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中國肥胖兒童FTO基因多態(tài)性與肥胖兒童代謝組分關(guān)聯(lián)研究

2014-10-23 14:57陳紅王卡娜涂林修等
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2014年26期
關(guān)鍵詞:核苷酸等位基因多態(tài)性

陳紅+++王卡娜+++涂林修+等

[摘要] 目的 研究FTO基因多態(tài)性與肥胖兒童代謝組分相關(guān)性。方法 選擇年齡6~17歲間的599名兒童,檢測FTO基因常見的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812和rs9939609)基因型,分析與肥胖代謝組分的關(guān)聯(lián)性。 結(jié)果 ①肥胖兒童代謝組分與對照組有顯著差異;②FTO SNPs的等位基因頻率與基因型分布存在顯著差異。5個FTO SNP突變型是兒童發(fā)生肥胖的危險因素;③多變量、Logistic 回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn)5個FTO單核苷酸多態(tài)性均與高收縮壓有關(guān)。rs3751812、rs8050136與 LDL-C、HOMA-IR相關(guān)。 結(jié)論 FTO基因SNPs與兒童肥胖和高血壓有關(guān)。rs3751812 和 rs8050136與胰島素抵抗及血清LDL水平升高有關(guān)。

[關(guān)鍵字] FTO;基因;肥胖;胰島素抵抗;兒童

[中圖分類號] R723.14 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)26-0024-04

肥胖已成為主要的公共健康問題。在過去10年里,兒童肥胖在我國迅速流行,兒童超重和肥胖的發(fā)生率從19.1%增加到32.6%[1,2]。肥胖病因復(fù)雜,目前認(rèn)為基因在肥胖的發(fā)生中起著重要作用,基因與環(huán)境因素相互作用導(dǎo)致肥胖的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。肥胖基因FTO(the fat mass and obesity associated gene, FTO)位于16 q12.2,含有9個外顯子,在下丘腦高度表達(dá),在控制能量平衡、核酸脫甲基化和人體脂肪調(diào)節(jié)方面有重要作用[3]。研究表明FTO基因單核酸多態(tài)性(SNP)與高BMI及其他代謝相關(guān)組分有關(guān)[4-6]。但是,關(guān)于FTO基因多態(tài)性和肥胖危險性的Meta分析表明FTO基因可能呈現(xiàn)肥胖相關(guān)易感基因的低外顯率,同時需要大樣本研究來進(jìn)一步評估肥胖和多態(tài)性在各民族中的相關(guān)性。因此,我們對599名6~17歲兒童青少年FTO基因多態(tài)性(rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、 rs3751812和rs9939609)進(jìn)行基因分型及與代謝組分相關(guān)研究,從而探索FTO基因多態(tài)性與兒童肥胖及代謝組分的關(guān)聯(lián)性。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料

肥胖組:405例肥胖兒童,其中298例男孩、107例女孩,平均年齡(10.95±2.76)歲,根據(jù)其體重指數(shù)(BMI)超過同年齡、同性別第95百分值判定為肥胖者[7]。對照組:194例健康非肥胖兒童,其中男149例,女45例,平均年齡(10.95±2.76)歲,其BMI在同年齡、同性別第25至第75百分值之間。入選對象來自于2010~2013年兩家醫(yī)院,本研究獲得研究對象的父母同意,并獲得醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會的批準(zhǔn)。

1.2形體測量學(xué)指標(biāo)及血壓測量

由經(jīng)過統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn)的專業(yè)人員測量所有對象的體重、身高[7]。血壓測量采用汞柱式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)袖帶血壓計,取坐位至少休息5 min以上測量右上臂收縮壓(SBP)與舒張壓(DBP),取2次測定平均值。

1.3生化指標(biāo)檢測

抽取所有調(diào)查對象清晨空腹靜脈血,分離血清,測定血糖(FBG)、甘油三酯(TG)、總膽固醇(TC)和高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)。并根據(jù)TC-HDL來計算non-HDL。計算穩(wěn)態(tài)模型胰島素抵抗指數(shù):HOMA-IR=FINS × FPG/22.5。另每人抽取2 mL枸櫞酸鈉抗凝血用axyprep全血基因組DNA提取試劑盒抽提外周血DNA基因,標(biāo)本-80℃條件下保存,用于單核苷酸多樣性基因型分析。

