李虹道
[摘要] 心臟再同步化治療(CRT)是治療慢性心力衰竭的常用方法之一,優(yōu)化CRT的特殊參數(shù)AV 間期和心室間期可增加患者獲益,本文對CRT的房室(A-V)間期和心室(V-V)間期的優(yōu)化現(xiàn)狀綜述如下。
[關鍵詞] 心臟再同步化治療;間期優(yōu)化
[中圖分類號] R541.6 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)10-39-04
[Abstract] Cardiac resynchronization therapy (cardiac resynchronization therapy, CRT) is one of the common methods of treatment chronic heart failure,specific parameters of optimizing CRT between AV interval and ventricular were benefit to patients.This article summarized follows of the current status quo of optimized CRT of atrioventricular (AV) interval and ventricular (VV) period.
[Key words] Cardiac resynchronization therapy;Interval optimization
慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)常伴傳導異常,導致房室、室間和(或)室內(nèi)運動不同步[1-3]。心臟再同步治療(CRT)為近年來治療CHF的常用方法之一,其通過增加左室起搏,設定較短的房室及適當?shù)腣-V間期而實現(xiàn)房室和室間的同步運動,恢復房室、室間和室內(nèi)運動的同步性[4-9]。研究表明,優(yōu)化A-V間期和心室間期可增加左室充盈,提高患者對CRT的應答率[10]。1 A-V間期優(yōu)化
A-V間期優(yōu)化分為無創(chuàng)、有創(chuàng),其中心導管測量左室內(nèi)壓最大上升速率(dP/dTmax)為有創(chuàng)檢查,受設備技術等條件限制不易為患者接受,但準確性較高[11]。CT、MRI、核素掃描等雖為無創(chuàng)檢查,但費用較高,均不如在超聲指導下優(yōu)化實用,故間期優(yōu)化被推薦為目前常用的方法。A-V間期優(yōu)化前要求患者在平靜狀態(tài)至少休息10min。以往的研究通過測得dP/dTmax評價下面4種優(yōu)化方法,結果顯示,以二尖瓣前向血流VTI最為精確[12]。
1.1 最大心輸出量法
以主動脈瓣血流速度時間積分(VTI)評價心輸出量,于心尖五腔切面記錄主動脈瓣前向血流頻譜,測量其VTI,并參考二尖瓣血流頻譜,主動脈瓣前向血流VTI最大時對應的A-V間期為優(yōu)化的A-V間期[13]。1.3 二尖瓣前向血流速度時間積分法
逐漸滴定A-V間期測量二尖瓣前向血流VTI,以獲得最大二尖瓣VTI的A-V間期為最佳A-V間期[15]。
1.4 二尖瓣血流頻譜法
Meluzin等[16]報道的“二尖瓣返流法”,先設定一個保證完全奪獲心室的較長的A-V間期,然后測量A峰結束至出現(xiàn)左室收縮期二尖瓣返流的時間間期,兩間期之差為最佳A-V間期。
1.5 心音圖法
第一心音振幅和A-V間期成“S”型曲線關系,A-V間期在“S”型曲線的拐點與超聲優(yōu)化的A-V間期及最大主動脈瓣前向血流速度積分呈正相關[16]。
1.6 光電容積脈搏波法
該方法能識別CRTA-V間期變化引起的主動脈脈壓的變化,為一種無創(chuàng)的CRT優(yōu)化方法,具有很高的特異性[17]。
1.7 心阻抗圖法
心阻抗圖法(impedance cardiogram,ICG)是根據(jù)胸腔電阻抗的動態(tài)變化來測定心功能的一種非創(chuàng)傷性方法,其可以檢測心阻抗的變化判斷心輸出量的變化[18]。
其通常在A-V間期優(yōu)化的基礎上進行,多數(shù)雙室順序起搏間期優(yōu)化后為左室優(yōu)先起搏,少數(shù)則需設置為右室優(yōu)先,使心室達到最大程度同步化,從而提高CRT的血流動力學效應[20-21]。Sogaard等[22]報道對于間隔及下壁延遲者實施右室優(yōu)先雙室順序起搏可以取得較好的血流動力學效應。
2.1 最大心輸出量法
通過順序程控多個V-V間期,以主動脈瓣前向血流速度時間積分(LVOT-VTI)最大時的心V-V間期為最佳V-V間期[24-25]。
2.2 最大化心室同步法3 存在的問題及展望
CRT需要在心超下進行繁瑣的A-V及V-V間期優(yōu)化,尚無統(tǒng)一技術指標及標準[31],耗時且受患者體位、探頭角度等因素影響,難以實現(xiàn)個體化、動態(tài)優(yōu)化[31,33],存在CRT的療效發(fā)揮不充分的情況。另外,為保證起搏奪獲心臟,CRT的A-V間期一般設置較短,多為100~120ms[35-36],然而,固定且較短的A-V間期及心室起搏與房室結優(yōu)先,動態(tài)的A-V間期的生理性起搏原則不符,從而削弱CRT的療效,甚至可能部分解釋CRT治療無應答[37]。因此,恢復房室結及雙心室生理性傳導順序的希氏束起搏會更符合生理性起搏原則,有望提高CRT的應答率并精簡CRT的優(yōu)化程序。
綜上所述,對接受CRT的CHF患者優(yōu)化A-V間期和V-V間期可進一步改善患者的血流動力學。近年來已開發(fā)出多種無創(chuàng)方法用于間期優(yōu)化,其中,心臟超聲是目前較為公認和常用的方法,但較為繁瑣,耗時費力,很難實現(xiàn)A-V間期和V-V間期優(yōu)化的個體化和動態(tài)化,隨著技術的不斷發(fā)展有望開發(fā)出更為簡便,精確的優(yōu)化方法。
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(收稿日期:2014-03-21)