阿力甫·那思爾,祖母拉提·阿布都熱依木,熱依曼·阿迪,孟 玲,李保平,*
(1. 南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,農(nóng)作物生物災(zāi)害綜合治理教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 南京 210095;2. 新疆師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院, 烏魯木齊 830054)
多異瓢蟲(chóng)與七星瓢蟲(chóng)、大草蛉不同蟲(chóng)態(tài)間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食
阿力甫·那思爾1,2,祖母拉提·阿布都熱依木2,熱依曼·阿迪2,孟 玲1,李保平1,*
(1. 南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,農(nóng)作物生物災(zāi)害綜合治理教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 南京 210095;2. 新疆師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院, 烏魯木齊 830054)
多異瓢蟲(chóng)、七星瓢蟲(chóng)和大草蛉是控制蚜蟲(chóng)重要的廣譜捕食性天敵昆蟲(chóng),為明確這些昆蟲(chóng)間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)與個(gè)體發(fā)育階段的關(guān)系,觀察了多異瓢蟲(chóng)與七星瓢蟲(chóng)、大草蛉各蟲(chóng)態(tài)(蛹除外)之間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)。設(shè)置30個(gè)蟲(chóng)態(tài)(蟲(chóng)齡)組合處理,于溫室盆栽棉花(無(wú)蚜蟲(chóng))上接種等量的試蟲(chóng),觀察24 h后的存活數(shù)量。結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)參與雙方的蟲(chóng)態(tài)不同時(shí),晚期蟲(chóng)態(tài)的存活數(shù)量顯著大于早期蟲(chóng)態(tài);當(dāng)參與雙方的幼蟲(chóng)齡期不同時(shí),高齡幼蟲(chóng)的存活數(shù)量顯著大于低齡幼蟲(chóng);成蟲(chóng)對(duì)卵、1齡和4齡幼蟲(chóng)的捕食程度隨蟲(chóng)齡增大而呈拋物線增大,存在顯著的二次函數(shù)關(guān)系。當(dāng)參與雙方的蟲(chóng)態(tài)(齡)相同時(shí),多異瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)的存活數(shù)量顯著小于七星瓢蟲(chóng),但大于大草蛉成蟲(chóng);多異瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)(1齡和4齡)的存活數(shù)量顯著小于大草蛉,而與七星瓢蟲(chóng)沒(méi)有顯著差異。研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明,在沒(méi)有集團(tuán)外獵物(蚜蟲(chóng))存在的情況下,多異瓢蟲(chóng)與七星瓢蟲(chóng)、大草蛉之間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)只在參與者的蟲(chóng)態(tài)或蟲(chóng)齡不同時(shí)取決于發(fā)育階段,而當(dāng)參與者蟲(chóng)態(tài)或蟲(chóng)齡相同時(shí),還取決于其他因素。
集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食;食蚜天敵;生活期;種間互作;生物防治
集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食(Intraguild predation,IGP)指享有共同獵物的捕食者種間捕食或致死現(xiàn)象[1],包含捕食性動(dòng)物、寄生性昆蟲(chóng)和病原菌等[2],參與者分別稱(chēng)為“集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食者”和“集團(tuán)內(nèi)獵物”。由于其廣泛存在于捕食性動(dòng)物中而在群落營(yíng)養(yǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)中發(fā)揮著重要作用[3];由于其廣泛存在于害蟲(chóng)的天敵群落中而在害蟲(chóng)生物防治實(shí)踐中亦具有重要意義[4]。對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)群落中集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有多種因素可能影響集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)(程度、方向和對(duì)稱(chēng)性),包括參與者自身的生物學(xué)特征和生理狀態(tài)以及相關(guān)植物特征的環(huán)境因素等[4- 7]。
