萬(wàn)盟等
[摘要] 目的 探討別嘌醇與苯溴馬隆在治療高尿酸血癥小鼠時(shí)對(duì)小鼠糖代謝水平的影響。 方法 腹腔注射尿酸造成小鼠高尿酸血癥模型,動(dòng)物分為正常對(duì)照組、高尿酸組、別嘌醇組和苯溴馬隆組,給予相應(yīng)藥物14 d與28 d后,取靜脈血檢測(cè)各組小鼠血尿酸值、空腹血糖值、20 d糖耐量、24 d胰島素耐量等因素的變化水平。 結(jié)果 高尿酸模型小鼠血尿酸水平顯著上升(P < 0.01),空腹血糖值顯著增加(P < 0.01),糖耐量與胰島素耐量的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,高尿酸小鼠在各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的血糖值與正常對(duì)照組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。給予苯溴馬隆與別嘌醇干預(yù)后,苯溴馬隆組在14 d與28 d將血尿酸值分別降至(35.58±6.31)mg/L和(67.37±7.15)mg/L (P < 0.01),空腹血糖值為(8.13±0.51) mmol/L和(8.18±0.82) mmol/L;別嘌醇組血尿酸值更低,分別為(25.37±9.08)mg/L和(22.97±4.26)mg/L(P < 0.01),空腹血糖為(9.62±0.48)mmol/L和(9.82±0.53)mmol/L。對(duì)于糖耐量和胰島素耐量的考察發(fā)現(xiàn),口服葡萄糖后,苯溴馬隆組小鼠在30、60、120 min時(shí)血糖水平分別為(20.14±2.01)、(13.14±1.32)、(9.74±1.32)mmol/L,與高尿酸組比較,呈現(xiàn)顯著下降趨勢(shì)(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),而別嘌呤組未見(jiàn)明顯差異。注射胰島素后,苯溴馬隆組在30、60、90、120 min時(shí)血糖值分別為(4.97±0.25)、(4.15±0.25)、(4.13±0.78)、(4.77±0.66)mmol/L,與高尿酸組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),而別嘌醇組則未見(jiàn)這樣的作用。 結(jié)論 別嘌醇與苯溴馬隆在治療高尿酸血癥時(shí)均有很好的作用,而苯溴馬隆具有糾正糖負(fù)荷或胰島素負(fù)荷下血糖異常的作用,所以對(duì)于合并血糖升高時(shí),苯溴馬隆對(duì)高尿酸引起的異常的空腹血糖值、胰島素耐量與糖耐量的調(diào)控更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 高尿酸血癥;2型糖尿??;胰島素抵抗;降尿酸藥物
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R969.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2014)09(a)-0018-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effects on glucose metabolism when Allopurinol and Benzbromarone in the treatment of hyperuricemia. Methods Hyperuricemia model mice caused by intraperitoneal injection of uric acid. Animals were divided into normal control group, high uric acid group, Allopurinol group and Benzbromarone group. After 14 d and 28 d administration, the levels of uric acid, fasting glucose, 24 d insulin tolerance and 20 d glucose tolerance in blood of mice in each group were tested. Results Significant differences in uric acid levels and blood sugar levels in blood were found, after comparing between the model group and the control group (P < 0.01). Model group had significant differences compared with the control group for blood glucose at the time point, in experiments of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The uric acid levels of Benzbromarone group decreased to (35.58±6.31) mg/L and (67.37±7.15) mg/L after 14 d and 28 d of administration (P < 0.01), while fasting glucose values were (8.13 ±0.51) mmol/L and (8.18±0.82) mmol/L. In the Allopurinol group after 14 d and 28 d of administration, the uric acid levels were (25.37±9.08) mg/L and (22.97±4.26) mg/L (P < 0.01), fasting glucose values were (9.62±0.48) mmol/L and (9.82±0.53) mmol/L. Blood glucose values were (20.14±2.01), (13.14±1.32), (9.74±1.32) mmol/L at 30, 60, 120 min after oral glucose in Benzbromarone group. Compared with the model group, showed a downtrend (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between Allopurinol group and model group. Blood glucose values were (4.97±0.25), (4.15±0.25), (4.13±0.78), (4.77±0.66) mmol/L at 30, 60, 90, 120 min after the injection of insulin in the Benzbromarone group. The values showed a significant difference compared with the model group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). However, there was also no significant difference between Allopurinol group and model group. Conclusion Allopurinol and Benzbromarone play good role in the treatment of hyperuricemia. However, in the treatment of diabetic patients with hyperuricemia, Benzbromarone has more advantages than Allopurinol.
