謝云峰 王浩 劉彤 任丹丹 楊永壇
摘要[SS]采用固相萃取與雙梯度高效液相色譜聯(lián)用技術,建立了一種在線固相萃取高效液相色譜同時測定動物源食品中維生素A、E的分析方法。樣品于80 ℃下皂化反應30 min,經離心沉淀后引入一維C8固相萃取柱,采用60% (V/V)甲醇溶液對目標物進行在線富集凈化,然后通過閥切換將其轉移至二維液相分析系統(tǒng)進行分離檢測。考察了萃取填料、上樣溶劑及洗脫條件對豬肝、雞蛋和配方乳粉的維生素A、E富集和基質凈化效果。結果表明,在優(yōu)化條件下,方法線性范圍為0.02~20 mg/L,線性相關系數(shù)R2≥0.9998,對維生素A、E的檢出限(S/N=3)為3.0~30.0 μg/L,實際樣品加標回收率為87.3%~115.0%,相對標準偏差(RSD)為1.8%~.6%。本方法操作簡便,靈敏度高,可用于動物源食品中維生素A、E的快速測定。
關鍵詞[SS]在線固相萃取;雙梯度高效液相色譜;動物源食品;維生素A; 維生素E
1引言
維生素A和維生素E是機體維持正常生理功能和物質能量代謝必需的微量營養(yǎng)成分,但是它們在體內不能合成或合成量不足以滿足身體需要,必須通過食物進行補充\[1\]。肝臟、蛋類和乳品等動物源食品含有豐富的維生素A、E,是人體所需脂溶性維生素的重要來源。由于脂溶性維生素化學性質不穩(wěn)定,易受光照、空氣和溫度影響導致氧化分解\[2\],而且動物源食品蛋白脂肪含量高,干擾因素多,高效提取和測定復雜基質食品中維生素A、E仍然是維生素分析技術的難點\[3,\]。目前,維生素A和維生素E的分析方法主要有層析法\[5\]、比色法\[6\]、熒光法\[7\]、電化學法\[8\]、氣相色譜法\[9\]和高效液相色譜法\[10\],其中以高效液相色譜法最為常用。現(xiàn)行食品檢驗標準在內的大多數(shù)脂溶性維生素分析方法的樣品前處理主要包括皂化、萃取、濃縮、凈化等步驟\[11,12\],涉及多次蒸發(fā)溶解,操作繁瑣、費時,容易造成待測組分損失,導致測定結果偏低且重現(xiàn)性不好。近年來,前處理技術與色譜分離分析的在線聯(lián)用為簡化繁瑣的手工前處理操作,提高復雜食品基質分析效率提供了新的技術手段\[13,1\]。
本研究利用雙梯度液相色譜系統(tǒng)結合柱切換技術,建立了一種同時測定動物源食品中維生素A、E的在線固相萃取與高效液相色譜聯(lián)用方法,具有分析效率高、溶劑消耗少、測定結果準確且重現(xiàn)性好等特點。與文獻\[15\]相比,本方法不僅擴大了動物源食品檢測種類,而且縮短了分析時間,提高了檢測靈敏度,為動物源食品中維生素A、E的測定提供了更為簡便、靈敏、可靠的分析方法。
2實驗部分
2.1儀器與試劑
Ultimate 3000雙三元液相色譜系統(tǒng)(hermo Scientific公司),配備雙三元梯度泵、自動進樣器、柱溫箱含六通閥、二極管陣列檢測器、變色龍色譜管理軟件;MilliQ超純水機(Millipore公司);臺式高速冷凍離心機(hermo Scientific公司)。
維生素A(視黃醇)、α維生素E、β維生素E、γ維生素E和δ維生素E標準品(Sigma公司);KO、抗壞血酸(分析純,國藥集團北京化學試劑有限公司);無水乙醇、甲醇(色譜級,isher 公司);其它試劑均為分析純;無水乙醇經脫醛處理后使用;豬肝、雞蛋和嬰幼兒配方乳粉購自本地超市。
2.2色譜條件
分析柱:Zorbax ExtendC18(150 mm × .6 mm,5 μm);固相萃取柱:Zorbax SBC8(12.5 mm × .6 mm,5 μm);進樣量:100 μL;柱溫:30 ℃;在線凈化流動相:甲醇水溶液(60∶0,V/V),洗脫條件:使用p 7.5 甲醇水溶液,以1 mL/min流速上樣并清洗萃取小柱5 min,再使用p 3.5甲醇水溶液清洗萃取小柱5 min,分析測定。流動相:甲醇水溶液(98∶2, V/V),流速:1.7 mL/min;紫外檢測波長設為325和300 nm。
2.3標準溶液配制
準確稱取維生素A標準品10.0 mg,α維生素E、β維生素E、γ維生素E和δ維生素E各50.0 mg,用脫醛乙醇溶解并定容于100 mL 棕色容量瓶中,配制成濃度分別為100 mg/L 維生素A和500 mg/L α, β, γ和δ維生素E標準儲備液,于
Symbolm@@ 20 ℃保存。測定前用紫外分光光度法標定標準儲備液準確濃度,再用脫醛乙醇稀釋標準儲備液,配制成濃度分別為0.2, 2.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0和20.0 mg/L維生素A, E混合標準溶液。
2.樣品預處理
準確稱取2.0~5.0 g(精確至0.01 g)樣品于50 mL離心管中,加入15 mL脫醛乙醇,5 mL 10%抗壞血酸水溶液和5 mL 50% KO溶液,充氮,搖勻。避光80 ℃水浴中加熱30 min,不時搖勻,使皂化完全。皂化后立即放入冰水浴中冷卻,加入5 mL乙酸調p至中性,轉移至50 mL容量瓶中定容。移取其中30 mL皂化液至離心管中,以10000 r/min離心10 min,取上清液,經0.5 μm濾膜過濾后進樣分析。
3結果與討論
3.1樣品提取條件的選擇
