高考詞匯

boil vt. 煮；煮沸

float vi. 漂浮

form vi. 形成

expand vi. 膨脹

react vi. （化學(xué)）反應(yīng)

liquid n. 液體

mixture n. 混合物

oxygen n. 氧氣

equipment n. 設(shè)備；裝備

electricity n. 電

stage n. 階段；時期

conclusion n. 結(jié)論

aim n. 目標(biāo)；目的

equipment n. 設(shè)備；裝備

balance n. 天平

flame n. 火焰

lecture n. 演講

department n. （大學(xué)的）科、系

electrical adj. 與電有關(guān)的；用電的

ordinary adj. 普通的；平常的

astonished adj. 吃驚的；驚愕的

常用短語

add...to... 往……加入……

used to 過去（常常）……

in the area of 在……領(lǐng)域

be proud of 為……感到驕傲/自豪

be supposed to 應(yīng)當(dāng)；理應(yīng)

push down 向下按；推到

keep down 控制；限制

react with 與……產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)

keep...out of 防止……進入

put...in order 把……按順序排列

draw a/the conclusion 得出結(jié)論

test tube 試管

a quarter 四分之一

three quarters 四分之三

a third 三分之一

a half 一半

表外詞匯

contract vi. 收縮

rust vi. 生銹

dissolve vi. 溶解；分解；分離

substance n. 物質(zhì)

reaction n. 反應(yīng)

steam n. 蒸汽；水汽

facility n. （常作復(fù)數(shù)）設(shè)備；工具

tongs n. （復(fù)）夾子；小鉗子

partial adj. 部分的；局部的

過渡詞匯

exist vi. 存在；生存

solid n. 固體

surface n. 表面

tube n. 管；管子

語法達標(biāo)

（1） 學(xué)習(xí)倍數(shù)的表示法。

A is twice as long as B.

This room is four times larger than that one.

The earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon.

The earth is forty-nine times as large as the moon.

（2） 比較級的三種用法：①表示“越來越……”；②表示“越……，越……”；③表示程度的副詞（much， a little...）+形容詞或副詞的比較級。

Its getting brighter and brighter！

The closer you are， the more youll see.

The more books I read， the more information I learn.

Come a bit closer.

We need rather more than that.

It weights a little/a lot more than before.

詞匯短語園地

1. aim n. 目標(biāo)；目的；瞄準(zhǔn)

（1） aim用作名詞，表示“目的；目標(biāo)”時是可數(shù)名詞；表示“瞄準(zhǔn)”是不可數(shù)名詞。

John has only one aim in life—to be a film star.

約翰一生只有一個目標(biāo)——成為電影明星。

Take careful aim at the bird.

仔細瞄準(zhǔn)那只鳥。

（2） aim其后常接at，如：

He took aim at the bird， but missed.

他向鳥瞄準(zhǔn)，但沒射中。

He aimed his gun at the bird， but did not fire.

他用槍瞄準(zhǔn)鳥，但沒開槍。

aim v. 瞄準(zhǔn)；力求達到；力爭做到

1. aim后一般接at doing sth，有時其后也接for，表示希望達到某個目標(biāo)。

Theyre aiming at training everybody.

他們正力求做到人人得到培訓(xùn)。

We should aim for the best results.

我們要力爭取得最好的結(jié)果。

2. aim其后接不定式，表示“想要做某事”（有時可與aim at doing sth互換）。

He aims to become （= at becoming） a computer expert.

他想成為計算機專家。

3. “實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)”在英語中要用動詞achieve，一般不用reach。

Everybody should be given the chance to achieve their

aims.