[Key words] Hyperuricemia; Type 2 diabetes; Insulin resistance; Drugs for regulating blood uric acid
尿酸是人體嘌呤代謝的產(chǎn)物,人體血尿酸水平升高與體內(nèi)核酸代謝異常和腎臟排泄減少相關(guān)。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外大量流行病學(xué)研究表明,高尿酸血癥的患病率正逐年升高[1-2]。最新薈萃分析顯示,尿酸每升高1 mg/dL,糖尿病發(fā)生的相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度增加1.17倍[3]。Chien等[4]對(duì)中國(guó)社區(qū)人群的前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病發(fā)生率與尿酸的濃度呈正相關(guān),血尿酸濃度較高的人群發(fā)生糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比尿酸較低的人群增加1.4倍。高尿酸血癥主要治療藥物有兩類(lèi):一類(lèi)是促排尿酸藥物如苯溴馬隆(Benzbromarone),另一類(lèi)抑制尿酸生成藥物如別嘌醇(Allopurinol)[5]。本研究旨在系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)苯溴馬隆與別嘌醇治療高尿酸血癥的同時(shí)對(duì)糖代謝的影響,以期為治療原發(fā)性高尿酸血癥的藥物選擇提供實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
BALB/c小鼠(北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司,許可證編號(hào):SCXK2008-0011),雄性,SPF級(jí),平均體重(20±2)g。實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中小鼠的飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定,保持室溫在(22±2)℃,相對(duì)濕度為50%~70%。
1.2 藥物及試劑
別嘌醇片(世貿(mào)天階制藥有限責(zé)任公司,批號(hào)2012 1123);苯溴馬隆片(宜昌長(zhǎng)江藥業(yè)有限公司,批號(hào)0061206002);尿酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(分析純,Sigma公司,批號(hào)U2625);胰島素(Novo Nordisk公司,批號(hào)J20100012);血糖試紙(德國(guó)羅氏診斷有限公司,批號(hào)2307432);尿酸測(cè)定試劑盒(南京建成生物工程研究所,批號(hào)130315);生理鹽水(南京小營(yíng)制藥廠,批號(hào)121123)。
1.3 主要儀器
TP-5000A電子天平(湘儀天平儀器廠)、血糖檢測(cè)儀(德國(guó)羅氏診斷有限公司)、臺(tái)式高速冷凍離心機(jī)(Thermo Electron)。
1.4 方法
1.4.1 高尿酸血癥小鼠模型的制備及處理 取BALB/c小鼠,適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)1周后,隨機(jī)分組。取9只作為正常對(duì)照組,其余小鼠腹腔注射尿酸生理鹽水溶液2周,注射劑量為250 mg/kg,每日1次,構(gòu)建小鼠高尿酸血癥模型[6]。2周后取末梢靜脈血測(cè)定血尿酸值,血尿酸能維持在較高的水平,與空白對(duì)照組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明模型成功。將高尿酸血癥小鼠隨機(jī)分成高尿酸組、苯溴馬隆組和別嘌醇組,每組9只。除正常對(duì)照組外,其余各組每日腹腔注射尿酸生理鹽水溶液1次,正常對(duì)照組每日腹腔注射等量生理鹽水溶液。每日于造模1 h后各組分別給予藥物:苯溴馬隆組每天灌胃給予6.5 mg/kg苯溴馬隆水溶液;別嘌醇組每天灌服39 mg/kg別嘌醇水溶液。正常對(duì)照組和高尿酸組分別灌服等量蒸餾水。連續(xù)給藥28 d。
1.4.2 血尿酸及空腹血糖檢測(cè) 給藥第14天和第28天,禁食16 h,取尾尖靜脈血測(cè)空腹血糖值。各組造模給藥1 h后,通過(guò)眼球后靜脈叢取血。37℃條件下凝血約1 h,4000 r/min離心10 min獲得血清。將其置于-20℃保存,用于尿酸值檢測(cè)。
1.4.3 糖耐量實(shí)驗(yàn) 連續(xù)給藥20 d后,禁食16 h,一次性腹腔注射10%葡萄糖溶液,注射容積為0.2 mL/10 g,于0、30、60、90、120 min時(shí),尾尖靜脈采血,測(cè)定血糖值,進(jìn)行糖耐量檢測(cè)。