蚜蟲(chóng)分布廣泛,是重要的農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲(chóng),其捕食性和寄生性天敵昆蟲(chóng)多樣性非常豐富,其中12個(gè)科涉及集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食[6]。因此,國(guó)際上常以食蚜天敵為對(duì)象開(kāi)展集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食研究[7]。然而,國(guó)內(nèi)罕有對(duì)集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食的研究[5],僅見(jiàn)王甦等[8]在培養(yǎng)皿內(nèi)觀察了3種瓢蟲(chóng)的1齡幼蟲(chóng)捕食卵以及4齡幼蟲(chóng)間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食。雖然已知多種因素可能影響食蚜天敵的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng),但大多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為參與者的發(fā)育階段或體型大小的影響最大,在同一類(lèi)昆蟲(chóng)中體型大小與發(fā)育階段是統(tǒng)一的(因?yàn)轶w型隨發(fā)育進(jìn)行而增大)。對(duì)此,Lucas[6]提出了一個(gè)定性描述集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)與發(fā)育階段關(guān)系的圖解模型,該模型認(rèn)為完全變態(tài)食蚜捕食性昆蟲(chóng)易被捕食的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隨其個(gè)體發(fā)育進(jìn)程而逐漸減小。根據(jù)該模型預(yù)測(cè),成蟲(chóng)對(duì)早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(卵、幼蟲(chóng)、蛹)的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食強(qiáng)度的增速隨集團(tuán)內(nèi)獵物的個(gè)體發(fā)育進(jìn)程而放緩,符合二次多項(xiàng)式回歸模型(拋物線)。本研究有兩個(gè)目的:一是檢驗(yàn)Lucas的圖解模型是否能夠解釋發(fā)生在新疆干旱區(qū)環(huán)境中的棉蚜主要捕食性天敵昆蟲(chóng)中的潛在集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng);二是初步明確強(qiáng)勢(shì)的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食者,為進(jìn)一步評(píng)估棉蚜的優(yōu)勢(shì)天敵提供參考依據(jù)。
1.1 材料
供試食蚜捕食性天敵為多異瓢蟲(chóng)(Hippodamiavariegate(Goeze))、七星瓢蟲(chóng)(CoccinellaseptempunctataL.)和大草蛉(Chrysopapallens(Rambur))。棉蚜(AphisgossypiiGlover)是新疆棉區(qū)的主要害蟲(chóng)[9- 10],供試3種捕食性天敵是棉田的優(yōu)勢(shì)種群,對(duì)棉蚜猖獗發(fā)生發(fā)揮著重要的抑制作用[11- 12]。供試蟲(chóng)源采自烏魯木齊市郊的農(nóng)田,帶回溫室內(nèi)接在有棉蚜的盆栽棉株(“新陸早1號(hào)”品種,全營(yíng)養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng))上進(jìn)行飼養(yǎng)繁殖,待發(fā)育到特定蟲(chóng)態(tài)(脫皮48 h后)供試。為增強(qiáng)試蟲(chóng)的捕食動(dòng)機(jī),測(cè)試前饑餓24 h。
1.2 試驗(yàn)方法
分別進(jìn)行2組集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食試驗(yàn),即七星瓢蟲(chóng)與多異瓢蟲(chóng)、大草蛉與多異瓢蟲(chóng)。各種昆蟲(chóng)分別選用卵、1齡幼蟲(chóng)、4齡幼蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)等蟲(chóng)態(tài)進(jìn)行相互組配,由于預(yù)備觀察試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)蛹通常不被捕食,故未選用蛹;將2種捕食性昆蟲(chóng)的不同蟲(chóng)態(tài)配對(duì)組合成30個(gè)處理(排除兩種昆蟲(chóng)的卵組合)。將上述組合相同數(shù)量(每種蟲(chóng)態(tài)30頭)的參與者釋放到紗網(wǎng)罩籠內(nèi)的盆栽棉花植物上,將卵按5個(gè)為1組放在植株上層的葉表,以模擬自然環(huán)境中常見(jiàn)的著卵方式;將幼蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)直接放置在植株上層的葉表。于24 h后檢查植株上和罩籠內(nèi)壁上的殘留數(shù)量(即存活數(shù)量)。試驗(yàn)在溫室中進(jìn)行,環(huán)境溫度(25±1)℃,相對(duì)濕度70%—80%,自然光照。每處理重復(fù)5次。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)分析
采用二次多項(xiàng)式回歸模型擬合成蟲(chóng)捕食強(qiáng)度與幼期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(卵、低齡和高齡幼蟲(chóng))的關(guān)系;分析前對(duì)存活個(gè)體數(shù)量(+ 0.1以避免出現(xiàn)0值)進(jìn)行自然對(duì)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換,以滿(mǎn)足正態(tài)分布和方差齊次性的假定。在分析高齡對(duì)低齡或較低蟲(chóng)態(tài)以及相同蟲(chóng)態(tài)間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食作用時(shí),由于參與雙方共存于同一環(huán)境而非完全獨(dú)立,故采用非參數(shù)Wilcox成對(duì)測(cè)驗(yàn)比較存活個(gè)體數(shù)量。數(shù)據(jù)分析用R軟件[13]。
2.1 多異瓢蟲(chóng)與七星瓢蟲(chóng)的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)
二次多項(xiàng)式回歸模型分析表明,多異瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)對(duì)七星瓢蟲(chóng)幼期蟲(chóng)態(tài)的捕食程度與被捕食者蟲(chóng)態(tài)增長(zhǎng)而增大(圖1),存在顯著的二次函數(shù)關(guān)系(表1))。七星瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)對(duì)多異瓢蟲(chóng)幼期蟲(chóng)態(tài)的捕食程度也隨被捕食者蟲(chóng)態(tài)增大而逐漸增大(圖1),存在顯著的二次函數(shù)關(guān)系(表1)。