1.4基因分析

我們使用MassARRAY(Sequenom, San Diego, CA)平臺對FTO基因單核苷酸多態(tài)性(rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812和rs9939609)進(jìn)行基因型分型檢測[8]。

1.5統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析

使用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)分析。SNP的Hardy-Weinberg平衡用Fishers精確檢驗。計量變量表現(xiàn)為均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SD),組間差異由Student's t-test 分析。分類變量以百分比形式表現(xiàn),使用χ2檢驗分析。年齡、性別和BMI等混雜因素通過多變量分析調(diào)整。Logistic 回歸分析來計算FTO SNP基因型肥胖危險因素OR值及其95%CI。Haploview 4.2 軟件對人群單倍型頻率進(jìn)行評估與檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1兩組各參數(shù)比較

肥胖組與對照組間除性別、年齡無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異外,BMI、BMI-Z值、收縮壓、舒張壓、總膽固醇、甘油三酯、非高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、空腹血糖和HOMA-IR等指標(biāo)兩組間比較,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。

2.2兩組FTO 5個SNP等位基因及基因型分布頻率比較

分病例組及對照組FTO SNPs均遵守Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(P>0.05)。FTO基因rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812和rs9939609等位基因頻率與基因型肥胖兒童與對照組兒童比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。

2.3 5個FTO SNP 不同基因型間肥胖相關(guān)代謝組分比較

FTO SNPs基因型與肥胖代謝組分關(guān)聯(lián)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)在調(diào)整年齡、性別和BMI-Z評分這些混雜因素后,5個SNP基因突變型攜帶者較野生型攜帶者更易出現(xiàn)收縮壓升高(P<0.05)。rs3751812和rs8050136基因型與LDL-C、HOMA-IR有密切相關(guān)性。

2.4 5個FTO SNP與肥胖代謝組分(包括DBP、TC、TG、HDL-C、non-HDL-C、FPG)無相關(guān)性endprint

SNPs基因型與兒童肥胖關(guān)聯(lián)分析中,發(fā)現(xiàn)攜帶有FTO基因突變型兒童更易發(fā)生肥胖(rs1421085,OR=1.980,95%CI:1.317~2.916; rs17817449,OR=2.011, 95%CI:1.333~3.034;rs8050136,OR=1.925,95%CI:1.285~2.885;rs3751812,OR=1.911,95%CI:1.275~2.864;rs9939609,OR=1.930,95%CI:1.283~2.904)。

3 討論

隨著生活水平的不斷上升,肥胖兒童的數(shù)量近年來呈快速增長的趨勢,由此而引發(fā)的大量與肥胖相關(guān)的代謝性疾病已經(jīng)成為不可忽視的問題。為預(yù)防肥胖和代謝性疾病的發(fā)生,早期對這一問題進(jìn)行干預(yù)變得十分必要。對肥胖兒童進(jìn)行易感基因的檢測較少受到其他混雜因素的影響,能更加真實地反映肥胖和基因的關(guān)聯(lián)性。2007年Frayling等在歐洲人群中發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)TO基因的第一個內(nèi)含子序列(長度為47 kb)中以~9939609為代表的10個單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNp)可能與肥胖有關(guān)。rs9939609的A等位基因為風(fēng)險基因,具有該風(fēng)險基因的純合子人群與無此風(fēng)險基因的人群相比,平均體重高出3 kg,患肥胖癥的風(fēng)險高出1.67倍。FTO基因變異與兒童肥胖癥密切相關(guān)[9],該基因分布于下丘腦,參與機(jī)體的飲食調(diào)節(jié),在FTO參與蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)方面,經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)TO的蛋白空間結(jié)構(gòu)與通過去除一個甲基團(tuán)修復(fù)DNA的酶及其相似,F(xiàn)TO基因編碼形成2-氧戊二酸鹽核苷酸去甲基酶,包含與Fe2+以及2-酮戊二酸依賴的加氧酶相同的基序,能夠使DNA去甲基化。FTO SNP rs1421085、rs17817449, rs8050136、rs3751812 及 rs9939609高度連鎖,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)我國兒童BMI指數(shù)與這5個單核苷酸多態(tài)性高度相關(guān)。進(jìn)一步支持了該區(qū)域變異可能促進(jìn)肥胖的發(fā)展。FTO基因變異影響B(tài)MI及肥胖代謝組分的機(jī)制尚不明確。據(jù)報道,攜帶危險等位基因的個體更可能選擇高能量食物[10],研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FTO基因與兒童及青少年暴飲暴食的生活習(xí)慣有關(guān)[11],F(xiàn)TO基因主要存在于管理能量平衡的下丘腦核群,其rs9939609多態(tài)性通過影響能量穩(wěn)態(tài)來調(diào)節(jié)肥胖,可引起食欲增加而提高能量攝取,近年來研究表明,該分子可能系能量平衡調(diào)節(jié)的重要分子開關(guān)。此外亦有研究顯示FFO基因的內(nèi)含子可通過編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CUTL1的結(jié)合位點,調(diào)控FTO基因的表達(dá),其具體功能尚待進(jìn)一步研究。

