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[摘要]目的 證實(shí)偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作在枕葉癲癇中的定位定側(cè)價值。 方法 我們研究9例伴有偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作的枕葉癲癇手術(shù)治療患者,應(yīng)用視頻腦電監(jiān)測記錄癲癇發(fā)作,術(shù)后隨訪1~2年,分析每例患者的偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作與手術(shù)側(cè)別,另外還研究其他發(fā)作形式與偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作的聯(lián)系。 結(jié)果 9例患者共記錄到35次偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作,偏轉(zhuǎn)方向均指向病變對側(cè),此外,枕葉癲癇偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作較少伴隨部分運(yùn)動發(fā)作。 結(jié)論 枕葉癲癇中偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作具有明確的定側(cè)價值,同時,與額葉癲癇相比,枕葉偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作具有不同的發(fā)作機(jī)制。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 枕葉癲癇;偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作
[中圖分類號] R651.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)19-30-03
偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作定義為頭眼向一側(cè)緩慢而有力的偏轉(zhuǎn),偏轉(zhuǎn)角度一般大于90°,發(fā)生在全身強(qiáng)直陣攣發(fā)作(GTCS)之前具有定側(cè)價值[1]。在枕葉癲癇中,往往重視視覺先兆的價值而忽略偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作的意義,所以應(yīng)用視頻腦電監(jiān)測詳細(xì)研究枕葉癲癇發(fā)作的資料較少[2]。為明確偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作在枕葉癲癇中的定側(cè)價值,本研究通過記錄詳實(shí)的視頻資料,對枕葉癲癇術(shù)后患者進(jìn)行隨訪,分析偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作的定位定側(cè)意義。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本組共9例病例,均符合以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn):經(jīng)手術(shù)證實(shí)為枕葉癲癇,術(shù)前視頻腦電監(jiān)測均記錄到偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作。詳細(xì)資料見表1。
1.2 方法
(1)詳細(xì)詢問病史,進(jìn)行臨床癥狀學(xué)分析。行頭顱CT、MR常規(guī)掃描檢查。應(yīng)用美國Nicolet系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行長程視頻腦電圖監(jiān)測,記錄發(fā)作間期及發(fā)作期腦電圖變化,定位致癇灶。部分病例行發(fā)作間期PET檢查。經(jīng)上述非侵襲性檢查未能明確定位癲癇發(fā)作起源的病例,放置顱內(nèi)電極(硬膜下條狀電極或深部電極),術(shù)后繼續(xù)應(yīng)用視頻腦電圖監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行長程顱內(nèi)腦電記錄,根據(jù)發(fā)作期腦電變化過程定位癲癇發(fā)作起源。(2)發(fā)作癥狀學(xué)分析。記錄偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作側(cè)別、伴隨其他發(fā)作類型,有無先兆及先兆表現(xiàn)。(3)根據(jù)對致癇灶的定位選擇適合的手術(shù)入路,術(shù)中應(yīng)用32導(dǎo)網(wǎng)格狀皮層電極,行皮層腦電監(jiān)測,進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)致癇灶的位置和范圍,行手術(shù)切除。切除的組織送病理檢查。術(shù)后隨訪1年以上,根據(jù)Engels[3]術(shù)后效果分級進(jìn)行評估。
2 結(jié)果
9例患者共記錄到35次偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作,除病例2僅表現(xiàn)為雙眼偏轉(zhuǎn)外,其余8例均表現(xiàn)為頭眼向一側(cè)偏轉(zhuǎn);在偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作中均伴隨有肢體強(qiáng)直和(或)痙攣。
術(shù)后病理證實(shí)胚胎發(fā)育障礙性神經(jīng)上皮瘤1例,局灶性皮質(zhì)發(fā)育不良3例,壞死及膠質(zhì)增生合并瘢痕4例,血管畸形1例。術(shù)后隨訪1~2年,Engels預(yù)后分級:Ⅰ級4例,Ⅱ級2例,Ⅲ級2例,Ⅳ級1例。偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作臨床特點(diǎn)及預(yù)后見表2。
3 討論
枕葉癲癇是一組有特征性臨床表現(xiàn)的癲癇綜合征[4]。由于枕葉組織在腦發(fā)育過程中和神經(jīng)纖維傳導(dǎo)中的特殊性,枕葉癲癇,尤其是起源于顳頂枕交界區(qū)的癲癇表現(xiàn)為顳葉或額葉癥狀,往往誤診為其他類型的癲癇或癲癇綜合征而延誤治療[5-6]。目前認(rèn)為頭和眼球向一側(cè)的偏轉(zhuǎn)常具有特征性意義[7-8],有人認(rèn)為頭和眼的強(qiáng)直性和(或)陣攣性向病灶對側(cè)偏轉(zhuǎn)在枕葉癲癇中比在額葉、顳葉癲癇中定位意義更大,是可靠的定側(cè)指標(biāo)。Wyllie等[9]應(yīng)用視頻腦電監(jiān)測研究37例患者的74次癲癇發(fā)作發(fā)現(xiàn),27例患者出現(xiàn)頭眼偏向?qū)?cè)的偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作,其中額葉癲癇10例、顳葉癲癇14例、2例頂葉及1例枕葉癲癇,無一例出現(xiàn)同側(cè)偏轉(zhuǎn)。在枕葉癲癇中,一般認(rèn)為偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作定側(cè)意義較其他腦葉高。Munari等[10]報道了16例枕葉癲癇患者,共計49次偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作,其中48次為向?qū)?cè)偏轉(zhuǎn)。