郝曉鳴 楊大江 江波
【摘要】 目的:探討根管封閉劑iRoot SP及AH Plus對牙根抗折強度的影響。方法:選取45顆符合標準的下頜前磨牙,經(jīng)根管預(yù)備后隨機數(shù)字表法分為三組,實驗組A使用iRoot SP+牙膠尖,組B使用AH Plus+牙膠尖,對照組C不使用根管封閉劑直接使用牙膠尖,三組均行熱牙膠垂直加壓充填法充填根管。將標本用萬能實驗機垂直加載直至標本發(fā)生折裂,記錄牙根折裂時的抗壓載荷。結(jié)果:實驗組A和B的平均抗壓載荷值分別為(236.04±34.67)N、(228.55±41.86)N,對照組C為(172.93±12.37)N,實驗組與對照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);實驗組之間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:根管封閉劑iRoot SP與AH P1us均能夠提高牙根抗壓載荷,兩種封閉劑對牙根抗壓載荷的影響短期內(nèi)無明顯差別。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 根管封閉劑; iRoot SP; AH Plus; 抗折強度
【Abstract】 Objective: To compare the fracture resistance of roots filled with gutta percha (GP) and different root canal sealers. Method: Forty-five human maxillary premolars match our standards were instrumented and randomly divided into Group A and B, and Group C. Group A was filled with an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus) and GP, Group B was filled with a calcium silicate-based sealer (iRoot SP) and GP, Group C was filled with GP only. All the groups were filled with vertical compaction technique. Compressive loading was carried out using a universal testing machine until fracture occurred, the force required to fracture was measured in Newtons. Result: The mean fracture load values of Groups A and B was (236.04±34.67)N, (228.55±41.86)N, Groups C(185.93±12.37)N, there were no significant differences in fracture strength between Group A and B (P>0.05), which the results were significantly superior to Group C (P<0.05). Conclusion: All the root canal sealers used in the present study increased the fracture resistance of instrumented root canals, there is no difference in root strength between them.
【Key words】 Root canal sealer; iRoot SP; AH Plus; Fracture resistance
First-authors address: Shenzhen Shekou Peoples Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.22.010
iRoot SP是最近被引入牙體牙髓專業(yè)的新型生物陶瓷材料,主要用作根管封閉劑和側(cè)穿修補。此類型生物陶瓷材料用作根管封閉劑已被證實具有良好的密閉性、化學穩(wěn)定性、生物相容性、抗菌活性、X線阻射性和堿性pH[1]。目前有關(guān)根管封閉劑iRoot SP對牙根抗折強度的影響方面的研究較少,本實驗以人離體單根管下頜前磨牙為研究對象,比較iRoot SP+牙膠尖及樹脂型根管封閉劑AH Plus+牙膠尖配合熱牙膠垂直加壓充填法充填根管后牙根抗壓載荷值的變化,探討其對牙根抗折強度的影響。
