陳 霞,張 楠,劉建華,張援虎*
(1.貴州大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,貴州 貴陽 550001;2.貴州省中國科學(xué)院天然產(chǎn)物化學(xué)重點實驗室,貴州 貴陽 550002)
茜草科鉤藤屬植物主要分布于東南亞、非洲和南美洲[1];民間用于治療外傷潰瘍、細(xì)菌真菌感染等[2]。2010年版《中國藥典》(一部)收載的鉤藤為多基源中藥材,其中茜草科鉤藤屬植物華鉤藤Uncaria sinensis(Oliv.)Havil.是其中的一種,其藥用部位是干燥帶鉤莖枝,秋冬二季采收,去葉,切斷,曬干,具有清熱平肝息風(fēng)定驚之功效[3],現(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)研究表明,其主要具有降壓和負(fù)性心率等作用[4]。華鉤藤在貴州具有豐富的植物資源,目前對貴州產(chǎn)的華鉤藤的研究并不多,主要都是針對化學(xué)成分進(jìn)行的研究,劉明川等從華鉤藤的乙醇溶液中分離得到7個化合物[5],孫廣利等對華鉤藤干燥帶鉤莖枝進(jìn)行提取,得到五個黃銅類化合物[6],為了進(jìn)一步尋找和開發(fā)利用植物資源,本實驗對其中的非生物堿類成分進(jìn)行了研究,從中分離鑒定了8個化合物,其中化合物 III、V、VI、VIII為首次從該屬植物中分離得到。
1.1.1 供試藥材 華鉤藤樣品于2012年12月采于貴州龍里,經(jīng)貴陽中醫(yī)學(xué)院陳德媛教授鑒定為茜草科鉤藤屬華鉤藤Uncaria sinensis(Oliv.)Havil.干燥帶鉤莖枝,標(biāo)本存放于貴州省中國科學(xué)院天然產(chǎn)物化學(xué)重點實驗室。
1.1.2 儀器與試劑 美國HP公司MS5973型質(zhì)譜儀;VG Auto Spec 3000型質(zhì)譜儀;美國 Varian INOVA-400型核磁共振波譜儀(TMS內(nèi)標(biāo));美國BRUKER DRX-500MHz超導(dǎo)核磁共振儀(TMS內(nèi)標(biāo),瓦里安有限公司);R-210型旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀(瑞士,瑞士步琦有限公司);干燥箱(101-2A型,天津市泰斯特儀器有限公司);瑞士BUCHI公司R-605型中壓泵等。柱色譜硅膠(200-300目 ),硅膠H(10-40 μm)為青島海洋化工廠產(chǎn)品;反相材料RP-18(40-60 μm)為德國Merck公司產(chǎn)品;微孔吸附樹脂CHP 20P(75-150 μm)為日本三菱化學(xué)有限公司產(chǎn)品;葡聚糖凝膠Sephadex LH-20(40-70 μm)為 Amersham Pharmacia Biotech AB公司產(chǎn)品。所用試劑為重蒸工業(yè)試劑,其他試劑為分析純。
1.2.1 提取與分離 華鉤藤(100 kg)干燥帶鉤莖枝經(jīng)粉碎后分批用95% 乙醇加熱回流提取4次,時間分別為4,2,2,1 h,減壓濃縮后得到濃縮液。濃縮液先用石油醚萃取至石油醚層澄清后再用三氯甲烷萃取至三氯甲烷層澄清,濃縮,得到三氯甲烷萃取部分600 g。通過200~300目硅膠,用三氯甲烷-甲醇(100∶0~0∶100)梯度洗脫,得到6個流分(Fr.1~Fr.6)。Fr.1經(jīng)三氯甲烷 -甲醇(100∶0~0∶100)梯度洗脫后,分別用三氯甲烷 -甲醇(100∶0~0∶100)、石油醚 -丙酮(100∶0 ~0∶100)梯度洗脫和Sephadex LH-20柱色譜純化,重結(jié)晶,得到 I(184 mg)、II(33 mg)、VI(18 mg);Fr.2經(jīng)反相Rp-18和正相硅膠柱色譜分離,結(jié)合Sephadex LH-20柱色譜純化,重結(jié)晶得到V(6.8 g)、VII(23 mg);Fr.3經(jīng)三氯甲烷-甲醇(100∶0~0∶100)、石油醚 -乙酸乙酯(100∶0 ~0∶100)、水 -甲醇(100∶0~0∶100),重結(jié)晶,得到化合物 VIII(28 mg)、III(54 mg)、IV(56 mg)。得到的8個非生物堿類成分如圖1。
圖1 華鉤藤中非生物堿類成分結(jié)構(gòu)圖Fig.1 The structure non-alkaloids constituents of Uncaria sinensis(Oliv.)Havil
白色粉末,5%硫酸乙醇溶液噴灑,加熱顯紫紅色,與烏蘇酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品進(jìn)行TLC對照,在多種溶劑系統(tǒng)中展開,Rf值一致,且混合熔點不下降,故I確定為烏蘇酸。
白色針狀結(jié)晶(CHCl3),5%硫酸乙醇溶液噴灑,加熱顯磚紅色,與β-谷甾醇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品進(jìn)行TLC對照,在多種溶劑系統(tǒng)中展開,Rf值一致,且混合熔點不下降,故II確定為β-谷甾醇。
