細(xì)胞能夠得到充足的血液灌注量,最大限度恢復(fù)其功能。而手術(shù)入路的選擇也非常關(guān)鍵,目前有兩種臨床常用的前后路入路方法,治療效果各不相同。盡管前路手術(shù)治療胸腰椎骨折有眾多優(yōu)點(diǎn),但還是要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,嚴(yán)格掌握手術(shù)適應(yīng)證[12-15]:①胸腰椎爆裂型骨折合并脊髓損傷,經(jīng)CT、MRI證實(shí)致壓物來(lái)自椎管前方,而后方無(wú)骨塊進(jìn)入椎管者;②胸腰椎爆裂型骨折雖無(wú)神經(jīng)癥狀,但椎管受累胸椎>40%,腰椎> 50%;③已施行后路手術(shù),但脊髓前方致壓物仍未解除或脊柱仍存在不穩(wěn)定者;④陳舊性胸腰椎骨折有遲發(fā)性神經(jīng)損傷者。同時(shí)前路手術(shù)不但能夠直視下徹底解除椎管內(nèi)骨性狹窄,更好地解除脊髓直接致壓物,更能較好地恢復(fù)脊柱三柱的穩(wěn)定性,從而能夠最大限度恢復(fù)脊柱生物力學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)。
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綜上所述,對(duì)胸腰段爆裂骨折合并截癱的病例,應(yīng)在完善術(shù)前檢查后,急診施行有效的椎管減壓、符合生物力學(xué)的固定的手術(shù)[13-18];才可能部分甚至是全部恢復(fù)受損的神經(jīng)功能,以上46例病例可以看出:椎體術(shù)后脊柱高度恢復(fù)情況,椎體高度恢復(fù)最差后路Harrington;經(jīng)后路Luque手術(shù)椎體壓縮術(shù)后椎體高度恢復(fù)最少。Z-plate內(nèi)固定技術(shù)能提供足夠的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度,滿(mǎn)足臨床治療需要,術(shù)后早期離床活動(dòng)后基本未出現(xiàn)內(nèi)固定松動(dòng)或斷裂現(xiàn)象,椎體間植骨均于術(shù)后3~4個(gè)月融合。余三種術(shù)式椎體高度恢復(fù)程度大致相當(dāng)。椎管減壓后管徑的恢復(fù)情況:前路Z-plate手術(shù)術(shù)后椎管管徑恢復(fù)最好;經(jīng)后路Luque手術(shù)椎管管徑恢復(fù)最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 術(shù)后管徑恢復(fù)也較好。脊髓功能恢復(fù):前路Z-plate手術(shù)術(shù)后脊髓恢復(fù)較好,24例患者均有一級(jí)或一級(jí)以上神經(jīng)功能得以恢復(fù)。這說(shuō)明椎管內(nèi)脊髓得到充分減壓后,其功能較減壓不夠充分的恢復(fù)要好。
經(jīng)前路減壓內(nèi)固定術(shù)能夠最大程度恢復(fù)病椎椎體高度,也能夠徹底解除椎管內(nèi)脊髓的壓迫,更有效恢復(fù)神經(jīng)功能。
研究資料分析所示,對(duì)于胸腰段脊柱骨折治療的成功與否,關(guān)鍵在于正確及時(shí)和選擇合適的手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)及方法,而手術(shù)目的在于脊髓減壓以恢復(fù)受損神經(jīng)部分甚至全部功能,其次建立脊柱穩(wěn)定性。對(duì)于胸腰椎骨折穩(wěn)定性的建立,經(jīng)前后路手術(shù)內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)均有效果,術(shù)后椎體骨性融合均能提供足夠的脊柱支撐功能,但前路固定系統(tǒng)更強(qiáng)些。對(duì)椎管管徑累及達(dá)25%以上病例,可考慮優(yōu)先考慮前路減壓固定術(shù)。
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(收稿日期:2014-03-05)
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綜上所述,對(duì)胸腰段爆裂骨折合并截癱的病例,應(yīng)在完善術(shù)前檢查后,急診施行有效的椎管減壓、符合生物力學(xué)的固定的手術(shù)[13-18];才可能部分甚至是全部恢復(fù)受損的神經(jīng)功能,以上46例病例可以看出:椎體術(shù)后脊柱高度恢復(fù)情況,椎體高度恢復(fù)最差后路Harrington;經(jīng)后路Luque手術(shù)椎體壓縮術(shù)后椎體高度恢復(fù)最少。Z-plate內(nèi)固定技術(shù)能提供足夠的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度,滿(mǎn)足臨床治療需要,術(shù)后早期離床活動(dòng)后基本未出現(xiàn)內(nèi)固定松動(dòng)或斷裂現(xiàn)象,椎體間植骨均于術(shù)后3~4個(gè)月融合。余三種術(shù)式椎體高度恢復(fù)程度大致相當(dāng)。椎管減壓后管徑的恢復(fù)情況:前路Z-plate手術(shù)術(shù)后椎管管徑恢復(fù)最好;經(jīng)后路Luque手術(shù)椎管管徑恢復(fù)最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 術(shù)后管徑恢復(fù)也較好。脊髓功能恢復(fù):前路Z-plate手術(shù)術(shù)后脊髓恢復(fù)較好,24例患者均有一級(jí)或一級(jí)以上神經(jīng)功能得以恢復(fù)。這說(shuō)明椎管內(nèi)脊髓得到充分減壓后,其功能較減壓不夠充分的恢復(fù)要好。
經(jīng)前路減壓內(nèi)固定術(shù)能夠最大程度恢復(fù)病椎椎體高度,也能夠徹底解除椎管內(nèi)脊髓的壓迫,更有效恢復(fù)神經(jīng)功能。
研究資料分析所示,對(duì)于胸腰段脊柱骨折治療的成功與否,關(guān)鍵在于正確及時(shí)和選擇合適的手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)及方法,而手術(shù)目的在于脊髓減壓以恢復(fù)受損神經(jīng)部分甚至全部功能,其次建立脊柱穩(wěn)定性。對(duì)于胸腰椎骨折穩(wěn)定性的建立,經(jīng)前后路手術(shù)內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)均有效果,術(shù)后椎體骨性融合均能提供足夠的脊柱支撐功能,但前路固定系統(tǒng)更強(qiáng)些。對(duì)椎管管徑累及達(dá)25%以上病例,可考慮優(yōu)先考慮前路減壓固定術(shù)。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Fernandez E, Mannino S, Tufo T, et al. The adult paraplegic rat: treatment with cell graftings[J]. Surg Neurol, 2006, 65(3): 223-237.