國內(nèi)對FTO SNP的研究主要集中在rs9939609與肥胖的相關(guān)性研究,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其與肥胖相關(guān)[4,12-15],亦有未發(fā)現(xiàn)rs9939609 基因變異與肥胖代謝組分存在聯(lián)系[16,17]。我們的研究證實FTO 5個SNP與兒童肥胖相關(guān),攜帶有突變型的兒童更容易發(fā)生肥胖,進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)TO基因變異者(rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812及rs9939609)更易出現(xiàn)收縮壓升高。國內(nèi)學(xué)者曾對3077位中國兒童(6~18歲,包括619位高血壓病例組和2458位正常血壓對照組)進(jìn)行基因分析,發(fā)現(xiàn) FTO 基因中rs9939609與高血壓有著顯著聯(lián)系(OR=1.35,95%CI 1.12~1.62,P=0.001)[18]。由此可見,肥胖兒童攜有rs9939609突變基因型更易患高血壓。Pausova等提出了FTO危險等位基因可能通過交感縮血管緊張效應(yīng)增高血壓,并在485位12~18歲青少年發(fā)現(xiàn)FTO危險等位基因,進(jìn)一步在198名18~71歲的白種人中得到證實[19]。高血壓、脂代謝紊亂是兒童肥胖的常見代謝異常并發(fā)癥,亦是兒童代謝綜合征的主要組成成分,而胰島素抵抗是肥胖、高血壓、代謝綜合征的重要病理基礎(chǔ),我們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)rs3751812和 rs8050136與LDL-C和 HOMA-IR 有顯著關(guān)系,表明FTO 基因多態(tài)性在肥胖兒童高血壓、脂代謝紊亂、胰島素抵抗的發(fā)病中起著一定的調(diào)控作用。

綜上,本研究結(jié)果表明FTO基因變異與兒童肥胖及代謝組分相關(guān),其中常見的rs1421085、rs17817449、 rs8050136、rs3751812及rs9939609等5個突變型SNPs是兒童肥胖及高血壓的危險因素。FTO基因多態(tài)性(rs3751812和rs8050136)與胰島素抵抗和高LDL水平存在聯(lián)系。今后我們可對兒童的FTO 基因多態(tài)性進(jìn)行分型檢測,及早發(fā)現(xiàn)肥胖及代謝組分異常的易感人群,盡早采取干預(yù)措施,從而預(yù)防肥胖的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1] 兒童代謝綜合征中國工作組. 中國六城市學(xué)齡兒童代謝綜合征流行現(xiàn)狀研究[J]. 中華兒科雜志,2013,51(6):409-413.

[2] Ji CY,Chen TJ. Working Group on Obesity in China. Empirical changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese students from 1985 to 2010 and corresponding preventive strategies[J]. Biomed Environ Sci,2013,26(1):1-12.

[3] Peng S,Zhu Y,Xu F,et al. FTO gene polymorphisms and obesity risk:A meta-analysis[J]. BMC Med,2011,9(7):71.

