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結(jié)締組織病相關(guān)肺間質(zhì)病變的血清生物標志物研究進展

2014-09-20 06:17:24石桂秀
實用醫(yī)院臨床雜志 2014年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:皮肌炎趨化因子胞外基質(zhì)

殷 培,石桂秀

(1.四川大學華西臨床醫(yī)學院2011級碩士研究生,四川 成都 610041;2.廈門大學附屬第一醫(yī)院風濕免疫科,福建 廈門 361003)

肺間質(zhì)病變(interstitial lung disease,ILD)是由多種原因引起的肺間質(zhì)炎癥性疾病,是炎癥、組織損傷和試圖修復等綜合因素作用的結(jié)果。表現(xiàn)為呼吸困難,限制性通氣障礙,一氧化碳彌散量降低等,嚴重影響患者生活質(zhì)量。ILD目前尚缺乏良好的治療手段,其中位生存期只有2~3年[1]。根據(jù)病因明確或不明確,一般將ILD分為非特發(fā)性ILD和特發(fā)性ILD[2]。在明確病因的ILD中,結(jié)締組織病(connective tissue disease,CTD)是引起 ILD 的重要原因[3]。CTD是一組以自身免疫異常造成多器官系統(tǒng)損傷為特征的疾病,而這其中就包括呼吸系統(tǒng)。多種CTD均可以引起ILD,包括:類風濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、硬皮病、原發(fā)性干燥綜合癥、多發(fā)性肌炎/皮肌炎、抗合成酶綜合征、混合性CTD和未分化的CTD等。這些疾病在呼吸道的不同組成部分都有著不同的發(fā)病率和患病率的風險[4,5](表1)。在病理組織學檢查中,CTD-ILD有著各種不同的分型,包括普通型間質(zhì)性肺炎(usual interstitial pneumonia,UIP)、非特異性間質(zhì)性肺炎(nonspecific interstitial pneumonia,NSIP)、彌漫性肺泡損傷(diffuse alveolar damage,DAD)、閉塞性細支氣管炎機化性肺炎(bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia,BOOP)、淋巴細胞性間質(zhì)性肺炎(lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia,LIP)等[5]。不同的病理亞型,其病程、治療效果、預后皆不盡相同。

CTD-ILD是結(jié)締組織疾病的重要并發(fā)癥,也是肺間質(zhì)病變的重要病因。CTD-ILD呈現(xiàn)了很高的發(fā)病率。一項回顧性研究中,經(jīng)2.1年的隨訪后,114例ILD患者中近1/3可確診為CTD-ILD[6]。而西班牙的一項研究則顯示176例患者中有41.4%患者確診CTD-ILD[7]。CTD-ILD的發(fā)病率可能遠高于目前觀點,有流行病學研究認為“亞臨床”ILD更為常見,約發(fā)生在40%的CTD中,而這一階段可能是CTD-ILD的可治療階段[8]。CTD-ILD是一組發(fā)病率高、預后差的疾病[9],早期干預可以及時控制炎癥,修復已經(jīng)受損的肺泡間質(zhì)。若炎癥反應持續(xù),組織損傷及結(jié)構(gòu)改變持續(xù)發(fā)展,則會使受損肺泡壁廣泛破壞、功能性肺泡毛細血管單元喪失,膠原性疤痕組織聚集,造成不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的組織破壞[3,10]。因此早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療CTD-ILD對改善患者預后有重要影響[4,11,12]。

表1 常見CTD伴發(fā)ILD的頻率

然而,CTD-ILD的診斷很復雜,懷疑肺部受損的患者需全面評估職業(yè)史、肺部癥狀、肺外表現(xiàn)有關(guān)的環(huán)境因素等才能做出相關(guān)判斷。目前診斷CTD-ILD主要依靠高分辨率CT(high-resolution computed tomography,HRCT)和肺活檢。HRCT檢測昂貴,肺活檢為有創(chuàng)檢查。因判斷手法的單一,和患者對放射性檢查及有創(chuàng)檢查的接受度低等原因,常因漏診、誤診而耽誤治療時機。甚至有時進行了多種檢查后仍不能確診CTD-ILD[13],因此尋找簡便、易行、可靠的早期診斷方法成為目前該領(lǐng)域研究的熱點。檢測相關(guān)血清生物標志物簡單易行,本文對目前相關(guān)研究進行綜述。

1 基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶組織抑制因子(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinasas,TIMPs)