圖1 七星瓢蟲(chóng)和多異瓢蟲(chóng)之間成蟲(chóng)與幼期各蟲(chóng)態(tài)的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食Fig.1 Intraguild predation of adults on earlier stages between C. septempunctata and H. variegata 短柄代表標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤Bars indicate one standard error of the mean;* 表示5%水平差異顯著
Table 1 Parameter estimates of polynomial regression model fit to predation of adults on the other life stages betweenH.variegataandC.septempunctata
參與者Antagonist變量Variable估計(jì)值Estimate標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤StderrortP多異瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)與七星瓢蟲(chóng)幼期蟲(chóng)態(tài)截距1.980.1810.74<0.001H.variegata(Hv)adultand早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(線性)2.250.327.08<0.001C.septempunctata(Cs)earlierstage早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(二次曲線)-0.910.32-2.860.006擬優(yōu)度Goodnessoffit:R2adj=0.44,F2,69=29.15,P<0.001七星瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)與多異瓢蟲(chóng)幼期蟲(chóng)態(tài)截距1.620.1016.05<0.001CsadultandHvearlierstage早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(線性)3.210.1818.15<0.001早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(二次曲線)-1.680.17-9.69<0.001擬優(yōu)度Goodnessoffit:R2adj=0.84,F2,69=189.90,P<0.001
七星瓢蟲(chóng)卵的存活數(shù)量顯著低于多異瓢蟲(chóng)的1齡或4齡幼蟲(chóng);多異瓢蟲(chóng)的卵存活數(shù)量顯著低于七星瓢蟲(chóng)的1齡或4齡幼蟲(chóng)(圖2)。在低齡(1齡)與高齡(4齡)組合中,七星瓢蟲(chóng)高齡幼蟲(chóng)的存活數(shù)量顯著大于多異瓢蟲(chóng)低齡幼蟲(chóng);多異瓢蟲(chóng)的高齡幼蟲(chóng)存活數(shù)量顯著大于七星瓢蟲(chóng)的低齡幼蟲(chóng)(圖3)。然而,相同蟲(chóng)態(tài)之間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)因蟲(chóng)態(tài)不同而存在差異,七星瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)的存活數(shù)量顯著大于多異瓢蟲(chóng);而4齡幼蟲(chóng)之間的存活數(shù)量沒(méi)有顯著差異(圖4)。
2.2 多異瓢蟲(chóng)與大草蛉之間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)
二次多項(xiàng)式回歸模型分析表明,多異瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)對(duì)大草蛉幼期蟲(chóng)態(tài)的捕食程度隨被捕食者蟲(chóng)態(tài)增大而呈拋物線增大,存在顯著的二次函數(shù)關(guān)系(表2)。大草蛉成蟲(chóng)對(duì)多異瓢蟲(chóng)幼期蟲(chóng)態(tài)的捕食程度亦隨被捕食蟲(chóng)態(tài)增長(zhǎng)而呈拋物線型增大(圖5),存在顯著的二次函數(shù)關(guān)系(表2)。
在卵與不同齡期幼蟲(chóng)之間,草蛉卵的存活數(shù)量顯著低于多異瓢蟲(chóng)的1齡或4齡幼蟲(chóng);多異瓢蟲(chóng)卵的存活數(shù)量顯著低于草蛉1齡或4齡幼蟲(chóng)(圖6)。
圖2 七星瓢蟲(chóng)和多異瓢蟲(chóng)之間幼蟲(chóng)對(duì)卵的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食Fig.2 Intraguild predation of larvae on eggs between C. septempunctata and H. variegata
圖3 七星瓢蟲(chóng)和多異瓢蟲(chóng)之間高齡幼蟲(chóng)對(duì)低齡幼蟲(chóng)的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食Fig.3 Intraguild predation of old on young larvae between C. septempunctata and H. variegata
圖4 七星瓢蟲(chóng)和多異瓢蟲(chóng)之間相同蟲(chóng)態(tài)的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食Fig.4 Intraguild predation between C. septempunctata and H. variegata at the same stage