動物源性食品中的脂溶性維生素大多以酯類形式存在,對樣品進行皂化可游離出維生素A、E,并排除共存類脂化合物的干擾\[16\]。對樣品皂化條件進行了考察,比較了質量濃度為30%、50%和70% KO溶液對豬肝、雞蛋和配方乳粉中維生素A、E的轉化效率,發(fā)現(xiàn)50%KO溶液可以滿足皂化需要。選擇50, 80和100 ℃考察了溫度對皂化的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)高溫有利于皂化反應正向進行。比較了抗壞血酸和焦性沒食子酸的抗氧化效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)抗壞血酸對維生素A的保護作用優(yōu)于焦性沒食子酸??紤]到不同樣品要求不同的皂化條件,最后選用50% KO溶液作為皂化劑,在80 ℃下皂化反應30 min,以保證樣品皂化完全。此外,皂化后, 維生素A、E轉化為不穩(wěn)定的醇類,對光照和氧氣敏感,皂化過程應全程避光,氮氣保護,以減少誤差。
3.2在線固相萃取流路的構建
基于雙梯度泵液相色譜系統(tǒng)構建的在線固相萃取流路如圖1所示:首先,來自萃取流路輸液泵(右泵)的流動相將樣品從自動進樣器引入固相萃取小柱,通過選擇合適的洗脫條件清洗去除樣液中的無機鹽、蛋白質、量脂肪酸和其它不皂化物等基質成分, 并將待測的維生素A、E保留和富集在小柱上,待雜質洗脫完畢后, 通過閥切換將固相萃取小柱與分析柱串聯(lián),來自分析流路輸液泵(左泵)的流動相將維生素A、E從小柱轉移至分析柱,進行分離,最后通過紫外檢測器進行分析。整個過程主要包括上樣、轉移、分析和平衡四步,實現(xiàn)了樣品凈化、濃縮、分離、檢測的全自動化。
3.5色譜分析條件的優(yōu)化
參照文獻\[17,18\]的色譜條件,選擇甲醇水(98∶2,V/V)為流動相,維生素A和維生素E最大吸收波長325和300 nm為紫外檢測波長,以1.7 mL/min流速在25 cm的C18色譜柱上進行維生素A、E的分析,整個過程需要5 min。本研究由于采用在線固相萃取方法凈化樣品,基本消除了基質的干擾,使用15 cm色譜柱在20 min內即可完成組脂溶性維生素組分(維生素A,α維生素E,(β+γ)維生素E和δ維生素E)的分析,色譜柱分離度和檢測靈敏度均能滿足實際樣品測定需要。
3.6方法線性范圍、檢出限和精密度
在優(yōu)化條件下,進行方法學考察。分別取適量經過濃度校準的維生素A、E標準儲備液在棕色容量瓶中混合、稀釋、定容配制成系列混合標準溶液,每種濃度進樣100 μL,以峰面積對濃度作圖繪制標準曲線,以3倍信噪比(S/N)計算檢出限(LOD), 結果見表1。各組分在線性范圍內峰面積與濃度呈現(xiàn)良好的線性關系,相關系數(shù)大于0.9998。
取10 mg/L維生素A、E混合標準溶液連續(xù)進樣6次,測得維生素保留時間的相對標準偏差(RSD)≤0.1%,峰面積的相對標準偏差(RSD)≤2.6%,表明方法精密度良好。
3.7回收率和實際樣品測定
分別稱取豬肝、配方乳粉和雞蛋 3種動物源食品樣品各6份,其中3份用于本底值測定,另外3份加入一定濃度的維生素A、E混合標準溶液,經相同條件提取、在線固相萃取凈化后測定維生素A、E總量。計算得到豬肝、配方乳粉和雞蛋中維生素A、E的平均回收率在85.5%~11.1%,相對標準偏差(RSD)為1.8%~.6%。實際樣品色譜圖見圖,測定結果見表2。所建方法各項性能參數(shù)符合檢測要求。
本研究利用在線固相萃取凈化技術結合高效液相色譜,建立了一種簡便、快捷測定動物源食品中維生素A、E的分析方法,實現(xiàn)了復雜基質樣品的萃取凈化與濃縮全程自動化,顯著縮短了樣品處理時間,改善了測定結果的準確性和重復性。
References
1WU Kun. Nutrition and ood ygiene. Beijing: People′s Medical Publishing ouse, 2003: 35
吳 坤. 營養(yǎng)與食品衛(wèi)生學. 北京: 人民衛(wèi)生出版社, 2003: 35
2Ball G M . Vitamins in oods. Analysis, Bioavailability, and Stability, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2006: 3
3Alessandra G,ulvia C. J. Chromatogr. A, 2011, 1218(5): 68-697
ariborz M, Mostafa R, Ali A N. J. Chromatogr. A, 2010, 1217(2): 3770-3773
5Zamarreo M M D, Rangel M B, Pérez A S, Méndez J . J. Chromatogr. A, 2001, 935(12): 77-86
6Abdollahi , Bagheri L. Anal. Chim. Acta, 200, 51: 211-218
7Piso P, Porrini M. Internat. J. Vist. Nutr. Res., 1997, 67(1): 7-5
8Diaz G,Mers I D, Cabanillas A G, ranco M A. Anal. Chim. Acta, 200, 511(2): 231-238
9XIE Yuneng, YANG YouYou, LIU JiaJia, WU Wenua, YANG Yongan. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2013, 31(7): 679-683
謝云峰, 楊悠悠, 劉佳佳, 武文華, 楊永壇. 色譜, 2013, 31(7): 679-683
10ZOU Jie, ZONG aiYan, YIN Liang, YU XiaoDong, CEN ongYuan. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2011, 39(6): 777-780
周 潔, 仲海燕, 尹 良, 余曉冬, 陳洪淵. 分析化學, 2011, 39(6): 777-780
