張吾童+胡耀文+劉穎
摘 要:發(fā)放1 000份問(wèn)卷調(diào)查影響老人幸福感的自然因素、經(jīng)濟(jì)因素、社會(huì)因素、家庭因素等,分析一線城市、二線城市、農(nóng)村老人養(yǎng)老差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)城市老人養(yǎng)老更加注重精神養(yǎng)老,農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老依賴(lài)政府養(yǎng)老。因此,社會(huì)各界應(yīng)采取不同的措施。政府應(yīng)將解決老年人幸福養(yǎng)老的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)放在農(nóng)村;企業(yè)應(yīng)推進(jìn)社區(qū)養(yǎng)老模式,與政府共同分擔(dān)中國(guó)養(yǎng)老問(wèn)題,加大對(duì)老年產(chǎn)業(yè)的投資與開(kāi)發(fā),帶動(dòng)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展;子女在做好自己本分的同時(shí),要注重老年人的精神慰藉。
關(guān)鍵詞:老年人;幸福感;地域;因素
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):F840 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1673-291X(2014)25-0074-04
2013年,中國(guó)60歲以上老年人口將突破2億。未來(lái)二十年是中國(guó)老年人口增長(zhǎng)最快的時(shí)期,到2050年左右,老年人口將達(dá)到全國(guó)人口的三分之一[1]。與此同時(shí),在北京、上海等大都市,老年空巢家庭比例超過(guò)了50%[2]。這些數(shù)據(jù)意味著中國(guó)不僅將成為世界第一個(gè)步入“老齡社會(huì)”的發(fā)展中大國(guó),而且由于社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的局限,社會(huì)保障體系的不健全,“銀發(fā)潮”將對(duì)中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、政治、文化發(fā)展產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。對(duì)于這個(gè)龐大的弱勢(shì)群體,我們有責(zé)任也有義務(wù)去關(guān)心、關(guān)注老年人的晚年生活。因?yàn)閷?duì)于那些脫離單位、遠(yuǎn)離社會(huì)主體的老年人而言,其身心健康、幸福感受就不只是個(gè)人或家庭的問(wèn)題,更是一種社會(huì)問(wèn)題。
幸福感是衡量個(gè)體生活質(zhì)量的綜合性心理指標(biāo)[3]。隨著中國(guó)老齡化進(jìn)程的加快,老年人的幸福感問(wèn)題也越來(lái)越受到社會(huì)的關(guān)注。同時(shí)我們也注意到影響老年人幸福感的因素有很多,本文主要通過(guò)對(duì)影響老年幸福感的四大因素——自然因素、經(jīng)濟(jì)因素、社會(huì)因素、家庭因素進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,不同地域的老年人即便受到相同因素的影響,其結(jié)果也呈現(xiàn)多樣化。鑒于此,主要以問(wèn)卷調(diào)查法的方式,先針對(duì)一線城市、二線城市、農(nóng)村的老年人發(fā)放問(wèn)卷,調(diào)查四大因素對(duì)其影響的異同點(diǎn),再通過(guò)交叉表進(jìn)行直觀的闡釋?zhuān)詈蟾鶕?jù)影響不同地域老人幸福感的主要因素,提出不同的針對(duì)性建議。
一、老人生活滿(mǎn)意度與影響因素調(diào)查
我們主要以問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的方式,發(fā)放1 000份調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,有效問(wèn)卷878份,對(duì)所收集數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析(見(jiàn)表1)。
從上頁(yè)表1可直觀看出,一線城市的老年人對(duì)養(yǎng)老生活幸福的比例最高為36.67%,達(dá)幸福以上程度將近60%,但有近一半二線城市和農(nóng)村的老年人對(duì)養(yǎng)老生活僅僅感覺(jué)一般。且從一線、二線、到農(nóng)村,對(duì)養(yǎng)老生活不滿(mǎn)意的比例依次上升,可見(jiàn)養(yǎng)老生活在不同地域滿(mǎn)意度呈現(xiàn)多樣化。這與自然環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況、社會(huì)條件、家庭氛圍等因素有著密不可分的關(guān)系。
經(jīng)濟(jì)因素是影響老年人養(yǎng)老生活幸福感最重要的因素特別是農(nóng)村老年人受經(jīng)濟(jì)影響最大。隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,自然因素對(duì)養(yǎng)老生活的影響將越來(lái)越小。在一線城市中經(jīng)濟(jì)因素和社會(huì)因素齊頭并進(jìn),各自占33.3%;二線城市中經(jīng)濟(jì)因素和家庭因素的比例最大,各自占39.02%和31.10%;農(nóng)村中經(jīng)濟(jì)因素和家庭因素的比例最大,各自占40.88%和32.94%。證實(shí)現(xiàn)今處于家庭養(yǎng)老階段,有向社會(huì)養(yǎng)老推進(jìn)的趨勢(shì)(見(jiàn)表2)。
二、自然因素影響幸福感分析
在自然因素中——空氣質(zhì)量、綠化面積、氣溫、噪聲這幾個(gè)因素對(duì)老人幸福感有一定的影響,其他因素影響相對(duì)較少。城市老人對(duì)空氣質(zhì)量和綠化要求更高,這與城市化的發(fā)展和地域的不同有著密不可分的關(guān)系。城市養(yǎng)老越來(lái)越趨近于高質(zhì)量化、高生活化,農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老趨近于經(jīng)濟(jì)化養(yǎng)老(見(jiàn)表3)。