Table 2 Parameter estimates of polynomial regression model fit to predation of adults on the other life stages betweenH.variegataandC.pallense
參與者Antagonist變量Variable估計(jì)值Estimate標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤StderrortP多異瓢蟲(chóng)成蟲(chóng)與大草蛉幼期蟲(chóng)態(tài)截距1.110.1010.68<0.001H.variegata(Hv)adultand早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(線性)3.890.1920.60<0.001C.pallense(Cp)earlierstage早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(二次曲線)-1.640.17-9.51<0.001擬優(yōu)度Goodnessoffit:R2adj=0.86,F2,75=232.2,P<0.001大草蛉成蟲(chóng)與多異瓢蟲(chóng)幼期蟲(chóng)態(tài)截距Intercept2.620.0555.92<0.001CpadultandHvearlierstage早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(線性)1.230.0814.58<0.001早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(二次曲線)-0.450.08-5.83<0.001擬優(yōu)度Goodnessoffit:R2adj=0.74,F2,75=112.7,P<0.001
圖5 大草蛉與多異瓢蟲(chóng)之間成蟲(chóng)對(duì)幼期蟲(chóng)態(tài)的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食Fig.5 Intraguild predation of adults on earlier stages between H. variegata and C. pallense
圖6 大草蛉與多異瓢蟲(chóng)之間幼蟲(chóng)對(duì)卵的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食Fig.6 Intraguild predation between Chrysopa pallense and H. variegata at larval and egg stages
在低齡(1齡)與高齡(4齡)幼蟲(chóng)之間,大草蛉高齡幼蟲(chóng)的存活數(shù)量顯著大于多異瓢蟲(chóng)低齡幼蟲(chóng);多異瓢蟲(chóng)的高齡幼蟲(chóng)存活數(shù)量顯著大于大草蛉低齡幼蟲(chóng)(圖7)。兩種昆蟲(chóng)相同蟲(chóng)態(tài)之間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出不同格局,在1齡幼蟲(chóng)之間大草蛉的存活數(shù)量顯著大于多異瓢蟲(chóng),在4齡幼蟲(chóng)之間大草蛉的存活數(shù)量亦顯著大于多異瓢蟲(chóng),但在成蟲(chóng)之間多異瓢蟲(chóng)的存活數(shù)量顯著大于大草蛉(圖8)。
圖7 大草蛉與多異瓢蟲(chóng)之間高齡對(duì)低齡幼蟲(chóng)的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食Fig.7 Intraguild predation of old on young larvae between H. variegata and Chrysopa pallens
圖8 大草蛉與多異瓢蟲(chóng)之間相同蟲(chóng)態(tài)的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食Fig.8 Intraguild predation between A. variegata and Chrysopa pallense at the same stage
本研究對(duì)2對(duì)食蚜捕食性昆蟲(chóng)不同蟲(chóng)態(tài)之間集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)進(jìn)行的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,成蟲(chóng)作為集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食者對(duì)集團(tuán)內(nèi)獵物較低蟲(chóng)態(tài)(卵、1齡和4齡幼蟲(chóng))的捕食強(qiáng)度存在顯著的二次函數(shù)關(guān)系(拋物線),從而支持Lucas提出的捕食強(qiáng)度與發(fā)育階段關(guān)系的定性圖解模型預(yù)測(cè)。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)論是七星瓢蟲(chóng)與多異瓢蟲(chóng)、還是大草蛉與多異瓢蟲(chóng)之間,當(dāng)參與者雙方蟲(chóng)態(tài)不同時(shí),其在捕食關(guān)系中的地位取決于蟲(chóng)態(tài)的早晚,早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)常成為集團(tuán)內(nèi)獵物,晚期蟲(chóng)態(tài)為集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食者。類(lèi)似結(jié)果也出現(xiàn)在許多其他對(duì)食蚜捕食性天敵昆蟲(chóng)集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食的研究中[4,6- 7]。但亦有例外,例如,Lucas等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)紅唇草蛉(C.rufilabris)的3齡幼蟲(chóng)可捕食林氏瓢蟲(chóng)(Coleomegillamaculatelengi)的4齡幼蟲(chóng)。
