張志文+陳明飛+許加柱+胡斯佳+李知宇+楊丹
收稿日期:20131017
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(51077044);湖南省自然科學(xué)基金重點(diǎn)資助項(xiàng)目(12JJ2034)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:張志文(1963-),男,湖南長(zhǎng)沙人,湖南大學(xué)教授,博士生導(dǎo)師
通訊聯(lián)系人,Email:hdzzw@126.com
摘要:針對(duì)目前電氣化鐵道AT或直供系統(tǒng)中普遍存在的負(fù)序、諧波和功率因數(shù)低等電能質(zhì)量問(wèn)題,提出了一種基于YN_接線平衡變壓器的電氣化鐵道電能質(zhì)量綜合治理系統(tǒng).該系統(tǒng)充分挖掘了YN_型牽引變壓器二次側(cè)可帶三相系統(tǒng)的潛能,在無(wú)需降壓變壓器的情況下,實(shí)現(xiàn)了三相全橋型有源功率調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)和主牽引變壓器的融合.給出了該系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成方式,分析了該系統(tǒng)補(bǔ)償負(fù)序、諧波和無(wú)功的基本原理,提出了電流檢測(cè)和控制方法.根據(jù)實(shí)際變電站參數(shù)和實(shí)測(cè)牽引負(fù)荷數(shù)據(jù)建立了該系統(tǒng)的仿真模型.仿真結(jié)果表明所提系統(tǒng)具有良好的負(fù)序、諧波和無(wú)功補(bǔ)償性能.
關(guān)鍵詞:負(fù)序;諧波;平衡變壓器;電氣化鐵道;電能質(zhì)量治理
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TM401 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
A Comprehensive Improvement System for Electric Railway
Power Quality Based on YN_ Balance Transformer
ZHANG Zhiwen,CHEN Mingfei, XU Jiazhu,HU Sijia,LI Zhiyu,YANG Dan
(College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan Univ, Changsha, Hunan410082,China)
Abstract:A novel power quality conditioning system based on the YN_ balance transformer to improve the power quality, such as negative sequence, harmonic and lower power factor in electric railways with AT or direct power supply, was proposed. The system fully uses the potential of the traction transformer secondary side with threephase system, and it integrates the threephase fullbridge active power regulation system with the main transformer omitting stepdown transformer. The composition method of the system, the principle of the compensation of the negative sequence and harmonic and reactive power were described. The current detection and control methods were also proposed. According to the actual parameter and measured data in a substation, a system simulation model was built. The results indicate that the proposed system has excellent performance in the compensation of the negative sequence, harmonic and reactive power.
Key words:negative sequence; harmonic; balance transformer; electric railway; power quality improvement
鐵路運(yùn)輸是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的大動(dòng)脈,其快速發(fā)展將給經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)強(qiáng)勁動(dòng)力和可靠保障.隨著電氣化鐵道的建設(shè)朝著重載貨運(yùn)和高速客運(yùn)方向發(fā)展,牽引機(jī)車(chē)的功率不斷增大,列車(chē)追蹤間隔進(jìn)一步減小,電氣化鐵道所引起的電能質(zhì)量問(wèn)題發(fā)生了一些變化.對(duì)于韶山型機(jī)車(chē)和動(dòng)車(chē)組混跑的線路,其負(fù)序、諧波和功率因數(shù)低仍然是比較嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題,而對(duì)于高鐵專(zhuān)線,其主要問(wèn)題是負(fù)序問(wèn)題.這些問(wèn)題給牽引供電系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展帶來(lái)挑戰(zhàn),引起了國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注[1-3].
考慮到成本因素,牽引變電所高壓側(cè)三相進(jìn)線采用相序輪換技術(shù)是抑制負(fù)序最傳統(tǒng)的方法[4].但牽引網(wǎng)一旦建成相序無(wú)法再變更,缺乏靈活性是其主要缺點(diǎn).另一種方法是采用平衡變壓器.平衡變壓器是一種在電氣化鐵道牽引供電系統(tǒng)中廣泛使用的特種變壓器,它主要將三相制公共電力系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)變成兩相制牽引供電系統(tǒng),能完全消除一次側(cè)的零序電流,并具有一定的負(fù)序抑制能力,但該能力受到牽引負(fù)荷波動(dòng)影響較大,負(fù)荷越不平衡其抑制負(fù)序的能力越差,故難以完全消除負(fù)序?qū)﹄娏ο到y(tǒng)的影響.對(duì)于諧波和無(wú)功,則采用LC無(wú)源濾波器,兼做無(wú)功補(bǔ)償.