要讓每個人都有機會實現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)。

2. equipment n. 設(shè)備；裝備

（1） equipment和facility都可譯作“設(shè)備；器材”，但equipment是不可數(shù)名詞，指用于某一特殊目的的東西、供給品、裝備等。如：a piece of equipment；basic kitchen equipment；medical/office equipment。

（2） facility是可數(shù)名詞，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。facilities指為特殊活動或目的所提供的種種便利，包括設(shè)施、場所和服務(wù)等等。如：production facilities；facilities for study；facilities for travel；sports facilities；shopping/banking/ cooking facilities。

3. form vi. & vt. 形成；產(chǎn)生；養(yǎng)成；培養(yǎng)；

n. 形式；類型、表格

One of the most important tasks for a school is to help form a childs character.

學(xué)校的一個重要任務(wù)就是要幫助兒童個性的形成。

Flowers appeared， but fruits failed to form.

開了花，但沒有結(jié)果。

The disease can take several different forms.

這種疾病可能有幾種不同的形式。

Music is not like most other art forms.

音樂不像其他多數(shù)種類的藝術(shù)類型。

fill out/complete a form 填表

常用搭配：

form good habits 養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣

4. boil vt. 煮；煮沸

The water was bubbling and boiling.

水在咕嚕咕嚕地沸騰著。

Boil plenty of salted water， and then add the spaghetti.

把足量的鹽水燒開，再放入意大利面條。

boil down 煮濃；熬濃

boil up 把（液體或食物）燒開

5. react vi. 起反應(yīng)；（對……）做出反應(yīng)；回應(yīng)

Local residents have reacted angrily to the news.

當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駥@一消息表示憤怒。

You never know how he is going to react.

你根本不知道他會作何反應(yīng)。

（1） react （with sth） 起化學(xué)反應(yīng)；發(fā)生物理變化

Iron reacts with water and air to produce rust.

鐵和水及空氣發(fā)生反應(yīng)，產(chǎn)生鐵銹。

（2） react against 反對；反抗

He reacted strongly against artistic conventions of his time.

他強烈反對當(dāng)時的藝術(shù)俗套。

6. astonished adj. 吃驚的；驚愕的

（1） be astonished at/by... 對……感到驚訝

I was astonished at his behaviour.

我對他的行為感到十分驚訝。

（2） be astonished to find / hear / learn / see... 吃驚地發(fā)現(xiàn) / 聽到 / 知道 / 看見

We were astonished to hear that their football team had won the champion.

聽說他們的足球隊獲得了冠軍，我們很是吃驚。

（3） be astonished that...

She seemed astonished that I had ever been to Paris.

我曾去過巴黎，這使她十分驚訝。

7. conclusion n. 結(jié)論

（1） come to/draw/reach a/the conclusion 得出結(jié)論

Ive come to the conclusion that hes not the right person for the job.

我斷定他不適合做這項工作。

We can draw some conclusions from our discussion.

從討論中我們可以得出一些結(jié)論。

It took me some time to reach the conclusion.

我花了很長時間才得出結(jié)論。

（2） in conclusion 最后；總之

In conclusion， I would like to thank you for all you have done for me.

最后，我要感謝你為我做的一切。

conclude vt. 斷定；推斷出

8. used to do 過去（常常）做某事

I used to read newspapers last year.

去年我常常讀報。

Did they use to play football？

他們過去經(jīng)常踢足球嗎？

1. be used to doing sth 習(xí)慣做某事

I am used to going to school by bus.

我習(xí)慣乘車去學(xué)校。

2. be used to do 被用來做（表示被動）

Wood is used to make paper.

木頭被用來造紙。

9. add...to... 往……加入……

If you add five to five， you get ten.

五加五得十。

Please add my name to the list.

請在名單上加上我的名字。

Will you add more sugar to your coffee？

你的咖啡要多加些糖嗎？

1. add in 包括；把……加進去

Dont forget to add me in.

別忘了把我也算上。

2. add up to 加起來等于；總計

The costs added up to 1000 dollars.

費用總計為1000美元。

3. add to 使（數(shù)量、程度）增加；使（規(guī)模）擴大

The bad weather only added to our difficulties.