11GB/ 5009.822003, Determination of Retionol and ocopherol in oods. National Standards of the People′s Republic of China
食品中維生素A和維生素E的測定. 中華人民共和國國家標準. GB/ 5009.822003
12Kienen V, Costa W , Visentainer J V, Souza N E, Oliveira C C. alanta, 2008, 75: 11-16
13Niu Y M, Zhang J, Wu Y N, Shao B. J. Agric. ood. Chem., 2012, 60(2): 6116-6122
1CEN Jing, LIU ZhaoJin, AN BaoChao, XU Qun, ZANG XiangMin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 1(6): 931-935
陳 靜, 劉召金, 安寶超, 許 群, 張祥民. 分析化學, 2013, 1(6): 931-935
15ZANG Yanai, ZU XiaoYan, CAO GuoZhou, YANG XinLei, ZANG LiJuan, JIN Yan. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 1(5): 771-775
張艷海, 朱曉艷, 曹國洲, 楊新磊, 張麗娟, 金 燕. 分析化學, 2013, 1(5): 771-775
16Rizzolo A. J. Chromatogr., 1992, 62: 103-152
17PinheiroSant′Ana M, Guinazia M, Oliveirab D S, Luciaa C M D, Reisa B L, Brando S C C. J. Chromatogr. A, 2011, 1218(7): 896- 8502
18DONG AiJun, CUI Yanua, YANG Xin. Chinese J. Instrum. Anal., 2011, 30(8): 887-891
董愛軍, 崔艷華, 楊 鑫. 分析測試學報, 2011, 30(8): 887-891
AbstractAn automated analytical method for simultaneous determination of vitamin A and E in livers, fortified infant formulae and eggs has been developed based on online solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with a dual gradient high performance liquid chromatography system with columnswitching. irstly, food samples were centrifuged after saponified in mixture solution of anhydrous alcohol, potassium hydroxide and ascorbic acid at 80 ℃ for 30 min. Secondly, the saponified sample was loaded and washed on the first dimension extraction column using methanolwater (60∶0, V/V). Afterwards, the targeted analytes were trapped and enriched on the SPE column. inally, the trapped analytes were transferred to the second dimension analysis column by valveswitching technique for the following separation and determination. Several key factors such as the type of SPE columns, elution buffer as well as p of washing solution were optimized. he results showed that the calibration curves of vitamin A and E were linear in the range of 0.02-20 mg/L with correlation coefficient (R2) more than 0.9998. In addition, the limits of detection (S/N=3) were found in the range of 3.0-30.0 μg/L. he spiked recoveries of the vitamin A and E from livers, eggs and fortified infant formulae ranged from 87.3% to 115.0% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.8%-.6%. he developed method is simple, sensitive and rapid to determine vitamins A and E in animal derived food.