1.4.4 胰島素耐量實(shí)驗(yàn) 連續(xù)給藥24 d后,動(dòng)物禁食6 h,給予0.75 U/kg的胰島素注射液腹腔注射,于注射前及注射后15、30、60、90、120 min測(cè)量小鼠尾靜脈血糖水平,進(jìn)行胰島素耐量檢測(cè)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用SPSS 15.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.2.3 別嘌醇與苯溴馬隆對(duì)模型小鼠糖耐量的影響 腹腔注射相同劑量的葡萄糖后,各組小鼠血糖均先升高,而后逐步下降。糖負(fù)荷后,苯溴馬隆組在30、60、120 min時(shí)血糖水平與高尿酸組比較,呈現(xiàn)顯著下降趨勢(shì)(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),別嘌醇組在120 min時(shí)血糖水平與高尿酸組比較,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01),見(jiàn)表7。
2.2.4 別嘌醇與苯溴馬隆對(duì)模型小鼠胰島素耐量的影響 腹腔注射相同劑量的胰島素后,小鼠血糖呈先下降后上升的趨勢(shì),但下降與回升幅度有所不同。與高尿酸組比較,苯溴馬隆組在30、60、90、120 min時(shí)血糖值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),別嘌醇組與高尿酸組趨勢(shì)相似,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),見(jiàn)表8。
3 討論
隨著人們高蛋白、高嘌呤飲食的增加,高尿酸血癥和痛風(fēng)的發(fā)生率逐年升高,血尿酸水平過(guò)高時(shí),其具有促炎促氧化作用。臨床資料顯示,高尿酸血癥是2型糖尿病發(fā)生的高危因素之一,高尿酸血癥患者常常合并有血脂、血糖、血壓的異常以及不同程度的胰島素抵抗。這些因素共同成為了代謝綜合征的重要組成部分[7-8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著血清尿酸水平的增加,發(fā)生胰島素抵抗的危險(xiǎn)也在上升[9]。
別嘌醇被證實(shí)為有效降低尿酸的藥物已使用多年,別嘌醇及其代謝產(chǎn)物,可抑制黃嘌呤氧化酶,使次黃嘌呤及黃嘌呤不能轉(zhuǎn)化為尿酸,即尿酸合成減少,進(jìn)而降低血中尿酸濃度[10-11]。苯溴馬隆是苯并呋喃衍生物,為近曲小管強(qiáng)效而可逆性的尿酸-陰離子交換劑,能阻斷腎小管對(duì)尿酸的再吸收,從而有效降低血尿酸濃度[12]。Jitapunkul等[13]報(bào)道,別嘌醇可以顯著提高糖化血紅蛋白,認(rèn)為糖化血紅蛋白升高可能是別嘌醇的直接作用。本研究顯示,別嘌醇與苯溴馬隆均能顯著降低高尿酸血癥小鼠血清尿酸水平,苯溴馬隆具有降低高尿酸誘發(fā)小鼠血糖異常升高的作用,而別嘌醇卻引起高尿酸小鼠血糖進(jìn)一步升高。在小鼠糖耐量實(shí)驗(yàn)中,苯溴馬隆改善了高尿酸引起血糖升高的水平,而別嘌醇的改善效果明顯較弱。同樣的情況出現(xiàn)在小鼠胰島素耐量的實(shí)驗(yàn)當(dāng)中,血清中的高尿酸引起小鼠對(duì)胰島素的敏感性下降,苯溴馬隆組與高尿酸組比較,對(duì)胰島素的敏感性從30 min開(kāi)始至120 min有明顯提高,而別嘌醇對(duì)胰島素負(fù)荷下血糖的影響與高尿酸組比較沒(méi)有明顯差別。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中別嘌醇對(duì)高尿酸引起的糖耐量與胰島素耐量異常并沒(méi)有明顯的影響。
綜上所述,越來(lái)越多的研究表明,高尿酸與2型糖尿病關(guān)系密切,高尿酸血癥可能為2型糖尿病的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素,2型糖尿病也可能促進(jìn)高尿酸血癥的發(fā)生及發(fā)展[14-15]。在藥物選擇方面,苯溴馬隆與別嘌醇對(duì)高尿酸血癥的治療均可以取得滿(mǎn)意的效果。但本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在高尿酸血癥合并血糖異常時(shí),苯溴馬隆比別嘌醇具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì),然而苯溴馬隆也有一定的肝毒性。所以,如何選擇安全、有效的治療高尿酸血癥的藥物,需要更深入的研究。
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[15] Johnson RJ,Perez-Pozo SE,Sautin YY,et al. Hypothesis:could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes [J]. Endocr Rev,2009,30(1):96-116.