針對(duì)上述無(wú)源治理方法的缺點(diǎn),多種有源治理方法彌補(bǔ)了無(wú)源治理方法的不足.在眾多有源治理方法中,鐵路功率調(diào)節(jié)器(railway power conditioner,RPC)[5-7]無(wú)疑是其中最成功的.它通過(guò)對(duì)兩相基波有功負(fù)荷進(jìn)行重新分配,并獨(dú)立補(bǔ)償各相的諧波和無(wú)功,能成功實(shí)現(xiàn)牽引變電站的負(fù)序、諧波和無(wú)功的綜合治理,并被部分牽引變電所采用、投入運(yùn)行[8-9].但該系統(tǒng)由于采用了背靠背單相全橋型逆變器拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),其逆變器最高輸出電壓等于其直流側(cè)電壓,且共需8組功率器件,其直流電壓利用率有進(jìn)一步提高的空間,功率器件的數(shù)目也可進(jìn)一步減少.另一些背靠背結(jié)構(gòu)的有源和無(wú)源混合型鐵路功率調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)[10]也存在類(lèi)似的問(wèn)題.鑒于此,2004年,Sun等[11]提出了有源電能質(zhì)量補(bǔ)償器(active power quality compensator,APQC)系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)成功將三相全橋型有源系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用在電氣化鐵道的電能質(zhì)量綜合治理中,減少了功率器件的使用,同時(shí)也提高了直流電壓的利用率,但是該系統(tǒng)需要一臺(tái)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的SCOTT變壓器將主變和有源系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行匹配,這將大大增加系統(tǒng)的投資成本,同時(shí)也降低了整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的可靠性.
為彌補(bǔ)上述各系統(tǒng)存在的不足,本文提出了一種基于YN_接線平衡變壓器[12]的電氣化鐵道負(fù)序和諧波綜合治理系統(tǒng). 該系統(tǒng)充分利用了YN_平衡變壓器三相變?nèi)嗟臐撃?由于從YN_二次側(cè)a,c,b三抽頭引出的電力系統(tǒng)三相對(duì)稱(chēng),故整個(gè)系統(tǒng)中三相全橋型有源系統(tǒng)可直接與主變進(jìn)行連接.與APQC相比,整個(gè)有源部分的電壓等級(jí)可以調(diào)節(jié).由于省掉了降壓耦合變壓器,其投資將有較大降低,可靠性也將得到提高.此外,由于YN_二次側(cè)兩相系統(tǒng)完全獨(dú)立,適用于電氣化鐵道的AT或直接供電方式.且兩相可以做不等容設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)于兩相負(fù)載容量長(zhǎng)期不同的牽引供電所來(lái)說(shuō),可以大大降低牽引變電站的運(yùn)營(yíng)成本.
1系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成方式
基于YN_接線平衡變壓器的電氣化鐵道負(fù)序和諧波綜合治理系統(tǒng)如圖1所示.該系統(tǒng)由一臺(tái)YN_平衡變壓器和三相全橋有源功率調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)組成,其中變壓器可作為牽引變電站的主牽引變壓器,既可以聯(lián)接鐵道的兩相負(fù)載,也可以用于牽引變電站內(nèi)部三相電源的供電.其中三相全橋有源功率調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)作為治理整個(gè)牽引變電站負(fù)序、諧波和無(wú)功的綜合治理裝置.主變壓器的三相負(fù)載端的電壓等級(jí)可以靈活進(jìn)行設(shè)置,既可以滿(mǎn)足三相負(fù)載端的要求,也可以達(dá)到降低有源系統(tǒng)部分電壓等級(jí)的要求,從而達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)性和可靠性的平衡.
2系統(tǒng)補(bǔ)償原理
2.1YN_平衡變壓器基本結(jié)構(gòu)
YN_平衡變壓器是一種基于國(guó)內(nèi)外各種平衡變壓器而提出來(lái)的新型的平衡變壓器,此種變壓器的綜合材料利用率達(dá)到90.2%,既可以同時(shí)接兩相負(fù)載又可以同時(shí)接三相負(fù)載,兩相負(fù)載還可以做不等容量設(shè)計(jì),在整個(gè)變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)中需要滿(mǎn)足如下繞組關(guān)系:
WA/Wa1=Wc/Wc1=K1,
WA/Wa2=Wc/Wc2=K2,
WB/Wb1=K2/2,
WA/Wa3=WB/Wb2=Wc/Wc3=K3.(1)
其中有3/K2+1/(3K3)=1/K1.