[2]Pallardó LM,Oppenheimer F, Guirado, et al. Calcineurin inhibitor reduction based on maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant patients: POP study[J]. Transplant Proc, 2007, 39(7): 2187-2189.
[3]徐蓉,胡輝,朱健. 新型免疫抑制抗生素霉酚酸酯的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 溫州大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2005, 18(6): 58-65.
[4]Suzuki S, Toledo-Pereyra LH, Rodriguez FJ, et al. Neutrophil infiltration as an important factor in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: Modulating effects of FK506 and cyclosporine[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 55(3): 1265-1272.
[5]Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, block the glycosylation of adhesion molecules[J]. Immuno Pharmacology, 2009, 47(223): 85-118.
[6]Laurent AF, Dumont S, Poindron P, et al. Mycophenolic acid suppresses protein N-linked glycosylation in human monocytes and their adhesionto endo the lial cells and to some substrates[J]. Exp Hematol, 2010, 24(1): 59-67.
[7]Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CJ, et al. Mycophenolic acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis block the glycosylation of adhesion molecu les[J]. Transplant Proc, 2011, 25(3Suppl): S67-70.
[8]Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadavericrenal allograft recipients U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 60(3): 225-232.
[9]Ji SM, Liu ZH, Chen JS, et al. Rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for C4 dpositive acute humoral renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(10): 3459-3463.
[10]盧旻鵬,權(quán)正學(xué),劉渤.實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物脊髓的損傷模型[J].中國(guó)骨與關(guān)節(jié)損傷雜志,2008,23(2): 471-473.
[11]Hiruma S, Otsuka K, Satou T, et al. Simple and reproducible model of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device[J]. Neurol Res, 2013, 21(3): 313-323.
[12]Yeo SJ, Hwang SN, Park SW, et al. Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2004, 19(4): 574-580.
[13]Thomas AJ, Nockels RP, Pan HQ, et al. Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord traumainrats[J]. Spine, 2010, 24(20): 2134-2138.
[14]Sánchez FA, Calvo N, MorenoMA, et al. Bettermycophenolic acid 12h trough level after entericcoated mycophenolate sodium in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance to mycophenolate mofetil[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 39(7): 2194-2196.
[15]Juarez FJ, Barrios Y, Cano L, et al. A randomized trial comparing two corticosteroid regimens combined with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(9): 2866-2868.
[16]楊建東,李家順,賈連順,等. 大劑量甲基強(qiáng)的松龍對(duì)大鼠急性脊髓損傷預(yù)防保護(hù)作用的研究[J]. 中國(guó)脊柱脊髓雜志,2012,15(1): 46-48.
[17]Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al. Questionnaire survey of spine surgeonson the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury[J]. Spine, 2011, 31: E250-E253.
[18]Imanaka T, Hukuda S, MaedaT. The role of GM1-ganglioside in the injuried spinal cord of rats: An immunohistochemical study using GM1-antisera[J]. Neurotrauma, 2011, 13:163-170.