(收稿日期:2014-04-09 本文編輯:程 銘)
綜上所述,越來(lái)越多的研究表明,高尿酸與2型糖尿病關(guān)系密切,高尿酸血癥可能為2型糖尿病的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素,2型糖尿病也可能促進(jìn)高尿酸血癥的發(fā)生及發(fā)展[14-15]。在藥物選擇方面,苯溴馬隆與別嘌醇對(duì)高尿酸血癥的治療均可以取得滿(mǎn)意的效果。但本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在高尿酸血癥合并血糖異常時(shí),苯溴馬隆比別嘌醇具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì),然而苯溴馬隆也有一定的肝毒性。所以,如何選擇安全、有效的治療高尿酸血癥的藥物,需要更深入的研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] 關(guān)寶生,白雪,王艷秋,等.痛風(fēng)/高尿酸血癥患者生活習(xí)慣的危險(xiǎn)因素[J].中國(guó)老年學(xué)雜志,2014,32(4):455-457.
[2] 沈永剛.1205例中老年人血尿酸檢測(cè)結(jié)果分析[J].吉林醫(yī)學(xué),2014,35(1):63-64.
[3] Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi Y, et al. Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes Care,2009,32(9):1737-1742.
[4] Chien KL,Chen MF,Hsu HC,et al. Plasma uric acid and the risk of type 2 diabetes in a Chinese community [J]. Clin Chem,2008,54(2):310-316.
[5] 譚冰,熊毅.痛風(fēng)的藥物治療研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)藥業(yè),2013,22(14):111-112.
[6] 陳光亮,徐叔云.高尿酸血癥動(dòng)物模型研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)藥理學(xué)通報(bào),2004,20(4):369-373.
[7] Enriori PJ,Evans AE,Sinnayah P,et al. Diet-induced obesity causes severe but reversible leptin resistance in arcuate melanocortin neurons [J]. Cell Metab,2007,5(3):181-194.
[8] 張惠敏.代謝綜合征發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2014,17(2):127-129.
[9] Carnethon MR,F(xiàn)ortmann SP,Palaniappan L,et al. Risk factors for progression to incident hyperinsulinemia:the Ather osclerosis Risk in Communities Study,1987-1998 [J]. Am J Epidemiol,2003,158(11):1058-1067.
[10] Chao J,Terkeltaub R. A critical reappraisal of allopurinol dosing,safety,and efficacy for hyperuricemia in gout [J]. Curr Rheumatol Rep,2009,11(2):135-140.
[11] Chohan S,Becker MA,MacDonald PA,et al. Women with gout: efficacy and safety of urate-lowering with febuxostat and allopurinol[J]. Arthritis Care Res:Hoboken,2012,64(2):256-261.
[12] Kurajoh M,Koyama H,Shoji T,et al. Relationship between serum allantoin and urate in healthy subjects and effects of benzbromarone in gout patients [J]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther,2012,50(4):265-271.