白色粉末,C30H46O5,EI-MSm/z:486[M]+,1H-NMR(500MHz,C5D5N)δH:3.34(1H,dd,J=4.6,4.8Hz,H-3),6.04(1H,s,J=2.6Hz,H-12),2.83(1H,d,J=11.3Hz,H-18),0.94(3H,s,H-23),0.86(3H,s,H-24),0.67(3H,s,H-25),0.80(3H,s,H-26),0.86(3H,d,J=4.8Hz,H-29),0.82(3H,d,J=6.5Hz,H-30);13CNMR(125MHz,C5D5N)δc:39.43(C-1),26.44(C-2),78.04(C-3),39.29(C-4),55.82(C-5),19.03(C-6),37.18(C-7),39.35(C-8),47.34(C-9),37.64(C-10),23.42(C-11),129.08(C-12),134.19(C-13),56.88(C-14),28.22(C-15),25.58(C-16),48.82(C-17),55.02(C-18),37.78(C-19),40.11(C-20),30.64(C-21),37.42(C-22),28.66(C-23),16.68(C-24),16.65(C-25),18.32(C-26),178.11(C-27),180.23(C-28),18.94(C-29),21.39(C-30)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[7]數(shù)據(jù)一致,因此鑒定為奎洛維酸。
白色無定型粉末,C35H60O6,ESI-MSm/z:599.3[M+Na]+;1H-NMR(500MHz,CDCl3/CD3OD)δH:5.37(1H,d,J=5.1Hz,H-1),3.39-3.61(4H,m,H-2'3'4'5'),5.37(1H,d,J=2.6Hz,H-6),3.85(1H,dd,J=2.7,2.9Hz,H-6a'),3.77(1H,dd,J=13,4.3Hz,H-6b'),1.01(3H,s),0.68(3H,s);13C-NMR(125MHz,CDCl3/CD3OD)δc:37.10(C-1),29.48(C-2),79.09(C-3),38.58(C-4),140.10(C-5),122.08(C-6),31.73(C-7),31.79(C-8),50.02(C-9),36.57(C-10),100.94(C-11),39.60(C-12),42.18(C-13),56.60(C-14),24.14(C-15),28.09(C-16),55.91(C-17),11.69(C-18),19.16(C-19),36.06(C-20),18.61(C-21),33.80(C-22),25.91(C-23),45.70(C-24),29.0(C-25),18.85(C-26),19.64(C-27),22.92(C-28),11.80(C-29),20.92(C-1'),73.38(C-2'),76.18(C-3'),69.86(C-4'),75.53(C-5'),61.71(C-6')。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[8]數(shù)據(jù)一致,因此鑒定為胡蘿卜苷。
白色粉末,C36H40O10,ESI-MSm/z:655.3[M+Na]+,1H-NMR(500MHz,C5D5N)δH:3.34(1H,dd,J=4.6,4.8Hz,H-3),6.04(1H,s,J=2.6Hz,H-12),2.83(1H,d,J=11.3Hz,H-18),0.94(3H,s,H-23),0.86(3H,s,H-24),0.67(3H,s,H-25),0.80(3H,s,H-26),0.86(3H,d,J=4.8Hz,H-29),0.82(3H,d,J=6.5Hz,H-30);13C-NMR(125MHz,C5D5N)δc:39.43(C-1),26.44(C-2),78.04(C-3),39.29(C-4),55.82(C-5),19.03(C-6),37.18(C-7),39.35(C-8),47.34(C-9),37.64(C-10),23.42(C-11),129.08(C-12),134.19(C-13),56.88(C-14),28.22(C-15),25.58(C-16),48.82(C-17),55.02(C-18),37.78(C-19),40.11(C-20),30.64(C-21),37.42(C-22),28.66(C-23),16.68(C-24),16.65(C-25),18.32(C-26),178.11(C-27),180.23(C-28),18.94(C-29),21.39(C-30)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[9]數(shù)據(jù)一致,因此鑒定為奎洛維酸-3-O-β-D-海藻糖苷。
白色粉末,C29H52O3,EI-MSm/z:448[M]+;1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3/CD3OD)δH:1.67(1H,dd,J=2.8,6.8Hz,H-1a),1.58(1H,m,H-2a),4.01(1H,m,H-3a),2.04(1H,dd,J=12.8,11.6Hz,H-4a),5.40(1H,s,H-6),3.55(1H,m,H-6a),1.55(1H,dd,J=4.4,4.8Hz,H-7a),1.74(1H,m,H-8a),1.46(1H,m,H-9a),1.28(1H,m,H-11),1.31(1H,m,H-11a),1.07(1H,m,H-12a),1.05(1H,m,H-14a),1.52(1H,m,H-15a),1.18(1H,m,H-16a),1.07(1H,m,H-17a),0.70(1H,s,H-18),1.18(3H,s,H-19),1.28(1H,m,H-20),0.84(3H,d,J=7.6Hz,H-21),1.31(1H,m,H-22),1.20(1H,m,H-23),0.87(1H,m,H-24),1.15(3H,s,H-25),0.70(3H,s,H-26),0.80(3H,d