1 材料與方法
1.1 標本的制備和分組 選擇近期正畸需求拔除的下頜前磨牙45例,實驗標本的納入標準為:(1)經(jīng)近遠中向及頰舌向X線片檢測為單根管且未作過牙髓治療;(2)根尖孔已發(fā)育完全,患者年齡為l8~25歲;(3)牙體完整,無齲壞,無隱裂;(4)解剖牙根長度為12~14 mm,牙頸部頰舌徑為4~6 mm,牙頸部近遠中徑3~5 mm;(5)根管通暢;(6)采用Schneider法測定根管彎曲度θ,要求θ<20°[2]。去除附著的結(jié)石及牙周組織,常規(guī)開髓拔髓,置于含生理鹽水中常溫儲存。
將符合標準的離體牙從釉質(zhì)牙本質(zhì)界截斷去冠,保留牙根;用游標卡尺測量牙根的根長,頰舌徑,近遠中徑。用隨機數(shù)字表法將實驗標本分成三組,每組15顆。使用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計學軟件對每一組標本的根長,近遠中徑和頰舌徑進行統(tǒng)計分析。若分析結(jié)果顯示三組間根長、近遠中徑和頰舌徑的差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,則行進下一步實驗;否則,重新分組。三組的根長和頸部頰舌徑、近遠中徑比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 根管預(yù)備 三組標本采用機用ProTaper鎳鈦器械(Dentsply,瑞士)通過冠下法行根管預(yù)備至F2(工作長度設(shè)定為距離根尖1 mm)。預(yù)備時輔助使用格蘭凝膠,每換用器械時均用1 mL質(zhì)量分數(shù)5.25%次氯酸鈉溶液沖洗根管,預(yù)備完畢后5 mL生理鹽水沖洗,最后紙尖干燥根管。endprint
1.3 根管充填 三組樣本經(jīng)根管充填處理后,用光固化復合樹脂材料封閉根管口,三組拍攝頰舌向及近遠中向X線片以檢查牙根根管充填的質(zhì)量,合格樣本置于100%濕度、37 ℃孵箱中保存1周,使糊劑徹底固化。
1.3.1 實驗組A 使用iRoot SP(Innovative BioCreamix Inc,Vancouver,加拿大)根管封閉劑加連續(xù)波充填技術(shù)充填根管。采用BL熱牙膠系統(tǒng)進行根管充填。首先選擇比工作長度短5 mm且無約束力的α機工作尖,然后選擇0.06錐度的主牙膠尖,尖端調(diào)整至距工作長度0.5 mm時回拉有阻力。將所選擇的主牙膠尖蘸取一定量的iRoot SP根管封閉劑放入根管內(nèi).機工作尖加壓加熱.進入根管內(nèi)距工作長度5 mm處,停留1 s,加壓加熱,迅速取出工作尖,用垂直加壓器加壓,β機回填至根管口2 mm。
1.3.2 實驗組B 使用AH plus (Dentsplv,瑞士)根管封閉劑加連續(xù)波充填技術(shù)充填根管。用AH plus根管封閉劑和與A組相同的充填方法充填根管。
1.3.3 對照組C 只充填牙膠尖,不加封閉劑。
1.4 抗折強度的測試 用厚約0.2 mm的橡皮膜包裹牙根,用丙烯酸樹脂包埋固定,暴露冠方2 mm長度的牙根,進行力學測試。將底部直徑為5 mm,頂角為45°的圓錐形加載頭固定于萬能實驗機(Instron,美國)上端,把實驗標本置于載物臺上,加壓頭垂直對準根管口處,然后加壓,加壓速度為1 mm/s,記錄牙根折裂力值。牙根折裂判斷:萬能實驗機顯示負荷力值突然大幅度下降,輔以聽到牙根折斷的聲響。力值大幅度下降前的最大值記為該牙的抗壓載荷,以此評價牙根的抗折強度。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學處理 使用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計軟件包進行分析,計量資料以(x±s)表示,均行正態(tài)分布檢驗,非正態(tài)分布計量資料進行正態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換,各組標本牙根長度、頸部頰舌向長度、近遠中向長度測量值和各組標本抗壓載荷值的比較分別采用單因素方差分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
實驗組A、B和對照組C標本平均抗壓載荷分別為(236.04±34.67)N、(228.55±41.86)N、(185.93±12.37)N,實驗組A與B平均抗壓載荷值均高于對照組C,比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),但組A與組B之間平均抗壓載荷值差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。
3 討論