1.1 MMPsMMPs是降解細胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)組成部分的關(guān)鍵酶,與結(jié)締組織重塑有關(guān)[14]。MMP-1是一種間質(zhì)膠原酶,主要定位于肺泡上皮細胞,可以裂解堆積的Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型纖維膠原分子,有抗纖維化的作用。最近有研究證明,MMP-1通過結(jié)合人角質(zhì)形成細胞和單核細胞的細胞膜上β1整合素調(diào)節(jié)遷徙活動[15]。在類風濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(Rheumatoid arthritis,RA)合并急性起病彌漫性ILD(acute-onsetdiffuse interstitiallung disease,AoDILD)患者中,MMP1血清表達水平顯著增加[16]。在RA患者中,MMP-3血清水平被認為與關(guān)節(jié)損害密切相關(guān),是系統(tǒng)性炎癥的標志物,也是引起細胞外基質(zhì)降解及最終導致軟骨、韌帶及骨破壞的最重要的蛋白酶[17]。在RA-AoDILD患者中,MMP-3血清水平明顯降低,MMP-3/MMP-1的比值降低[16]。MMP-7又稱溶素(matrilysin),是針對廣泛的細胞外基質(zhì)蛋白的金屬蛋白酶,被認為在ILD中高表達。在硬皮病(scleroderma,SSc)合并肺纖維化的患者中,血清MMP-7表達較高,并與肺彌散水平低相關(guān)[18,19]。MMP-9 又稱明膠酶 B(gelatinase B),與慢性炎癥性自身免疫性疾病相關(guān),與健康對照組相比較,系統(tǒng)性硬化癥合并肺間質(zhì)病變(SSc-ILD)患者的支氣管肺泡灌洗液中MMP-9含量明顯增加[20],在血清中的表達水平有待進一步證實。MMP-12又稱巨噬細胞彈性蛋白酶(macrophage elastase),主要由巨噬細胞以酶原方式分泌,可降解多種細胞外基質(zhì),彈性蛋白是其主要底物。在SSc-ILD的患者,MMP-12血循環(huán)水平增加,并與肺纖維化嚴重程度相關(guān)[21]。

1.2 TIMPsTIMPs是MMPs抑制劑,兩者之間的平衡可以改建細胞外基質(zhì)和維護基底膜完整。TIMP-1水平已被證明與SSc-ILD的存在相關(guān),與彌散水平微弱負相關(guān)[22]。在 RA-AoDILD時,血清TIMP-2降低,TIMP-1、TIMP-3升高[16]。在 RA-ILD,血清MMP-9/TIMP-1比值降低可以反映肺組織病理變化的嚴重程度[23],在SSc-ILD患者肺泡灌洗液中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了相似的結(jié)論[20]。

2 趨化因子CCL家族和CXCL家族

白細胞炎癥趨化因子根據(jù)其開端兩個半胱氨酸殘基的位置不同分為CCL[Chemokine(C-C motif)ligand]和 CXCL[Chemokine(C-X-C motif)ligand],兩者都可結(jié)合于白細胞表面表達的受體。

2.1 趨化因子CCL家族 ①趨化因子2(CCL2):在一項隨訪期3年的研究中,血清CCL2變化與肺活量(vital capacity,VC)的變化密切相關(guān),但是此項研究中肺功能下降的患者人數(shù)并不多,可能對結(jié)果造成一定影響[24]。在另一項研究中,支氣管肺泡灌洗液CCL2濃度與SSc患者是否合并ILD、肺功能參數(shù)、CT 評分相關(guān)[25]。②趨化因子 18(CCL18):CCL18又稱為肺活化調(diào)節(jié)的趨化因子(pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine,PARC),主要由Th2型細胞因子激活,由肺泡巨噬細胞產(chǎn)生,作為多種單核細胞的趨化因子在肺中高水平表達。有研究表明 SSc-ILD患者血清 CCL18水平增加[26]。在Kodera等人的研究中,SSc-ILD患者血清CCL18水平與ILD活動度相關(guān),并可能比KL-6(Krebs vonden lungen-6)或 SP-D(Surfactant protein D)與 SSc-ILD的關(guān)聯(lián)更為緊密[27]。Tiev等人的超過4年的前瞻性隊列研究中,血清CCL18水平可以獨立預測SSc-ILD惡化[28]。③趨化因子24(CCL24):CCL24即嗜酸粒細胞趨化因子2(Eotaxin-2)或髓系造血細胞抑制因子2(myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 2,MPIF-2)。CCL24是靜止T淋巴細胞、嗜酸性粒細胞活化的趨化因子。它具有較低的中性粒細胞的趨化活性,但在單核細胞和活化的淋巴細胞沒有趨化活性。在RA-AoDILD患者中,CCL24血清水平明顯降低[16]。

2.2 CXCL家族 ①CXCL9及CXCL10:在肌炎相關(guān)的ILD患者血清中CXCL9及CXCL10水平升高[29]。CXCL10血清水平升高可見于各種自身免疫性疾病,并顯示出較強的Th1型淋巴細胞趨化活性[29]。SSc合并ILD與那些不合并ILD或正常對照組相比,CXCL10血清水平顯著增加[30]。然而這一結(jié)論尚有爭議。最近一項回顧性的縱向研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SSc患者的CXCL10血清水平隨著時間的推移并沒有與肺功能的變化相關(guān)[24]。②CXCL12又稱基質(zhì)細胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1)。CXCL12及其受體CXCR4的表達是在組織修復中招募內(nèi)皮祖細胞的至關(guān)重要的一環(huán)。循環(huán)CXCR4+祖細胞已被觀察到與皮膚和肺受累的相關(guān)性[31],研究表明在SSC-ILD患者肺組織中CXCL12及其受體CXCR4表達存在并升高[32]。