,J=1.6Hz,H-27),1.61(2H,m,H-28),0.92(3H,d,J=6.4Hz,H-29);13C-NMR(100MHz,CDCl3/CD3OD)δc:33.43(C-1),31.62(C-2),68.28(C-3),41.42(C-4),76.78(C-5),76.45(C-6),35.20(C-7),31.55(C-8),46.51(C-9),39.24(C-10),22.26(C-11),41.34(C-12),43.86(C-13),57.49(C-14),25.19(C-15),29.36(C-16),57.39(C-17),12.61(C-18),17.32(C-19),37.40(C-20),19.30(C-21),35.04(C-22),24.09(C-23),47.19(C-24),27.08(C-25),20.21(C-26),19.41(C-27),30.29(C-28),12.35(C-29)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[5]數(shù)據(jù)一致,因此鑒定為3β,5α,6β-三羥基豆甾烷。
白色粉末,C30H48O3,EI-MSm/z:456[M]+;1H-NMR(500MHz,CDCl3/CD3OD)δH:3.43(1H,t,J=14.0Hz,H-3),5.43(1H,d,J=8.1Hz,H-12),0.91(3H,s,CH3-23),1.02(3H,s,CH3-24),0.90(3H,s,CH3-25),0.95(3H,s,CH3-26),1.14(3H,s,CH3-27),0.93(3H,s,CH3-29),0.97(3H,s,CH3-30);13C-NMR(125MHz,CDCl3/CD3OD)δc:38.39(C-1),26.74(C-2),78.75(C-3),38.58(C-4),55.13(C-5),18.17(C-6),32.61(C-7),39.23(C-8),47.50(C-9),36.87(C-10),22.82(C-11),122.50(C-12),143.21(C-13),41.63(C-14),27.47(C-15),23.29(C-16),46.73(C-17),41.09(C-18),45.72(C-19),30.48(C-20),33.69(C-21),31.87(C-22),27.87(C-23),15.40(C-24),15.17(C-25),16.69(C-26),25.62(C-27),176.79(C-28),32.86(C-29),23.34(C-30)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[11]數(shù)據(jù)一致,因此鑒定為齊墩果酸。
白色針狀結(jié)晶(CH3OH);C42H66O15,ESIMSm/z:833.2[M+Na]+,1H-NMR(400MHz,CD3OD)δH:4.30(1H,d,J=7.6Hz,H-1'),5.36(1H,d,J=8.0Hz,H-1″),3.82(2H,dd,J=2.4,2.0Hz,H-3),1.22(3H,s,H-6'),1.35-1.61(2H,m,H-12),2.27(1H,d,J=10.4Hz,H-18),3.12 ~3.38(8H,overlap),0.92(3H,d,J=4.8Hz,CH3),0.89(3H,d,J=1.6Hz,CH3),1.01(3H,s,CH3),0.97(3H,s,CH3),0.88(3H,s,CH3),0.82(3H,s,CH3);13C-NMR(100MHz,CD3OD)δc:39.96(C-1),27.09(C-2),90.72(C-3),40.10(C-4),55.33(C-5),19.28(C-6),37.83(C-7),40.25(C-8),48.07(C-9),38.04(C-10),23.88(C-11),130.92(C-12),133.26(C-13),57.30(C-14),25.83(C-15),26.43(C-16),49.81(C-17),56.92(C-18),38.25(C-19),40.82(C-20),31.13(C-21),37.01(C-22),28.49(C-23),19.23(C-24),17.96(C-25),18.12(C-26),179.16(C-27),177.98(C-28),17.07(C-29),21.48(C-30),106.68(C-1'),75.64(C-2'),78.61(C-3'),72.62(C-4'),77.66(C-5'),62.77(C-6'),95.60(C-1″),73.89(C-2″),78.23(C-3″),71.18(C-4″),78.23(C-5″),62.51(C-6″)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[12]數(shù)據(jù)一致,因此鑒定為奎洛維酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(28→1)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。
華鉤藤在貴州具有豐富的植物資源,目前對它的研究并不多,本實驗對未經(jīng)過酸堿處理的華鉤藤的非生物堿進(jìn)行研究,在沒有破壞化合物原型的基礎(chǔ)上希望得到一些新穎結(jié)構(gòu)的化合物。利用多種色譜技術(shù)從華鉤藤中分離得到的8個化合物中,4個成分為首次從鉤藤屬植物中分離得到,豐富了中草藥華鉤藤的非生物堿類成分的研究。
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