KeywordsOnline solidphase extraction (SPE); Dual gradient high performance liquid chromatography; Animal derived food; Vitamin A; Vitamin E
13Niu Y M, Zhang J, Wu Y N, Shao B. J. Agric. ood. Chem., 2012, 60(2): 6116-6122
1CEN Jing, LIU ZhaoJin, AN BaoChao, XU Qun, ZANG XiangMin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 1(6): 931-935
陳 靜, 劉召金, 安寶超, 許 群, 張祥民. 分析化學, 2013, 1(6): 931-935
15ZANG Yanai, ZU XiaoYan, CAO GuoZhou, YANG XinLei, ZANG LiJuan, JIN Yan. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 1(5): 771-775
張艷海, 朱曉艷, 曹國洲, 楊新磊, 張麗娟, 金 燕. 分析化學, 2013, 1(5): 771-775
16Rizzolo A. J. Chromatogr., 1992, 62: 103-152
17PinheiroSant′Ana M, Guinazia M, Oliveirab D S, Luciaa C M D, Reisa B L, Brando S C C. J. Chromatogr. A, 2011, 1218(7): 896- 8502
18DONG AiJun, CUI Yanua, YANG Xin. Chinese J. Instrum. Anal., 2011, 30(8): 887-891
董愛軍, 崔艷華, 楊 鑫. 分析測試學報, 2011, 30(8): 887-891
AbstractAn automated analytical method for simultaneous determination of vitamin A and E in livers, fortified infant formulae and eggs has been developed based on online solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with a dual gradient high performance liquid chromatography system with columnswitching. irstly, food samples were centrifuged after saponified in mixture solution of anhydrous alcohol, potassium hydroxide and ascorbic acid at 80 ℃ for 30 min. Secondly, the saponified sample was loaded and washed on the first dimension extraction column using methanolwater (60∶0, V/V). Afterwards, the targeted analytes were trapped and enriched on the SPE column. inally, the trapped analytes were transferred to the second dimension analysis column by valveswitching technique for the following separation and determination. Several key factors such as the type of SPE columns, elution buffer as well as p of washing solution were optimized. he results showed that the calibration curves of vitamin A and E were linear in the range of 0.02-20 mg/L with correlation coefficient (R2) more than 0.9998. In addition, the limits of detection (S/N=3) were found in the range of 3.0-30.0 μg/L. he spiked recoveries of the vitamin A and E from livers, eggs and fortified infant formulae ranged from 87.3% to 115.0% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.8%-.6%. he developed method is simple, sensitive and rapid to determine vitamins A and E in animal derived food.