[13] Jitapunkul S,Chalaprawat M,Bunnag S,et al. The relationship between glucose and uric acid metabolism:influence of short term allopurinol on glucose metabolism [J]. Med Assoc Thai,1991,74(2):80-86.
[14] Dehghan A,van Hoek M,Sijbrands EJ,et al. High serum uric acid as a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes Care,2008,31(2):361-362.
[15] Johnson RJ,Perez-Pozo SE,Sautin YY,et al. Hypothesis:could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes [J]. Endocr Rev,2009,30(1):96-116.
(收稿日期:2014-04-09 本文編輯:程 銘)
綜上所述,越來(lái)越多的研究表明,高尿酸與2型糖尿病關(guān)系密切,高尿酸血癥可能為2型糖尿病的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素,2型糖尿病也可能促進(jìn)高尿酸血癥的發(fā)生及發(fā)展[14-15]。在藥物選擇方面,苯溴馬隆與別嘌醇對(duì)高尿酸血癥的治療均可以取得滿(mǎn)意的效果。但本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在高尿酸血癥合并血糖異常時(shí),苯溴馬隆比別嘌醇具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì),然而苯溴馬隆也有一定的肝毒性。所以,如何選擇安全、有效的治療高尿酸血癥的藥物,需要更深入的研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] 關(guān)寶生,白雪,王艷秋,等.痛風(fēng)/高尿酸血癥患者生活習(xí)慣的危險(xiǎn)因素[J].中國(guó)老年學(xué)雜志,2014,32(4):455-457.
[2] 沈永剛.1205例中老年人血尿酸檢測(cè)結(jié)果分析[J].吉林醫(yī)學(xué),2014,35(1):63-64.
[3] Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi Y, et al. Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes Care,2009,32(9):1737-1742.
[4] Chien KL,Chen MF,Hsu HC,et al. Plasma uric acid and the risk of type 2 diabetes in a Chinese community [J]. Clin Chem,2008,54(2):310-316.
[5] 譚冰,熊毅.痛風(fēng)的藥物治療研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)藥業(yè),2013,22(14):111-112.
[6] 陳光亮,徐叔云.高尿酸血癥動(dòng)物模型研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)藥理學(xué)通報(bào),2004,20(4):369-373.
[7] Enriori PJ,Evans AE,Sinnayah P,et al. Diet-induced obesity causes severe but reversible leptin resistance in arcuate melanocortin neurons [J]. Cell Metab,2007,5(3):181-194.
[8] 張惠敏.代謝綜合征發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2014,17(2):127-129.
[9] Carnethon MR,F(xiàn)ortmann SP,Palaniappan L,et al. Risk factors for progression to incident hyperinsulinemia:the Ather osclerosis Risk in Communities Study,1987-1998 [J]. Am J Epidemiol,2003,158(11):1058-1067.
[10] Chao J,Terkeltaub R. A critical reappraisal of allopurinol dosing,safety,and efficacy for hyperuricemia in gout [J]. Curr Rheumatol Rep,2009,11(2):135-140.
[11] Chohan S,Becker MA,MacDonald PA,et al. Women with gout: efficacy and safety of urate-lowering with febuxostat and allopurinol[J]. Arthritis Care Res:Hoboken,2012,64(2):256-261.
[12] Kurajoh M,Koyama H,Shoji T,et al. Relationship between serum allantoin and urate in healthy subjects and effects of benzbromarone in gout patients [J]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther,2012,50(4):265-271.
[13] Jitapunkul S,Chalaprawat M,Bunnag S,et al. The relationship between glucose and uric acid metabolism:influence of short term allopurinol on glucose metabolism [J]. Med Assoc Thai,1991,74(2):80-86.
[14] Dehghan A,van Hoek M,Sijbrands EJ,et al. High serum uric acid as a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes Care,2008,31(2):361-362.
[15] Johnson RJ,Perez-Pozo SE,Sautin YY,et al. Hypothesis:could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes [J]. Endocr Rev,2009,30(1):96-116.
(收稿日期:2014-04-09 本文編輯:程 銘)