[4] Tan JT,Dorajoo R,Seielstad M,et al. FTO variants are associated with obesity in the Chinese and Malay populations in Singapore[J]. Diabetes,2008,57(10):2851-2857.endprint

[5] Denzer C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):517-527.

[6] Sergeyev E,Wagner I,Neef M,et al. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders among obese children and adolescents. Diabetes mellitus type 2[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):511-516.

[7] 陳雪峰,梁黎,傅君芬,等. 中國兒童青少年形體測量學(xué)參數(shù)調(diào)查[J]. 中華流行病學(xué)雜志,2012,33(5): 449-454.

[8] Zou CC,Huang K,Liang L,et al. Polymorphisms of the ghrelin/obestatin gene and ghrelin levels in Chinese children with short stature[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf),2008,69(1):99-104.

[9] Frayling TM,Timpson NJ,Weedon MN,et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity[J]. Science,2007,316(5826):889-894.

[10] Cecil JE,Tavendale R,Watt P,et al. An obesity-associated FTO gene variant and increased energy intake in children[J]. N Engl J Med,2008,359(24):2558-2566.

[11] Tanofsky-Kraff M,Han JC,Anandalingam K,et al. The FTO gene rs9939609 obesity-risk allele and loss of control over eating[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(6):1483-1488.

[12] Wang J,Mei H,Chen W,et al. Study of eight GWAS-identified common variants for association with obesity-related indices in Chinese children at puberty[J]. Int J Obes (Lond),2012,36(4):542-547.

[13] Chang YC,Liu PH,Lee WJ,et al. Common variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene confers risk of obesity and modulates BMI in the Chinese population[J]. Diabetes,2008,57(8):2245-2252.

[14] Cheung CY,Tso AW,Cheung BM,et al. Obesity susceptibility genetic variants identified from recent genome-wide association studies:Implications in a Chinese population[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2010,95(3):1395-1403.

[15] Fang H,Li Y,Du S,et al. Variant rs9939609 in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index among Chinese children[J]. BMC Med Genet,2010,11(9):136.

[16] Yan Q,Hong J,Gu W,et al. Association of the common rs9939609 variant of FTO gene with polycystic ovary syndrome in Chinese women[J]. Endocrine,2009,36(3):377-382.

[17] Li H,Wu Y,Loos RJ,et al. Variants in the fat mass- and obesity-associated(FTO) gene are not associated with obesity in a Chinese Han population[J]. Diabetes,2008, 57(1):264-268.

[18] Xi B,Zhao X,Shen Y,et al. Associations of obesity susceptibility loci with hypertension in Chinese children[J]. Int J Obes(Lond),2013,37(7):926-930.

[19] Pausova Z,Syme C,Abrahamowicz M,et al. A common variant of the FTO gene is associated with not only increased adiposity but also elevated blood pressure in French Canadians[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Genet,2009,2(3):260-269.

(收稿日期:2014-04-10)endprint

[5] Denzer C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):517-527.

[6] Sergeyev E,Wagner I,Neef M,et al. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders among obese children and adolescents. Diabetes mellitus type 2[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):511-516.

[7] 陳雪峰,梁黎,傅君芬,等. 中國兒童青少年形體測量學(xué)參數(shù)調(diào)查[J]. 中華流行病學(xué)雜志,2012,33(5): 449-454.

[8] Zou CC,Huang K,Liang L,et al. Polymorphisms of the ghrelin/obestatin gene and ghrelin levels in Chinese children with short stature[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf),2008,69(1):99-104.

[9] Frayling TM,Timpson NJ,Weedon MN,et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity[J]. Science,2007,316(5826):889-894.

[10] Cecil JE,Tavendale R,Watt P,et al. An obesity-associated FTO gene variant and increased energy intake in children[J]. N Engl J Med,2008,359(24):2558-2566.

[11] Tanofsky-Kraff M,Han JC,Anandalingam K,et al. The FTO gene rs9939609 obesity-risk allele and loss of control over eating[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(6):1483-1488.

[12] Wang J,Mei H,Chen W,et al. Study of eight GWAS-identified common variants for association with obesity-related indices in Chinese children at puberty[J]. Int J Obes (Lond),2012,36(4):542-547.