惡劣的天氣只是增加了我們的困難。

10. be supposed to 應(yīng)當(dāng)；理應(yīng)

在be supposed to中，to是動詞不定式符號，不是介詞，其后要跟動詞原形。

（1） 當(dāng)be supposed to的主語是“人”時，意為“應(yīng)該；被期望”，它可以用來表示勸告、建議、義務(wù)、責(zé)任等，相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動詞should。

Everyone is supposed to wear a seat-belt in the car.

每個人在汽車里都應(yīng)該系安全帶。

Teachers are supposed to treat all the students alike.

老師應(yīng)該對所有的學(xué)生一視同仁。

（2） be supposed to后接have加過去分詞，表示“應(yīng)該做某事而沒做或沒做到”。

You are supposed to have handed in your homework by now.

你本該現(xiàn)在把作業(yè)交上來的。

He is supposed to have arrived an hour ago.

他本該一小時前就到了。

（3） be supposed to的否定結(jié)構(gòu)為be not supposed to，意為“不被許可；不應(yīng)當(dāng)”。

You are not supposed to walk on the grass.

不準(zhǔn)踐踏草地。

You are not supposed to smoke on the bus.

你不應(yīng)該在公共汽車上吸煙。

11. be proud of 為……感到驕傲 / 自豪

You will be proud of me. 你會以我為榮的。

Its nothing to be proud of. 這沒有什么可驕傲的。

跟蹤導(dǎo)練（一）

閱讀理解

In the modern world more and more people meet the problem of identity.The most interesting example is that of a so-called “banana”， which refers to an American who has an Asian face but holds Western value.

In Shanghai， there now live a group of people from abroad. They dont look different from the locals and speak fluent Chinese or even Shanghai dialect， but when it comes to writing Chinese characters， they are almost illiterate （文盲）. Jack is such an example. He never learned to read or write Chinese characters， which he finds mysterious and difficult. “But when I am in the States， I feel thats not my home either，” he said.

At De Gaulle Airport in France， there is a Swiss man who has been living in the waiting—room for a long time because he lost his passport during his travels. He was refused entry into several countries. But when he was eventually allowed to return to Switzerland， he refused to leave the airport. His reason was very simple—“I am sure who I am. I need no acknowledgement from others，” he said during an interview. For this reason he was honored by the Western media as “the Hero of identity.”

As the Internet becomes more and more popular， the problem of identity becomes more serious. In a virtual world， people can have different addresses registered with different names. In the Internet chat room， even ones gender （性別） is hard to determine.It seems that in the global village， people are saying hello every day to each other without knowing whom they are talking to.

What will be the next crisis （危機） of identity？ With the development of cloning technology， it might be： who is the real “I”？

1. What does the underlined word “banana” in Paragraph 1 refer to？

A. American born in Asia.

B. America–born Asian.

C. American traveling to Asia.

D. American keeping Eastern culture.

2. Why did the Swiss man have to live in De Gaulle Airport？

A. He couldnt prove who he was.

B. He needed others acknowledgement.

C. He needed to board a plane at the right time.

D. He lost his passport at the airport.

3. Whats the authors opinion on the problem of identity？

A. People dont need to worry about it.

B. Internet technology helps solve it.

C. Only people traveling abroad have this problem.

D. There will be more problems relating to identity in the future.

4. What does the passage mainly talk about？

A. The crisis of identity.

B. The importance of identity.

C. Difficulty in living in foreign counties.

D. Differences between Eastern and Western cultures.

選詞填空

從下列方框里10個單詞中選擇8個適當(dāng)單詞的正確形式填入下列各句中，使其句意完整。每個單詞只使用一次。

mixture electrical liquid substance conclusion

contract expand unemployed electricity scientific

1. When you heat a metal， it ____ .

2. Air is a（n） ____ of gases.

3. The ____ will be cut off if we dont pay the bill.

4. Glass ____ as it cools.

5. Glass is becoming a very valuable ____ in the modern world.

6. If you add too much ____ ， the mixture will not be thick enough.

7. They ____ that the goods were of good quality and proved no problem.

8. He told his children to stay away from dangerous ____ things.

單句改錯（下列各句每句有1個錯誤。）

1. Few of these monkeys are still exist in the wild. ___

2. This room is three times big than that one. ___

3. This room is three times as bigger as that one. ___

4. This room is three times size of that one. ___

句子翻譯

1. 這是一個對科學(xué)實驗的描述。

2. 他的夢想和我的一樣。

3. 白色盒子比黑色盒子深四倍。

4. 那架飛機飛得比那只風(fēng)箏高數(shù)倍。

單項選擇

1. — Have a nice weekend.