當(dāng)供試的兩種捕食性昆蟲(chóng)的相同蟲(chóng)態(tài)相遇時(shí),觀察到的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)隨物種或蟲(chóng)態(tài)不同而出現(xiàn)不同的表現(xiàn):多異瓢蟲(chóng)與七星瓢蟲(chóng)的4齡幼蟲(chóng)相遇時(shí)未出現(xiàn)顯著的輸贏,但成蟲(chóng)之間相遇以七星瓢蟲(chóng)存活更多;多異瓢蟲(chóng)與大草蛉的幼蟲(chóng)(1、4齡)相遇時(shí)前者成為捕食者,但成蟲(chóng)相遇時(shí)后者成為捕食者。該結(jié)果可以用體型大小或行為特征的差異予以解釋。由于不同類(lèi)群捕食者的體形存在較大差異,故難以直接比較體型大小,但同類(lèi)捕食者之間的體型大小存在可比性。在七星瓢蟲(chóng)與多異瓢蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)之間,七星瓢蟲(chóng)體型較大[15],因而在遭遇中成為集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食者。同理也可解釋王甦等[8]在培養(yǎng)皿中觀察到的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果:異色瓢蟲(chóng)(Harmoniaaxyridis)在與多異瓢蟲(chóng)和龜紋瓢蟲(chóng)(Propyleajaponica)的4齡幼蟲(chóng)共處同一培養(yǎng)皿中時(shí)存活數(shù)最多。該結(jié)果可能與體型大小差異有關(guān),因?yàn)榍罢叩捏w型明顯大于后2種瓢蟲(chóng)[15]。體型大小在食蚜捕食性天敵集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食中的重要作用亦在其他研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)[16- 18]。但體型大小不能解釋所有集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食效應(yīng)。
多異瓢蟲(chóng)與大草蛉之間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食結(jié)果可用行為差異進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)蟛蒡扔紫x(chóng)獲勝的原因可能在于其具有較強(qiáng)的攻擊性(由于具有較大的上顎)。草蛉幼蟲(chóng)在面對(duì)瓢蟲(chóng)時(shí)的強(qiáng)勢(shì)也出現(xiàn)在其他研究中,例如,Lucas等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)紅唇草蛉3齡幼蟲(chóng)可捕食林氏瓢蟲(chóng)4齡幼蟲(chóng)。但也有研究表明,草蛉幼蟲(chóng)在面對(duì)瓢蟲(chóng)時(shí)的相對(duì)強(qiáng)勢(shì)地位與齡期或物種有關(guān),Noppe等[19]研究表明,普通草蛉(C.carnea)面對(duì)林氏瓢蟲(chóng)時(shí),在1齡期表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)勢(shì),但在4齡時(shí)表現(xiàn)弱勢(shì);Snyder等[20]等在北美的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),源自亞洲的異色瓢蟲(chóng)在引入北美后,與本土瓢蟲(chóng)相遇時(shí)常成為集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食者,而在與同樣源自亞洲的七星瓢蟲(chóng)相遇時(shí)則不占任何捕食優(yōu)勢(shì)。這些研究以及本研究說(shuō)明,集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食參與者的地位是相對(duì)的,某些捕食者往往只在某特定發(fā)育階段或面對(duì)某特定捕食者時(shí)成為集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食者。
實(shí)證研究表明,尤其在農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中天敵(捕食性和寄生性)物種豐富度增加常常導(dǎo)致植食者數(shù)量受到抑制[21]。但在自然和農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中捕食者多樣性增大未必可有效抑制植食者數(shù)量或增加植物產(chǎn)量[4]。因?yàn)樘幱谕簧鷳B(tài)位的多種捕食者的作用取決于其內(nèi)部的相互關(guān)系[22]或功能多樣性(冗余)程度[23]。另一方面,集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食可能導(dǎo)致捕食性天敵之間的拮抗、增效或加和效應(yīng)[24],所以,多種捕食性天敵同時(shí)存在未必一定能有效抑制害蟲(chóng)數(shù)量。對(duì)食蚜天敵集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食的大量研究說(shuō)明,對(duì)蚜蟲(chóng)的控制取決于集團(tuán)參與者物種、集團(tuán)外物種、環(huán)境條件以及人為因素等[6]。本研究?jī)H對(duì)集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食者與獵物的研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明,參與者雙方的地位并非固定不變,當(dāng)參與者的蟲(chóng)態(tài)(齡)不同時(shí),取決于發(fā)育階段,即早期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(蟲(chóng)齡)通常成為集團(tuán)內(nèi)獵物,晚期蟲(chóng)態(tài)(齡)通常為集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食者;但當(dāng)參與者蟲(chóng)態(tài)(齡)相同時(shí),在集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食中的地位取決于其他因素,如:體型大小、攻擊性或參與種類(lèi)等因素。