三、經(jīng)濟(jì)因素影響幸福感分析
養(yǎng)老經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源,主要依靠子女贍養(yǎng)。這類(lèi)養(yǎng)老,各線城市比例都占30%以上。退休工資養(yǎng)老由一線城市、二線城市、農(nóng)村呈遞減的趨勢(shì)(31.78%—27.01%—12.35%)。政府補(bǔ)貼由一線城市、二線城市、農(nóng)村呈遞增的趨勢(shì)(15.62%—20.69%—32.44%),特別是在農(nóng)村的養(yǎng)老中,希望得到政府補(bǔ)貼高達(dá)1/3。由此可見(jiàn)政府政策對(duì)農(nóng)村老人養(yǎng)老幸福感的影響極為重要(見(jiàn)下頁(yè)表4)。
四、社會(huì)因素影響幸福感分析
由于生活質(zhì)量和地域的不同,在社會(huì)因素中一線城市、二線城市老人養(yǎng)老對(duì)衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)、娛樂(lè)設(shè)施的要求較高(高達(dá)50%左右)。而在農(nóng)村,對(duì)保險(xiǎn)政策和政府制度的依賴(lài)性很強(qiáng),特別是在政府制度上數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)高達(dá)36.6%。由此可見(jiàn),政府政策對(duì)農(nóng)村老年人養(yǎng)老幸福感的影響重大(見(jiàn)表5)。因此不同地域、不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平,政府、企業(yè)應(yīng)采取不同的養(yǎng)老政策,做到養(yǎng)老政策的切實(shí)可行和養(yǎng)老產(chǎn)品的適銷(xiāo)對(duì)路。
五、家庭因素影響幸福感分析
在家庭因素中,單個(gè)獨(dú)住的人數(shù)由一線城市、二線城市、農(nóng)村呈遞增的趨勢(shì),農(nóng)村單身老人居多。在居住條件當(dāng)中,夫婦同住的最多,一線、二線、農(nóng)村都高達(dá)35%以上。單個(gè)與子女同住的比例由一線城市、二線城市、農(nóng)村呈遞減的趨勢(shì),在城市中高達(dá)30.48%,在農(nóng)村中低至21.47%。夫婦倆與子女同住的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)相對(duì)平穩(wěn)。從以上數(shù)據(jù)中,就子女是否同老年人居住的情況而言,不與子女住的數(shù)據(jù)高達(dá)50%以上(見(jiàn)表6)。在滿(mǎn)意度調(diào)查中,城市老人的滿(mǎn)意度遠(yuǎn)高于農(nóng)村老年人的滿(mǎn)意度。因此,老年人的幸福感不僅僅跟經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的高低密不可分,精神上的慰藉也不可缺少,子女的精神關(guān)懷也起著至關(guān)重要的作用。
六、結(jié)束語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)今的中國(guó)處于家庭養(yǎng)老階段,隨著生活質(zhì)量、保險(xiǎn)制度、政府政策的不斷完善和改進(jìn),中國(guó)將有望實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)養(yǎng)老,進(jìn)而邁向社會(huì)養(yǎng)老。 由于地域不同,影響老年人幸福養(yǎng)老的因素也有所差異。因此,政府、企業(yè)、子女對(duì)老人幸福養(yǎng)老的因素也應(yīng)該各有側(cè)重。子女在經(jīng)濟(jì)上應(yīng)給予老人基本的生活保障,更應(yīng)該注重于培養(yǎng)與老人的感情,關(guān)心老人、陪伴老人。農(nóng)村老人幸福養(yǎng)老應(yīng)注重政府政策和經(jīng)濟(jì)因素,政府應(yīng)該將解決養(yǎng)老問(wèn)題的重難點(diǎn)放在農(nóng)村,切實(shí)可行地出臺(tái)農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老政策,推行農(nóng)村社保、農(nóng)村醫(yī)療養(yǎng)老等政策,適度解決農(nóng)村醫(yī)療設(shè)施、保險(xiǎn)制度的不完善。城市老人幸福養(yǎng)老則是注重于經(jīng)濟(jì)因素和子女因素,近年來(lái)城市娛樂(lè)設(shè)施、養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、社保制度的不斷完善和城市老年人的工資水平不斷攀升,城市老年人對(duì)于養(yǎng)老的質(zhì)量要求提高,他們將更加注重精神養(yǎng)老和身心養(yǎng)老?,F(xiàn)今中國(guó)各種養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)和養(yǎng)老企業(yè)不斷涌現(xiàn),社區(qū)養(yǎng)老成為城市養(yǎng)老的一個(gè)熱門(mén)話題。養(yǎng)老企業(yè)應(yīng)該注重于養(yǎng)老資源的整合,推出專(zhuān)業(yè)化養(yǎng)老,特別是將保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療、房產(chǎn)這三者連為一體帶入社區(qū),必將在夕陽(yáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)中出現(xiàn)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益,幫助政府和家庭減輕養(yǎng)老負(fù)擔(dān),推進(jìn)中國(guó)和諧養(yǎng)老的進(jìn)程。endprint
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqgj/jryw/2012-10-19/content_7283359.html.