— ___

A. The same to you. B. You are， too.

C. The same as you. D. You have it， too.

2. This hall is five times ___ than our classroom.

A. big B. bigger

C. biggest D. as big

3. The factory has produced ___ computers as they did last year.

A. twice as many B. twice as much

C. as twice as many D. as twice much

4. He did it ___ it took me.

A. one-third time B. one-thirds the time

C. one-third the time D. one-thirds time

5. He has to ___ his expenses to buy a new car.

A. narrow B. contract

C. shorten D. afford

6. He went down to the village which was ___ miles away from the city.

A. three hundreds B. three hundred of

C. three hundreds of D. three hundred

7. The weather in Chengdu is better than ___ in Beijing.

A. that B. it

C. this D. one

8. The new building is ___ the old one.

A. as twice height as B. twice the height of

C. twice as height as D. two times height of

跟蹤導(dǎo)練（二）

選詞填空

從下列方框里10個單詞中選擇8個適當(dāng)單詞的正確形式填入下列各句中，使其句意完整。每個單詞只使用一次。

rust float boil equipment dissolve

expand aim react conclusion occupation

1. What ____ did he come to？

2. A computer is the most important ____ you will buy.

3. I saw some fallen leaves ____ in the river.

4. Catherines ____ is to be a doctor.

5. The water is ____ . Could you get some for me？

6. Iron ____ with water and air to produce rust.

7. Youd better keep the iron away from the water to avoid ____ .

8. Please ____ the pill in water before taking it.

單句改錯（下列各句每句有1個錯誤。）

1. Whenever I see him， I will think about my teacher. ___

2. Those books used to help the children who have

difficulty in hearing. ___

3. The juice contains no adding sugar. Please add some

sugar to it. ___

4. All the work must be done in correct order. ___

句子翻譯

1. 知道金屬如何與不同物質(zhì)反應(yīng)是很重要的。

2. 請不要讓陌生人進教室。我們正在做一個重要的實驗。

3. 這項計劃的目的是幫助失業(yè)的年輕人。

4. 你的褲子下邊臟了，因為它碰著地了。

單項選擇

1. Look！ The books on the self are out of ___ order. Lets put them in ___ order.

A. the； / B. /； /

C. /； the D. the； the

2. These mistakes are very ___ among students， so were not surprised if you do wrong.

A. common B. usual

C. ordinary D. normal

3. — Can I take a photo of you？

— ___

A. Not at all！ B. Its your turn.

C. Go head！ D. Youve got it.

4. Has what he said and done ___ your trouble？

A. been added to B. been added in

C. added to D. added in

5. This equipment ___ students listening skill.

A. used to improve B. is used to improve

C. is used to improving D. used to improving

6. He has ___ the habit of taking notes while reading.

A. made B. formed

C. fallen D. got

7. They are trying to ___ the wall.

A. push down B. push away

C. push on D. push out

8. — Somebody plays a joke on you. Whats your first ___ to it？

— Laugh. Fun is fun， after all.

A. impression B. reaction

C. conclusion D. opinion

完形填空

Professor Green is known to the world as a scientist. He is not only absent-minded but as well 1 . His mind is always busy with scientific problems and seldom notices what is going on around him.