[13] Chang YC,Liu PH,Lee WJ,et al. Common variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene confers risk of obesity and modulates BMI in the Chinese population[J]. Diabetes,2008,57(8):2245-2252.

[14] Cheung CY,Tso AW,Cheung BM,et al. Obesity susceptibility genetic variants identified from recent genome-wide association studies:Implications in a Chinese population[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2010,95(3):1395-1403.

[15] Fang H,Li Y,Du S,et al. Variant rs9939609 in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index among Chinese children[J]. BMC Med Genet,2010,11(9):136.

[16] Yan Q,Hong J,Gu W,et al. Association of the common rs9939609 variant of FTO gene with polycystic ovary syndrome in Chinese women[J]. Endocrine,2009,36(3):377-382.

[17] Li H,Wu Y,Loos RJ,et al. Variants in the fat mass- and obesity-associated(FTO) gene are not associated with obesity in a Chinese Han population[J]. Diabetes,2008, 57(1):264-268.

[18] Xi B,Zhao X,Shen Y,et al. Associations of obesity susceptibility loci with hypertension in Chinese children[J]. Int J Obes(Lond),2013,37(7):926-930.

[19] Pausova Z,Syme C,Abrahamowicz M,et al. A common variant of the FTO gene is associated with not only increased adiposity but also elevated blood pressure in French Canadians[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Genet,2009,2(3):260-269.

(收稿日期:2014-04-10)endprint

[5] Denzer C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):517-527.

[6] Sergeyev E,Wagner I,Neef M,et al. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders among obese children and adolescents. Diabetes mellitus type 2[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):511-516.

[7] 陳雪峰,梁黎,傅君芬,等. 中國兒童青少年形體測量學(xué)參數(shù)調(diào)查[J]. 中華流行病學(xué)雜志,2012,33(5): 449-454.

[8] Zou CC,Huang K,Liang L,et al. Polymorphisms of the ghrelin/obestatin gene and ghrelin levels in Chinese children with short stature[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf),2008,69(1):99-104.

[9] Frayling TM,Timpson NJ,Weedon MN,et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity[J]. Science,2007,316(5826):889-894.

[10] Cecil JE,Tavendale R,Watt P,et al. An obesity-associated FTO gene variant and increased energy intake in children[J]. N Engl J Med,2008,359(24):2558-2566.

[11] Tanofsky-Kraff M,Han JC,Anandalingam K,et al. The FTO gene rs9939609 obesity-risk allele and loss of control over eating[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(6):1483-1488.

[12] Wang J,Mei H,Chen W,et al. Study of eight GWAS-identified common variants for association with obesity-related indices in Chinese children at puberty[J]. Int J Obes (Lond),2012,36(4):542-547.

[13] Chang YC,Liu PH,Lee WJ,et al. Common variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene confers risk of obesity and modulates BMI in the Chinese population[J]. Diabetes,2008,57(8):2245-2252.

[14] Cheung CY,Tso AW,Cheung BM,et al. Obesity susceptibility genetic variants identified from recent genome-wide association studies:Implications in a Chinese population[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2010,95(3):1395-1403.

[15] Fang H,Li Y,Du S,et al. Variant rs9939609 in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index among Chinese children[J]. BMC Med Genet,2010,11(9):136.

[16] Yan Q,Hong J,Gu W,et al. Association of the common rs9939609 variant of FTO gene with polycystic ovary syndrome in Chinese women[J]. Endocrine,2009,36(3):377-382.

[17] Li H,Wu Y,Loos RJ,et al. Variants in the fat mass- and obesity-associated(FTO) gene are not associated with obesity in a Chinese Han population[J]. Diabetes,2008, 57(1):264-268.

[18] Xi B,Zhao X,Shen Y,et al. Associations of obesity susceptibility loci with hypertension in Chinese children[J]. Int J Obes(Lond),2013,37(7):926-930.

[19] Pausova Z,Syme C,Abrahamowicz M,et al. A common variant of the FTO gene is associated with not only increased adiposity but also elevated blood pressure in French Canadians[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Genet,2009,2(3):260-269.

(收稿日期:2014-04-10)endprint

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