該型變壓器滿(mǎn)足繞組關(guān)系的同時(shí)要滿(mǎn)足低壓側(cè)三角形回路等值阻抗值相等.且兩相短路時(shí),從高壓側(cè)觀測(cè)的三相等值阻抗值相等,即滿(mǎn)足:
Za3=Zc3=Zb2.(2)
2.2負(fù)序、諧波和無(wú)功補(bǔ)償原理
當(dāng)變壓器只接有兩相機(jī)車(chē)負(fù)載時(shí),一次側(cè)電流和二次側(cè)電流之間的關(guān)系為:
利用基爾霍夫電流定律(KCL)和磁勢(shì)平衡原理可得電流關(guān)系式為:
若利用此變壓器作為牽引供電所變壓器,對(duì)于兩相負(fù)載側(cè)接入負(fù)載,三相負(fù)載側(cè)接入三相全橋功率調(diào)節(jié)裝置,利用疊加定理,得
對(duì)兩相負(fù)載側(cè)的電流可以分解為基波有功分量和諧波無(wú)功分量,可以表示為:
式中:αp,βp為基波有功分量;*α,*β分別為基波無(wú)功分量和諧波分量之和.相量圖如圖3所示.
則一次側(cè)電流中只含有基波的有功分量,一次側(cè)電流中的諧波和無(wú)功分量被完全消除.此時(shí)一次側(cè)電流滿(mǎn)足:
只需調(diào)節(jié)三相負(fù)載端電流的大小便可以消除一次側(cè)的負(fù)序、諧波和無(wú)功分量,從而達(dá)到治理電氣化鐵道負(fù)序和諧波問(wèn)題.
3綜合控制系統(tǒng)
3.1檢測(cè)部分
對(duì)于兩相供電臂電壓相位相差90°的諧波、無(wú)功和負(fù)序電流的檢測(cè)方法,本文采用文獻(xiàn)[13-14]中的檢測(cè)方法.該方法可以在電壓波形畸變的情況下檢測(cè)到電流中的諧波、無(wú)功和負(fù)序電流的分量,并將直流側(cè)電容電壓的控制輸出疊加到檢測(cè)環(huán)節(jié)中.當(dāng)直流側(cè)電容電壓沒(méi)有穩(wěn)定時(shí),整個(gè)有源系統(tǒng)工作于整流狀態(tài),對(duì)電容進(jìn)行充電,當(dāng)直流側(cè)電壓穩(wěn)定時(shí),系統(tǒng)工作于逆變狀態(tài).其電流檢測(cè)原理如圖4所示.
α,β相負(fù)載電流的傅里葉分解表達(dá)式為:式中:Iαp,Iβp為基波的有功分量;Iαq,Iβq為基波的無(wú)功分量;∑ωk=2iαk,∑ωk=2iβ k為諧波分量.將式(13)中iα(t),iβ(t)分別乘以電壓相位的同步值sinωt,cosωt,再將iα(t)sinωt,iβ(t)cosωt相加,經(jīng)過(guò)低通濾波器之后可以得到α,β相基波電流的平均值:
G=(Iαp+Iβp). (14)
再將G分別與sinωt,cosωt相乘,即可得到α,β相電流的理想平衡值.此理想值不含有諧波分量和無(wú)功分量,并且有效值大小相同,將實(shí)際電流值與理想電流值相減,便可以得到所需補(bǔ)償?shù)碾娏髦礽*α(t)和i*β(t):
i*α=iα(t)-(Iαp+Iβp)sin ωt,
i*β=iβ(t)-(Iαp+Iβp)cos ωt.(15)
3.2控制部分
根據(jù)圖1給出的系統(tǒng)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),并運(yùn)用基于瞬時(shí)無(wú)功功率的檢測(cè)方法來(lái)進(jìn)行諧波、負(fù)序和無(wú)功電流的檢測(cè),并采取動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)速度快、魯棒性好的滯環(huán)控制進(jìn)行整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的控制.控制框圖如圖5所示.
4仿真驗(yàn)證
結(jié)合某一實(shí)際采用YN_接線平衡變壓器的牽引供電站的系統(tǒng)參數(shù),本文利用Matlab/simulink仿真軟件搭建了該系統(tǒng)的仿真模型.兩相負(fù)載側(cè)輸出電壓等級(jí)為27.5 kV,三相負(fù)載側(cè)輸出電壓等級(jí)為10 kV,負(fù)載選用一組實(shí)測(cè)的負(fù)載數(shù)據(jù),實(shí)測(cè)所選用的測(cè)量?jī)x器為日置3198電能質(zhì)量分析儀.
兩相負(fù)載分別選用重載機(jī)車(chē)和輕載機(jī)車(chē),具體數(shù)據(jù)如表1所示.表2為系統(tǒng)仿真參數(shù).由表1可知,α相負(fù)載機(jī)車(chē)少,β相負(fù)載機(jī)車(chē)多,整個(gè)兩相負(fù)載功率相差大,主要用于模擬負(fù)序電流較為嚴(yán)重的工況.仿真模型在0.1 s時(shí)投入三相全橋功率調(diào)節(jié)器,并在0.6 s切除α相負(fù)載.以此來(lái)驗(yàn)證整個(gè)系統(tǒng)在定負(fù)荷及負(fù)載波動(dòng)條件下系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)性能.