One fine day recently， he went for a walk in the 2 ， but as usual he has a book in his hand. When he went out， he began to read his book. He hadnt gone far when he run into a 3 and fell down. In the fall， he had lost his glasses， without which he couldnt see anything. He thought he had 4 his head against a fat lady. “Im sorry， Madam，” he said 5 before searching for his glasses. As soon as he had put them on， he realized his 6 . Soon he was 7 his mind on his book again and paid no attention to anything else. He had scarcely been walking for five minutes when he fell over again， 8 both his book and his glasses. This time he got very 9 ， seizing his umbrella， he gave the “cow” a wild blow. Then， after finding his glasses， he realized with 10 that he made a second mistake. A large fat woman was fleeing from him in a horror.

1. A.open-minded B. short-sighted C. kind-hearted D. one-eyed

2. A. countryside B. garden C. park D. school

3. A. cow B. lady C. wall D. friend

4. A. fighted B. pushed C. stood D. hit

5. A. hopefully B. loudly C. politely D. clearly

6. A. mistake B. problem C. behaviour D. situation

7. A. passing B. enjoying C. fixing D. moving

8. A. losing B. holding C. taking D.finding

9. A. frightened B. angry C. embarrassed D. sad

10. A. horror B. respect C. patience D. excitement

跟蹤導(dǎo)練（三）

選詞填空

從下列方框里10個單詞中選擇8個適當(dāng)單詞的正確形式填入下列各句中，使其句意完整。每個單詞只使用一次。

move stage balance aim equipment

react ordinary sound partial form

1. A plan has ____ in my mind.

2. At first Andrew had only ____ information.

3. At this ____ ， its impossible to know whether our plan will succeed.

4. What was your mothers ____ to the news？

5. I lost my ____ and fell on my face.

6. He will do anything in order to achieve his ____ .

7. Dick and Jane are a（n） ____ married couple.

8. They have designed a lot of advanced electrical ____ .

單句改錯（下列各句每句有1個錯誤。）

1. Tony is a lot good than ever before. ___

2. His handwriting is much more beautiful than Li Ming. ___

3. The more you exercise， the healthy you will be. ___

4. The experiment was very easier than we had thought. ___

句子翻譯

1. 你賣的書越多，你得到的錢越多。

2. 中國比美國大六分之一。

3. 將來人類能住到月球上嗎？現(xiàn)在下結(jié)論過早。

4. 你最好鼓勵你的孩子養(yǎng)成閱讀的習(xí)慣。

單項選擇

1. — How is the young man？

— ___

A. Hes twenty. B. Hes a doctor.

C. Hes much better. D. Hes David.

2. The sick boy is getting ___ day by day.

A. worse B. bad

C. badly D. worst

3. After two years research， we now have a ___ better under-standing of the disease.

A. very B. far

C. fairly D. quite

4. ___ of the forest ___ covered with trees of broad leaves.

A. Three quarters； is B. Three quarters； are

C. Three fourths； are D. Three fourth； is

5. At present ___ of the experiments ___ done in labs after the new building has been completed.

A. four fifth； is B. four fifths； are

C. four fifth； are D. four fifths； is

6. — Did you return Freds call？

— I didnt need to ___ Ill see him tomorrow.

A. after B. unless

C. before D. because

7. — Are you feeling ___ ？

— Yes， Im fine now.

A. quite good B. any better

C. very better D. any well

8. They are taking steps to ___ the rabbit population.

A. put down B. cut down

C. keep down D. push down

閱讀表達（閱讀下面短文，并按照題目要求用英語回答問題。）

Raising the Kids

Louise and Neil had been dating for three years. She was 40， and he was 50. They wanted to get married and have two kids as soon as possible， but there was a problem. They disagreed on how they would raise their kids.

Because Louise had a high-paying job， Neil could stay home and raise the kids. He looked forward to that， because he felt that he would be a great dad. First， he would teach them how to read. Then he would teach them about life. His kids were not going to waste their time reading fairy tales and watching Sesame Street. They were going to learn practical stuff， like how to use Microsoft Office and how to get a four-year scholarship to Harvard. He wanted them to become business majors， because business is where the money is.