經(jīng)根管治療后的牙齒較健康活牙更易發(fā)生牙根折裂。學者們認為,造成根管治療后的牙齒抗折強度降低的原因主要與根管預(yù)備導致的牙體大量丟失、過大的根管充填壓力、牙體脫水有關(guān)[3-4]。此外,牙髓治療藥物,如MTA、氫氧化鈣、次氯酸鈉溶液均可顯著降低牙本質(zhì)的抗折能力,增加牙本質(zhì)的脆性。Andreasen等[5]認為,氫氧化鈣因其呈堿性,可中和、溶解牙本質(zhì)中的酸性蛋白,并使膠原纖維變性,若以此長期充填根管有可能會降低牙本質(zhì)的抗折強度達到50%。White等[6]研究顯示,MTA、氫氧化鈣和次氯酸鈉包埋或浸泡牙齒5周后,牙齒抗折力分別降低33%、32%和59%,認為牙齒抗折力的降低可能與這些材料的強堿作用造成牙本質(zhì)基質(zhì)崩解有關(guān)。
牙膠尖作為牙髓病治療中標準固體根管充填材料,它與根管壁間無粘接性,常與根管封閉劑結(jié)合使用以提高根管的封閉性,根管封閉劑不但能夠填補牙膠尖之間的空隙,也能夠填補牙膠尖與根管壁之間的空隙[7]。AH P1us是新型環(huán)氧樹脂類根充糊劑,具有體積穩(wěn)定、流動性好、通過釋放低濃度的甲醛而抗菌等優(yōu)點,已被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床[8]。由于含有雙酚環(huán)氧樹脂,其黏接力強,體積收縮性小,熱膨脹系數(shù)與牙體組織接近,AH Plus糊劑含有聚硅氧烷油,可使充填材料具有流動性和滲透性,滲入彎曲、細小根管,側(cè)副根管及牙本質(zhì)小管,與牙膠一起充填能很好地封閉根管系統(tǒng)[9-11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,AH P1us組牙根平均抗壓載荷值顯著高于對照組(P<0.05),這與Top?uo?lu等[12]結(jié)果類似,筆者認為AH P1us封閉劑的滲透特性與根管壁之間形成機械扣鎖作用能夠提高根管充填材料的穩(wěn)定,因此增強根管牙本質(zhì)的抗折性能。
iRoot SP是一種新上市生物陶瓷材料不需要調(diào)制,直接注射,可以減少誤差,用于根管充填的封閉劑。主要由硅酸鈣、氧化鋯、氧化鉭、一價磷酸鈣、氫氧化鈣和填料組成。不溶于水,不含鋁,需水凝固和硬化。iRoot SP的固化反應(yīng)原理是,iRoot SP糊劑中的鈣硅酸鹽粉末水解生成硅酸鈣水合物凝膠和氫氧化鈣,氫氧化鈣離子與磷酸鹽反應(yīng)生成羥磷灰石和水。牙本質(zhì)中約含20%的水[13],這些水可以使iRoot SP發(fā)生凝固[14-15]。若根管過分干燥,凝固時間就會相對延長。在這里,包括筆者團隊的一些學者會疑問,iRoot SP 封閉劑凝固過程中吸收水分可能會導致牙根牙本質(zhì)水分喪失及過程產(chǎn)物氫氧化鈣造成根管內(nèi)堿性環(huán)境是否會降低牙根的抗折性呢?筆者的實驗結(jié)果顯示,iRoot SP組牙根平均抗壓載荷值顯著高于對照組(P<0.05)。這也許是因為它反應(yīng)過程中氫氧化鈣離子與磷酸鹽反應(yīng)生成羥磷灰石和水,消耗了部分氫氧化鈣離子,補償了水。而且新生成的羥磷灰石是一種無毒的骨修復和重建材料,而反應(yīng)生成的水繼續(xù)與鈣硅酸鹽反應(yīng)生成硅酸鈣水合物凝膠具有一定的生物活性,可以作為組織修復材料中的纖維增強組分。體外研究證明,iRoot SP在凝固反應(yīng)發(fā)生過程中可以產(chǎn)生羥基磷灰石,這些羥基磷灰石一方面與根管牙本質(zhì)形成牢固的化學結(jié)合,另一方面和牙膠尖結(jié)合形成嚴密的封閉,且凝固反應(yīng)完成后體積不收縮也不膨脹[14-16]。因此筆者推測根管封閉劑iRoot SP較AH P1us具有更高的結(jié)合強度和穩(wěn)定性,但筆者的實驗結(jié)果卻顯示iRoot SP組與AH P1us組牙根平均抗壓載荷值差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),所以更多的樣本量收集,更長的時間段觀察,更精確地測量方法使用,將是筆者今后研究的方向。endprint
本實驗從一開始標本的篩選到根管預(yù)備方法及根管充填方法的采用盡量作到了組間相同或平衡,故可以認為本實驗所測得的力值反映了不同根管封閉劑的使用對牙根抗折強度的影響。本研究結(jié)果顯示,根管封閉劑iRoot SP與AH P1us均能夠強化牙膠尖與根管壁的結(jié)合,提高牙根抗壓載荷,兩種封閉劑對牙根抗壓載荷的影響短期內(nèi)無明顯差別。
參考文獻
[1] Koch K, Brave D. Bioceramic technology: the game changer in endodontics[J]. Endod Pract,2009,4(2):17-21.