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Intraguild predation among predatory insectsHippodamiavariegata,CoccinellaseptempunctataandChrysopapallensat different stages
Naser Alipu1,2, Zumlati Abuduroim2, Roiman Ady2, MENG Ling1, LI Baoping1,*
1KeyLaboratoryofIntegratedManagementofCropDiseasesandPestsofMinistryofEducation,CollegeofPlantProtection,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing210095,China2SchoolofLifeScience,XinjiangNormalUniveristy,Urumqi830054,China
The generalist predatory ladybirdsHippodamiavariegata(Goeze),CoccinellaseptempunctataL. and the lacewingChrysopapallens(Rambur) are of major importance for the control of aphids on agricultural crops. To investigate intraguild predation (IGP) intensity as related to life cycle stages of involving protagnists, experiments were conducted to evaluate IGP betweenH.variegataandC.septempunctataand betweenH.variegataandC.pallensat different stages. Thirty pairs of life stages (for the exception of pupa) were tested in the greenhouse. A pair of stages with equal number of insects was released onto a potted cotton plant without the presence of aphids, and survivors were recorded 24 hours later. The results showed that in pairings between different stages of two predators, later stages survived significantly more than earlier stages. The intensity of predation of adults was dependant on earlier life stages in a quadratically functional relationship. In pairings between same stages of two predators,H.variegataadults survived less than their counterparts ofC.septempunctata, but more than those ofC.pallens;H.variegatalarvae (L1 and L4) survived less than their counterparts ofC.pallens, but equally to those ofC.septempunctata. The results of this study suggested that in the absence of extraguild prey (aphids), the intraguild predation intensity amongH.variegata,C.septempunctataandC.pallensmay depend on life stages when different life stages are encountered, but on other factors when same life stages encounter each other.
intraguild predation; aphidophaga; life stage; interspecific interaction; biological control
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(30960055); 國(guó)家公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(20110300)
2014- 01- 24; 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期:2014- 03- 14
10.5846/stxb201302270312
*通訊作者Corresponding author.E-mail: lbp@njau.edu.cn
阿力甫·那思爾,祖母拉提·阿布都熱依木,熱依曼·阿迪,孟玲,李保平.多異瓢蟲(chóng)與七星瓢蟲(chóng)、大草蛉不同蟲(chóng)態(tài)間的集團(tuán)內(nèi)捕食.生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2014,34(22):6560- 6567.
Naser Alipu, Zumlati Abuduroim, Roiman Ady, Meng L, Li B P.Intraguild predation among predatory insectsHippodamiavariegata,CoccinellaseptempunctataandChrysopapallensat different stages.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(22):6560- 6567.