Louise had other plans. She wanted her kids to relax and enjoy life. She didnt want them to grow up too fast. She was the oldest child in a poor family， and her father had put her to work in the fields as soon as she turned six. Life had been hard for her. She didnt want it to be hard for her children.

Neil said not to worry. There was still plenty of time for him to figure out a way for the kids to have fun and still become happy millionaires.

1. How long had Louise and Neil been dating？ （Within 2 words）

2. Whats their problem about raising the kids？ （Within 9 words）

3. Why did Neil want their kids to study business in the future？ （Within 8 words）

4. Whats Louises wish for their kids？ （Within 9 words）

5. Why did Louise have to work at the age of six？ （Within 10 words）

跟蹤導(dǎo)練（四）

閱讀理解

When I looked at the grade on my math paper my jaw （下巴） almost dropped to the ground： a big “65” in bright red ink. I had never received such a terrible grade before.

I was so ashamed that when I got home that afternoon I lied to my dad. I told him I got 85 and that the report wouldnt come until the end of the month. Dad smiled. His daughter would never lie about her grade， so he didnt doubt the unusual delay （延遲） of my report.

A month later， Dad casually （隨意地） asked me again about the report at the dinner table. He looked right into my eyes and asked for an answer. Having no choice. I told him that I had in fact got just 65 in my math final. I had lied because I didnt want to let him down.

For a moment， he just looked at me. I would have preferred a telling off（斥責(zé)） than that silence. Finally， Dad said， in a hurt voice， “You have already let me down， with your lie. I am not disappointed at your math score. That is no big deal—no one can be perfect all the time. But I am very disappointed in you. If you cant be honest with your dad. who can you be honest with？ Its much easier to achieve a better grade than rebuild someone elses trust in you.”

Dads words touched my heart. I couldnt forgive myself for having hurt his feelings. I took out the report that I had been hiding for weeks， handed to him and apologized， sincerely. I realized that my honesty is not only important to me personally， but to those around me that truly care about me.

In one of Shakespeares plays a character says： “No legacy （遺產(chǎn)） is so rich as honesty.” After the crisis between Dad and me， I began to understand those words.

1. The first paragraph suggests that the author ___ .

A. is bad at math

B. usually get a higher grade

C. was punished by her father for a bad grade

D. never expected the teachers treated her badly

2. Why did the author tell her father the truth finally？

A. The father was so serious.

B. She realized it was wrong to lie.

C. It had been too long since she lied.

D. She didnt want to let her father down any more.

3. Why did her father stay silent after she told him the truth？

A. He didnt understand her.

B. He was deeply hurt by her.

C. He felt unhappy with the grade.

D. He was thinking about what to say.

4. What does the author mainly want to tell us？

A. Its foolish to lie to parents.

B. Its hard to be a good student.

C. Its very important to be honest.

D. Its necessary to meet parents requirement.

選詞填空

從下列方框里10個單詞中選擇8個適當(dāng)單詞的正確形式填入下列各句中，使其句意完整。每個單詞只使用一次。

flame boil astonish lecture department

facility ordinary exchange form contact

1. He can make ____ things sound interesting.

2. The ____ were growing higher and higher.

3. Professor Wang will give us two ____ tomorrow morning.

4. Where can I ____ my dollars for French francs.

5. We were all ____ at the unexpected news.

6. Clouds are ____ on the top of the hill.

7. Its a very high office building with all essential modern ____ .

8. Do you want a（n） ____ egg for breakfast？

單句改錯（下列各句每句有1個錯誤。）

1. I used to drinking tea， but now I am used to drinking

coffee. ___

2. Ive made much more mistakes than you have. ___

3. Africa is the second larger continent in the world. ___

4. People used to think the sun travels round the earth. ___

句子翻譯

1. 他為自己沒有放棄而驕傲。

2. 他過去住在巴黎，但現(xiàn)在住在北京。

3. 他過去總是步行去學(xué)?！，F(xiàn)在他習(xí)慣乘公交車去上學(xué)了。

4. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)在4點前完成家庭作業(yè)。

單項選擇

1. Please ___ your voice while the baby is sleeping.

A. push down B. take down

C. keep down D. get down

2. He ___ to come at eight， but in fact he never comes before nine.

A. is supposing B. supposes

C. is supposed D. supposed

3. I ___ to be quite afraid to live in the cold area， but now I have___ to the life there.

A. used； been used B. used； used

C. was used； got used D. got used； been used

4. — Who is going to read the text？ I didnt catch what our teacher

had said.