[2] Schneider S W. A comparison of canal preparations in straight and curved root canals[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol,1971,32(2):271-275.
[3] Chan C P, Lin C P, Tseng S C, et al. Vertical root fracture in endodontically versus nonendodontically treated teeth: a survey of 315 cases in Chinese patients[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod,1999,87(4):504-507.
[4] Helfer A R, Melnick S, Schilder H. Determination of the moisture content of vital and pulpless teeth[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1972,34(4):661-670.
[5] Andreasen J O, Farik B, Munksgaard E C. Long-term calcium hyoxide as a root canal dressing may increase risk of root flracture[J]. Dent Tranmatol,2002,18(3):134-137.
[6] White J D, Laeefield W R, Chavers L S, et al. The efect of three commonly used endodontic materials on the strength and hardness of root dentin[J]. J Endod,2002,28(12):828-830.
[7] Lee K W, Williams M C, Camps J J, et al. Adhesion of endodontic sealers to dentin and gutta-percha[J]. J Endod,2002,28(10):684-688.
[8] Siqueira JF Jr, Favieri A, Gahyva S M, et al. Antimicrobial activity and flow rate of newer and established root canal sealers[J]. J Endod,2000,26(5):274-277.
[9] Jainaen A, Palamara J E, Messer H H. Effect of dentinal tubules and resin-based endodontic sealers on fracture properties of root dentin[J]. Dent Mater,2009,25(10):73-81.
[10] Mamootil K, Messer H H. Penetration of dentinal tubules by endodontic sealer cements in extracted teeth and in vivo[J]. Int Endod J,2007,40(11):873-881.
[11] Sousa-Neto M D, Silva Coelho F I, Marchesan M A, et al. Ex vivo study of the adhesion of an epoxybased sealer to human dentine submitted to irradiation withEr: YAG and Nd: YAG lasers[J]. Int Endod J,2005,38(12):866-870.
[12] Top?uo?lu H S, Tuncay ?, Karata? E, et al. In vitro fracture resistance of roots obturated with epoxy resin-based, mineral trioxide aggregate-based, and bioceramic root canal sealers[J]. J Endod,2013,39(12):1630-1633.
[13] Tay F R, Loushine R J, Lambrechts P, et al. Geometric factors affecting dentin bonding in root canals: a theoretical modeling approach[J]. J Endod,2005,31(8):584-589.
[14] Loushine B A, Bryan T E, Looney S W, et al. Setting propeflies and cytotoxicity evaluation of a premixed bioceramic root canal sealer[J]. J Endod,2011,37(5):673-677.
[15] Zhang W, Li Z, Peng B, et al. Assessment of a new root canal sealers apical sealing ability[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod,2009,107(6):79-82.
[16] Zhang H, Shen Y, Ruse N D, et al. Antibacterial activity of endodontic sealers by modified direct contact test against Enterococcus faecalis[J]. J Endod,2009,35(7):1051-1055.