[2] http://baby.sina.com.cn/news/2011-12-30/175652338.shtml.
[3] 王楓,況成云,王娟,陳瑞穎.農(nóng)村老年人主觀幸福感及其影響因素研究[J].中國(guó)衛(wèi)生事業(yè)管理,2010,(5).
A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Old People Happiness
ZHANG Wu-tong,HU Yao-wen,LIU Ying
(Literature and Media School,Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences,Chongqing 402160,China)
Abstract:Issuing 1000 questionnaires to investigate factors of nature,economy,society,and family which effect the elders happiness.Analyzing the difference of providing for the aged between the first-tier city,second-tier city and countryside to find out that the urban elderly pay more attention on spiritual aspect,on the contrast,the providing for the aged of countryside depends on the government.Hence,sectors of the society should take different measures.The government should put the key point on the countryside which can solve the problem of providing happily for the aged.The enterprise should promote the community model for it and share the problem of providing for the aged with government .Enlarging the investment and exploitation to elderly industry to develop the related industry.At the same time,children should do on their duties and pay attention to the spiritual comfort of old people.
Key words:elderly;happiness;area;factor
[責(zé)任編輯 陳麗敏]endprint
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqgj/jryw/2012-10-19/content_7283359.html.
[2] http://baby.sina.com.cn/news/2011-12-30/175652338.shtml.
[3] 王楓,況成云,王娟,陳瑞穎.農(nóng)村老年人主觀幸福感及其影響因素研究[J].中國(guó)衛(wèi)生事業(yè)管理,2010,(5).
A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Old People Happiness
ZHANG Wu-tong,HU Yao-wen,LIU Ying
(Literature and Media School,Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences,Chongqing 402160,China)
Abstract:Issuing 1000 questionnaires to investigate factors of nature,economy,society,and family which effect the elders happiness.Analyzing the difference of providing for the aged between the first-tier city,second-tier city and countryside to find out that the urban elderly pay more attention on spiritual aspect,on the contrast,the providing for the aged of countryside depends on the government.Hence,sectors of the society should take different measures.The government should put the key point on the countryside which can solve the problem of providing happily for the aged.The enterprise should promote the community model for it and share the problem of providing for the aged with government .Enlarging the investment and exploitation to elderly industry to develop the related industry.At the same time,children should do on their duties and pay attention to the spiritual comfort of old people.
Key words:elderly;happiness;area;factor
[責(zé)任編輯 陳麗敏]endprint
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqgj/jryw/2012-10-19/content_7283359.html.
[2] http://baby.sina.com.cn/news/2011-12-30/175652338.shtml.
[3] 王楓,況成云,王娟,陳瑞穎.農(nóng)村老年人主觀幸福感及其影響因素研究[J].中國(guó)衛(wèi)生事業(yè)管理,2010,(5).
A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Old People Happiness
ZHANG Wu-tong,HU Yao-wen,LIU Ying
(Literature and Media School,Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences,Chongqing 402160,China)
Abstract:Issuing 1000 questionnaires to investigate factors of nature,economy,society,and family which effect the elders happiness.Analyzing the difference of providing for the aged between the first-tier city,second-tier city and countryside to find out that the urban elderly pay more attention on spiritual aspect,on the contrast,the providing for the aged of countryside depends on the government.Hence,sectors of the society should take different measures.The government should put the key point on the countryside which can solve the problem of providing happily for the aged.The enterprise should promote the community model for it and share the problem of providing for the aged with government .Enlarging the investment and exploitation to elderly industry to develop the related industry.At the same time,children should do on their duties and pay attention to the spiritual comfort of old people.
Key words:elderly;happiness;area;factor
[責(zé)任編輯 陳麗敏]endprint