— ___ You should have listened carefully.

A. Go ahead. B. Its your turn now.

C. Youve got it. D. Dont ask me.

5. There appeared an ___ look on her face on hearing the ___ story.

A. astonished； astonishing B. astonished； astonished

C. astonishing； astonishing D. astonishing； astonished

6. Of the two teachers， my English teacher is ___ one， and she often plays games with us after class.

A. a younger B. a youngest

C. the younger D. the youngest

7. — Do try to learn as many words as possible. Words are very

important.

— ___

A. Dont bother. B. I made it.

C. Its up to you. D. Ive got it！

8. If object A weighs 100 kg， and object B is four times___ ， object B is 400 kg.

A. heavy than object A B. the weight as object A

C. heavier D. as heavier as object A

Nobel Prize

諾貝爾獎

Nobel， born on October 21， 1833 in Stockholm， invented the nitroglycerine high explosive in 1867. He was successively engaged in the detonation technology and the synthesis material research in Sweden， Germany， France， England and Italy.He obtained 355 invention patents in his life， winning a very big property. Nobel died in Italy on December 10， 1896.

According to Nobels will， part of his inheritance， altogether $9，200，000， were put in bank as a fund， with interest every year （approximately $200，000） for the people making prominent contribution to physics， chemistry， biology， medicine， literature as well as cause of peace. In 1968， the economy prize was set up.

Every year on December 10 Nobel prizes were issued. According to the convention， physics， chemistry and the economy prizes are issued by Sweden Imperial Academy of science. The biology prize and the medicine prize were issued by the Rollin medicine surgery research institute in Stockholm. The literature prize is issued by the Sweden Literary Academy. The peace prize is issued by Norwegian Parliament. Each awarding unit is equipped with a Nobel committee which is made up of five people responsible for evaluation. Nobels candidates were recommended by the academies of science， universities and the previous prize-winner around the world. The Nobel prize consists of a gold medal， a certification and a bonus.

諾貝爾于1833年10月21日生于斯德哥爾摩，1867年發(fā)明硝化甘油烈性炸藥。他先后在瑞典、德國、法國、英國和意大利從事爆炸技術(shù)和合成物質(zhì)研究，一生共獲得355項發(fā)明專利，贏得了一筆很大的財產(chǎn)。1896年12月10日，諾貝爾病卒于意大利。

根據(jù)諾貝爾的遺囑，他將遺產(chǎn)的一部分，共920萬美元，作為基金存入銀行，用每年的利息（約20萬美元）獎勵給對物理、化學(xué)、生物學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)、文學(xué)及在和平事業(yè)方面對人類有突出貢獻的人。1968年，諾貝爾獎又增設(shè)了經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎。

每年12月10日頒發(fā)諾貝爾獎。按慣例，物理、化學(xué)和經(jīng)濟學(xué)三種獎項由瑞典皇家科學(xué)院頒發(fā)；生物學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎由斯德哥爾摩加羅林醫(yī)學(xué)外科學(xué)研究院頒發(fā)；文學(xué)獎由瑞典文學(xué)院頒發(fā)；和平獎由挪威議會頒發(fā)。每個授獎單位設(shè)有一個由五人組成的諾貝爾委員會，負責(zé)評選工作。諾貝爾獎的候選對象，由世界各國的科學(xué)院、大學(xué)和前獲獎?wù)咄扑]。諾貝爾獎包括一枚金質(zhì)獎?wù)隆⒁粡埅劆詈鸵还P獎金。