KeywordsOnline solidphase extraction (SPE); Dual gradient high performance liquid chromatography; Animal derived food; Vitamin A; Vitamin E
13Niu Y M, Zhang J, Wu Y N, Shao B. J. Agric. ood. Chem., 2012, 60(2): 6116-6122
1CEN Jing, LIU ZhaoJin, AN BaoChao, XU Qun, ZANG XiangMin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 1(6): 931-935
陳 靜, 劉召金, 安寶超, 許 群, 張祥民. 分析化學, 2013, 1(6): 931-935
15ZANG Yanai, ZU XiaoYan, CAO GuoZhou, YANG XinLei, ZANG LiJuan, JIN Yan. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 1(5): 771-775
張艷海, 朱曉艷, 曹國洲, 楊新磊, 張麗娟, 金 燕. 分析化學, 2013, 1(5): 771-775
16Rizzolo A. J. Chromatogr., 1992, 62: 103-152
17PinheiroSant′Ana M, Guinazia M, Oliveirab D S, Luciaa C M D, Reisa B L, Brando S C C. J. Chromatogr. A, 2011, 1218(7): 896- 8502
18DONG AiJun, CUI Yanua, YANG Xin. Chinese J. Instrum. Anal., 2011, 30(8): 887-891
董愛軍, 崔艷華, 楊 鑫. 分析測試學報, 2011, 30(8): 887-891
AbstractAn automated analytical method for simultaneous determination of vitamin A and E in livers, fortified infant formulae and eggs has been developed based on online solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with a dual gradient high performance liquid chromatography system with columnswitching. irstly, food samples were centrifuged after saponified in mixture solution of anhydrous alcohol, potassium hydroxide and ascorbic acid at 80 ℃ for 30 min. Secondly, the saponified sample was loaded and washed on the first dimension extraction column using methanolwater (60∶0, V/V). Afterwards, the targeted analytes were trapped and enriched on the SPE column. inally, the trapped analytes were transferred to the second dimension analysis column by valveswitching technique for the following separation and determination. Several key factors such as the type of SPE columns, elution buffer as well as p of washing solution were optimized. he results showed that the calibration curves of vitamin A and E were linear in the range of 0.02-20 mg/L with correlation coefficient (R2) more than 0.9998. In addition, the limits of detection (S/N=3) were found in the range of 3.0-30.0 μg/L. he spiked recoveries of the vitamin A and E from livers, eggs and fortified infant formulae ranged from 87.3% to 115.0% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.8%-.6%. he developed method is simple, sensitive and rapid to determine vitamins A and E in animal derived food.
KeywordsOnline solidphase extraction (SPE); Dual gradient high performance liquid chromatography; Animal derived food; Vitamin A; Vitamin E