(收稿日期:2014-06-05) (本文編輯:王宇)endprint
本實驗從一開始標本的篩選到根管預(yù)備方法及根管充填方法的采用盡量作到了組間相同或平衡,故可以認為本實驗所測得的力值反映了不同根管封閉劑的使用對牙根抗折強度的影響。本研究結(jié)果顯示,根管封閉劑iRoot SP與AH P1us均能夠強化牙膠尖與根管壁的結(jié)合,提高牙根抗壓載荷,兩種封閉劑對牙根抗壓載荷的影響短期內(nèi)無明顯差別。
參考文獻
[1] Koch K, Brave D. Bioceramic technology: the game changer in endodontics[J]. Endod Pract,2009,4(2):17-21.
[2] Schneider S W. A comparison of canal preparations in straight and curved root canals[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol,1971,32(2):271-275.
[3] Chan C P, Lin C P, Tseng S C, et al. Vertical root fracture in endodontically versus nonendodontically treated teeth: a survey of 315 cases in Chinese patients[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod,1999,87(4):504-507.
[4] Helfer A R, Melnick S, Schilder H. Determination of the moisture content of vital and pulpless teeth[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1972,34(4):661-670.
[5] Andreasen J O, Farik B, Munksgaard E C. Long-term calcium hyoxide as a root canal dressing may increase risk of root flracture[J]. Dent Tranmatol,2002,18(3):134-137.
[6] White J D, Laeefield W R, Chavers L S, et al. The efect of three commonly used endodontic materials on the strength and hardness of root dentin[J]. J Endod,2002,28(12):828-830.
[7] Lee K W, Williams M C, Camps J J, et al. Adhesion of endodontic sealers to dentin and gutta-percha[J]. J Endod,2002,28(10):684-688.
[8] Siqueira JF Jr, Favieri A, Gahyva S M, et al. Antimicrobial activity and flow rate of newer and established root canal sealers[J]. J Endod,2000,26(5):274-277.
[9] Jainaen A, Palamara J E, Messer H H. Effect of dentinal tubules and resin-based endodontic sealers on fracture properties of root dentin[J]. Dent Mater,2009,25(10):73-81.
[10] Mamootil K, Messer H H. Penetration of dentinal tubules by endodontic sealer cements in extracted teeth and in vivo[J]. Int Endod J,2007,40(11):873-881.
[11] Sousa-Neto M D, Silva Coelho F I, Marchesan M A, et al. Ex vivo study of the adhesion of an epoxybased sealer to human dentine submitted to irradiation withEr: YAG and Nd: YAG lasers[J]. Int Endod J,2005,38(12):866-870.
[12] Top?uo?lu H S, Tuncay ?, Karata? E, et al. In vitro fracture resistance of roots obturated with epoxy resin-based, mineral trioxide aggregate-based, and bioceramic root canal sealers[J]. J Endod,2013,39(12):1630-1633.
[13] Tay F R, Loushine R J, Lambrechts P, et al. Geometric factors affecting dentin bonding in root canals: a theoretical modeling approach[J]. J Endod,2005,31(8):584-589.
[14] Loushine B A, Bryan T E, Looney S W, et al. Setting propeflies and cytotoxicity evaluation of a premixed bioceramic root canal sealer[J]. J Endod,2011,37(5):673-677.
[15] Zhang W, Li Z, Peng B, et al. Assessment of a new root canal sealers apical sealing ability[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod,2009,107(6):79-82.
[16] Zhang H, Shen Y, Ruse N D, et al. Antibacterial activity of endodontic sealers by modified direct contact test against Enterococcus faecalis[J]. J Endod,2009,35(7):1051-1055.
(收稿日期:2014-06-05) (本文編輯:王宇)endprint
本實驗從一開始標本的篩選到根管預(yù)備方法及根管充填方法的采用盡量作到了組間相同或平衡,故可以認為本實驗所測得的力值反映了不同根管封閉劑的使用對牙根抗折強度的影響。本研究結(jié)果顯示,根管封閉劑iRoot SP與AH P1us均能夠強化牙膠尖與根管壁的結(jié)合,提高牙根抗壓載荷,兩種封閉劑對牙根抗壓載荷的影響短期內(nèi)無明顯差別。
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(收稿日期:2014-06-05) (本文編輯:王宇)endprint