(收稿日期:2014-03-05)
endprint
綜上所述,對(duì)胸腰段爆裂骨折合并截癱的病例,應(yīng)在完善術(shù)前檢查后,急診施行有效的椎管減壓、符合生物力學(xué)的固定的手術(shù)[13-18];才可能部分甚至是全部恢復(fù)受損的神經(jīng)功能,以上46例病例可以看出:椎體術(shù)后脊柱高度恢復(fù)情況,椎體高度恢復(fù)最差后路Harrington;經(jīng)后路Luque手術(shù)椎體壓縮術(shù)后椎體高度恢復(fù)最少。Z-plate內(nèi)固定技術(shù)能提供足夠的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度,滿(mǎn)足臨床治療需要,術(shù)后早期離床活動(dòng)后基本未出現(xiàn)內(nèi)固定松動(dòng)或斷裂現(xiàn)象,椎體間植骨均于術(shù)后3~4個(gè)月融合。余三種術(shù)式椎體高度恢復(fù)程度大致相當(dāng)。椎管減壓后管徑的恢復(fù)情況:前路Z-plate手術(shù)術(shù)后椎管管徑恢復(fù)最好;經(jīng)后路Luque手術(shù)椎管管徑恢復(fù)最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 術(shù)后管徑恢復(fù)也較好。脊髓功能恢復(fù):前路Z-plate手術(shù)術(shù)后脊髓恢復(fù)較好,24例患者均有一級(jí)或一級(jí)以上神經(jīng)功能得以恢復(fù)。這說(shuō)明椎管內(nèi)脊髓得到充分減壓后,其功能較減壓不夠充分的恢復(fù)要好。
經(jīng)前路減壓內(nèi)固定術(shù)能夠最大程度恢復(fù)病椎椎體高度,也能夠徹底解除椎管內(nèi)脊髓的壓迫,更有效恢復(fù)神經(jīng)功能。
研究資料分析所示,對(duì)于胸腰段脊柱骨折治療的成功與否,關(guān)鍵在于正確及時(shí)和選擇合適的手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)及方法,而手術(shù)目的在于脊髓減壓以恢復(fù)受損神經(jīng)部分甚至全部功能,其次建立脊柱穩(wěn)定性。對(duì)于胸腰椎骨折穩(wěn)定性的建立,經(jīng)前后路手術(shù)內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)均有效果,術(shù)后椎體骨性融合均能提供足夠的脊柱支撐功能,但前路固定系統(tǒng)更強(qiáng)些。對(duì)椎管管徑累及達(dá)25%以上病例,可考慮優(yōu)先考慮前路減壓固定術(shù)。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Fernandez E, Mannino S, Tufo T, et al. The adult paraplegic rat: treatment with cell graftings[J]. Surg Neurol, 2006, 65(3): 223-237.
[2]Pallardó LM,Oppenheimer F, Guirado, et al. Calcineurin inhibitor reduction based on maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant patients: POP study[J]. Transplant Proc, 2007, 39(7): 2187-2189.
[3]徐蓉,胡輝,朱健. 新型免疫抑制抗生素霉酚酸酯的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 溫州大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2005, 18(6): 58-65.
[4]Suzuki S, Toledo-Pereyra LH, Rodriguez FJ, et al. Neutrophil infiltration as an important factor in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: Modulating effects of FK506 and cyclosporine[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 55(3): 1265-1272.
[5]Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, block the glycosylation of adhesion molecules[J]. Immuno Pharmacology, 2009, 47(223): 85-118.
[6]Laurent AF, Dumont S, Poindron P, et al. Mycophenolic acid suppresses protein N-linked glycosylation in human monocytes and their adhesionto endo the lial cells and to some substrates[J]. Exp Hematol, 2010, 24(1): 59-67.
[7]Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CJ, et al. Mycophenolic acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis block the glycosylation of adhesion molecu les[J]. Transplant Proc, 2011, 25(3Suppl): S67-70.
[8]Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadavericrenal allograft recipients U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 60(3): 225-232.
[9]Ji SM, Liu ZH, Chen JS, et al. Rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for C4 dpositive acute humoral renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(10): 3459-3463.
[10]盧旻鵬,權(quán)正學(xué),劉渤.實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物脊髓的損傷模型[J].中國(guó)骨與關(guān)節(jié)損傷雜志,2008,23(2): 471-473.
[11]Hiruma S, Otsuka K, Satou T, et al. Simple and reproducible model of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device[J]. Neurol Res, 2013, 21(3): 313-323.
[12]Yeo SJ, Hwang SN, Park SW, et al. Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2004, 19(4): 574-580.
[13]Thomas AJ, Nockels RP, Pan HQ, et al. Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord traumainrats[J]. Spine, 2010, 24(20): 2134-2138.
[14]Sánchez FA, Calvo N, MorenoMA, et al. Bettermycophenolic acid 12h trough level after entericcoated mycophenolate sodium in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance to mycophenolate mofetil[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 39(7): 2194-2196.
[15]Juarez FJ, Barrios Y, Cano L, et al. A randomized trial comparing two corticosteroid regimens combined with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(9): 2866-2868.
[16]楊建東,李家順,賈連順,等. 大劑量甲基強(qiáng)的松龍對(duì)大鼠急性脊髓損傷預(yù)防保護(hù)作用的研究[J]. 中國(guó)脊柱脊髓雜志,2012,15(1): 46-48.
[17]Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al. Questionnaire survey of spine surgeonson the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury[J]. Spine, 2011, 31: E250-E253.
[18]Imanaka T, Hukuda S, MaedaT. The role of GM1-ganglioside in the injuried spinal cord of rats: An immunohistochemical study using GM1-antisera[J]. Neurotrauma, 2011, 13:163-170.
(收稿日期:2014-03-05)
endprint