圖6為負(fù)載實(shí)測(cè)波形和仿真波形對(duì)比圖.圖6(a)的上圖為實(shí)測(cè)電壓波形,下圖為實(shí)測(cè)電流波形.圖6(b)和(c)分別為仿真的電壓和電流波形.由圖6可知,仿真波形與實(shí)測(cè)波形較為吻合.圖7為仿真波形對(duì)比圖.
圖7(a)給出了牽引變壓器一次側(cè)的電流波形,0.1 s前后的電流波形充分說(shuō)明了,采用三相全橋功率調(diào)節(jié)器前后,三相負(fù)載電流基本對(duì)稱(chēng),一次電流畸變率由7.9%,3.0%,9.3%分別下降為2.0%,1.9%,1.9%.圖7(b)給出了系統(tǒng)采用三相全橋功率調(diào)節(jié)器前后的電流不平衡情況,不平衡度ε由0.63下降為0.01,結(jié)果表明電流不平衡度得到有效改善.圖7(c)給出了一次側(cè)三相的功率因數(shù)λ,一次側(cè)A,B,C三相的功率因數(shù)分別0.97,0.89,0.43提升接近為1.圖7(d)給出了系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行過(guò)程中直流側(cè)電壓的變化情況,結(jié)果說(shuō)明該系統(tǒng)具有良好的動(dòng)態(tài)性能.
5結(jié)論
本文針對(duì)基于YN_平衡變壓器的電氣化鐵道牽引變電站,提出了一種采用三相全橋功率調(diào)節(jié)器的電氣化鐵道電能質(zhì)量綜合治理系統(tǒng),分析了該系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成及綜合補(bǔ)償原理,詳細(xì)分析了電流檢測(cè)及控制算法,并結(jié)合某牽引變電站實(shí)測(cè)負(fù)荷數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了仿真分析,仿真結(jié)果表明該系統(tǒng)能有效抑制牽引變電站一次側(cè)的負(fù)序和諧波電流,提高其受電端功率因數(shù).
本系統(tǒng)充分挖掘了YN_平衡變壓器和三相全橋型功率調(diào)節(jié)器的潛能,利用YN_平衡變壓器二次側(cè)三相系統(tǒng)的對(duì)稱(chēng)性實(shí)現(xiàn)了三相全橋型變流器與主牽引變壓器的結(jié)合,并成功對(duì)牽引變電站的負(fù)序、諧波和無(wú)功進(jìn)行了綜合治理.由于該系統(tǒng)的三相全橋功率調(diào)節(jié)器的端電壓可以在設(shè)計(jì)變壓器的時(shí)候調(diào)節(jié),而主變的阻抗匹配條件又較我國(guó)廣泛使用的阻抗匹配平衡變壓器[15]匹配條件更加具有靈活性,且在獲得更高的直流側(cè)電壓功利用率的前提下,功率器件的數(shù)量也較少,因此,該系統(tǒng)在獲得相同治理效果的條件將更具成本優(yōu)勢(shì),運(yùn)行可靠性高,是一種具有較高綜合性能的電氣化鐵道負(fù)序與諧波綜合治理系統(tǒng),工程應(yīng)用前景廣闊.
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[9]HORITA Y,MORISHIMA N, KAI M,et al.Singlephase statcom for feeding system of tokaido shinkansen[C]//International Power Electronics Conference.TOSHIBA,Japan,2010:2165-2170.
[10]朱紅萍,羅隆福.新型電氣化鐵道電能質(zhì)量綜合治理裝置[J].電力自動(dòng)化設(shè)備,2011,31(7):72-76.
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ZHOU Youqing,LIU Guangye,LIU Xiangtao.Study of a new Y>- connected balance transformer[J].Proceeding of the CSEE,1998,18(5):364-367.(In Chinese)
[13]KIM H,BLAABJERG F,BAKJENSEN B.Spectral analysis of instantaneous powers in singlephase and threephase systems with use of pqr theory[J].IEEE Trans on Power Electronics,2002,17(5):711-720.
[14]孫卓,姜新建,朱東起.電氣化鐵道中諧波、無(wú)功、負(fù)序電流的實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)新方法[J].電力系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)化,2003,27(15):53-57.
SUN Zhuo,JIANG Xinjian,ZHU Dongqi.Detecting methods of reactive power,harmonic and negative sequence current in electrified railway systems[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2003,27(15):53-57.(In Chinese)
[15]張志文,王耀南,劉福生,等.多功能平衡牽引變壓器運(yùn)行方式研究[J].中國(guó)電機(jī)工程學(xué)報(bào),2004,24(4):125-132.
ZHANG Zhiwen,WANG Yaonan,LIU Fusheng,et al.Study on operational mode of multifunction balance traction transformer[J].Proceeding of the CSEE,2004,24(4):125-132.(In Chinese)