3 白細胞介素(interleukin,IL)家族

有研究認為血清白細胞介素-6(IL-6)是可以預測SSc-ILD早期肺功能下降和死亡率的指標[33]。在RA-AoDILD患者中,IL-2Rα、IL-1受體拮抗劑顯著增加[16]。IL-22與 SSc-ILD的關(guān)系尚不十分明確,有待進一步確認[34]。

4 肺泡上皮蛋白

4.1 血清表面活性蛋白A(Surfactant protein A,SP-A)和D(SP-D)SP-A和SP-D由II型肺泡上皮細胞產(chǎn)生。研究表明SSc肺纖維化患者血清SPA 和 SP-D 明顯高于無纖維化患者[35,36],并且 SP-D具有很高的敏感性[37]。一項前瞻性小規(guī)模研究顯示,SSC-ILD患者SP-D血清水平會隨著時間的推移而增加[36]。而另一項小樣本研究中,SSC-ILD患者SP-D 水平下降或穩(wěn)定[37]。

4.2 糖蛋白Krebs vonden lungen-6(KL-6)KL-6是一種高分子量的粘蛋白樣糖蛋白,由Ⅱ型肺泡上皮細胞和支氣管上皮細胞強烈表達,可以加重細胞的損傷或再生。此外,KL-6已被證明有對肺成纖維細胞纖維化和抗細胞凋亡的作用,可能在SSc-ILD發(fā)病中發(fā)揮作用[38]。相比單發(fā)SSc患者,SSc肺纖維化患者KL-6血清水平明顯升高,并與VC和肺一氧化碳彌散量(DLco)水平呈負相關(guān)[37,39]。KL-6 血清水平在SSc-ILD更具特異性[37]。博內(nèi)拉等人研究表明KL-6可作為CTD-ILD及反應其活動性的血清標志物[40]。在皮肌炎/多發(fā)性肌炎合并ILD患者,KL-6 血清水平也有升高[41,42]。

5 骨橋蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)

OPN(也被稱為Eta-1)是由包括破骨細胞、T細胞、巨噬細胞、樹突狀細胞、成纖維細胞等多種細胞分泌的促炎性細胞因子,屬于粘附分子整合素家族[43]。OPN在肺泡炎癥時表達升高,在纖維化炎癥浸潤消退階段達到頂峰[44],參與 RA、SSc 發(fā)?。?5,46]。有研究表明在 RA-AoDILD 患者中,OPN血清水平顯著增加[16]。

6 中性粒細胞彈性蛋白酶(neutrophil Elastase,NE)

多形核嗜中性白細胞(polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte,PMN)彈性蛋白酶是一種絲氨酸蛋白酶,可以調(diào)節(jié)細胞外基質(zhì)的形成,對繼發(fā)肺損傷進行重塑。Hara等研究指出,SSC-ILD患者血清PMN彈性蛋白酶水平顯著增加,并與SP-D和KL-6相關(guān)[47]。

7 氧化應激標志物

8-異前列腺素作為脂質(zhì)過氧化的標記,其血清水平在 SSC-ILD升高,和肺活量及 DLco呈負相關(guān)[48]。

8 抗Jo-1及抗CADM-140(Anti-clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis-140)

在皮肌炎/多肌炎患者,最強的ILD預測因子是指向氨酰tRNA合成酶的自身抗體抗Jo-1[29,49]。抗CADM-140在皮肌炎,特別是無肌病皮肌炎出現(xiàn),對合并 ILD 有著重要的預測意義[50,51]。Anti-CADM-140/MDA5(melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5,MDA5)抗體滴度可以預測迅速進展的皮肌炎合并 ILD 患者[52,53]。另外,有研究證實,轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子 β1(Transforming growth factorβ1,TGF-β1)、結(jié)締組織生長因子(Connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)、糖蛋白YKL-40、幾丁質(zhì)酶CHIT1、單核細胞趨化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)、熱休克蛋白-90(heat-shock protein-90,Hsp90)、瓜氨酸 α和瓜氨酸β、胰島素受體-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)、內(nèi)皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)、早期生長反應基因-1(Early growth response protein 1,Egr-1)等與CTD-ILD發(fā)病機制可能相關(guān),是否可成為血清學標志還有待進一步研究[3]。

盡管目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多CTD-ILD相關(guān)的標記物,但正如上文提到的,仍有許多與CTD-ILD發(fā)病機制相關(guān)的血清指標未納入研究范疇。且目前研究均為小樣本和單個實驗室的研究,未能得到大規(guī)模研究及臨床證實。目前對于CTD-ILD的研究集中在硬皮病、肌炎、類風濕關(guān)節(jié)炎合并肺間質(zhì)病變中,對于系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、原發(fā)性干燥綜合癥等其他結(jié)締組織病研究不足。相信隨著新的生物標記物的發(fā)現(xiàn),和進一步大樣本多中心的研究,必將給CTD-ILD患者的治療和預后提供有力的實驗支持。

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