而 Williamson等[11]研究了16例僅眼睛偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作的枕葉癲癇病例,有13例為向?qū)?cè)偏轉(zhuǎn)、3例向同側(cè)偏轉(zhuǎn)。在我們的研究中,9例患者均經(jīng)腦電圖及手術(shù)證實(shí)致癇灶位于枕葉,在記錄到的35次偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作中,有34次表現(xiàn)為向病灶對側(cè)偏轉(zhuǎn),證實(shí)在枕葉癲癇中,偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作具有較高的定側(cè)價值。由于偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作可發(fā)生于各個腦區(qū),所以定位價值不高。Bleasel等[1]報道發(fā)生在癲癇發(fā)作早期的偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作多見于顳葉外癲癇,但額葉、頂葉及枕葉癲癇間無明顯差異。Wyllie等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)枕葉癲癇中偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作伴隨面部或肢體局部運(yùn)動發(fā)作較額葉癲癇少見,我們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)共計4例偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作患者伴隨局部運(yùn)動發(fā)作,與上述研究吻合。目前認(rèn)為在枕葉癲癇中,癲癇放電向額葉的額眼區(qū)傳遞是產(chǎn)生偏轉(zhuǎn)的主要機(jī)制,但我們研究結(jié)果顯示偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作患者伴隨局部運(yùn)動發(fā)作的病例數(shù)較少,可能存在其他傳遞通路。Blume,2001[13]研究認(rèn)為雙眼共軛運(yùn)動與以下兩條通路有關(guān):(1)非額葉皮層→額葉皮層→腦橋旁正中網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)(PPRF);(2)皮層→上丘→腦橋旁正中網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)(PPRF)→PPRF;在枕葉癲癇中,癲癇放電可能通過上丘傳遞引起偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作??傊?,偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作在枕葉癲癇中具有較高的定側(cè)價值,引起偏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)作的機(jī)制可能與額葉癲癇不同。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Bleasel A,Kotagal P,Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.
[2] Fogarasi A,Boesebeck F,Tuxhorn I. A detailed analysis of symptomatic posterior cortex seizure semiology in children younger than seven years[J].Epilepsia,2003,44:89-96.
[3] Engel J Jr,Van Ness P,Rasmussen T,et al.Outcome with respect to epileptic seizures.In:Engel J Jr,ed.Surgical treatment of the epilepsies[M].New York:Raven Press,1993:609-22.endprint
[4] Lee SK,Lee SY,Kim DW, et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,surgical outcom,and role of diagnostic modalities[J].Epilepsia,2005,46:688-695.
[5] 吳英,陳述花,張瑋,等.顳一枕葉交界區(qū)癲癇的致癇區(qū)定位研究[J].中華神經(jīng)外科雜志,2013,29:3-6.
[6] 遇濤,李勇杰,王玉平,等.枕葉癲癇的術(shù)前定位[J].腦與神經(jīng)疾病雜志,2004,12:161-164.
[7] Kernan JC,Devinsky O,Luciano DJ,et al. Lateralizing significance of head and eye deviation in secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures[J].Neurology,1993,43,1308-1310.
[8] Godoy JLH,Lüders H,Dinner DS,et al.Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain[J].Neurology,1990,40:296-299.
[9] Wyllie E,Lüders H,Morris HH,et al.The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures[J].Neurology,1986,36:606-661.
[10] Munari C,Bonis A,Kochen S,et al. Talairach J. Eye movements and occipital seizures in man[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,1984,33:47-52.
[11] Williamson PD,Thadani VM,Darcey TM,et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,seizure spread patterns,and results of surgery[J].Ann Neurol,1992,31:3-13.
[12] Bleasel A,Kotagal P, Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.
[13] Blume WT. Focal motor seizures and epilepsia partialis continua.In:Wyllie E.(Ed.)[M].The Treatment of Epilepsy:Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia,2001:329-343.
(收稿日期:2014-07-07)endprint
[4] Lee SK,Lee SY,Kim DW, et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,surgical outcom,and role of diagnostic modalities[J].Epilepsia,2005,46:688-695.
[5] 吳英,陳述花,張瑋,等.顳一枕葉交界區(qū)癲癇的致癇區(qū)定位研究[J].中華神經(jīng)外科雜志,2013,29:3-6.
[6] 遇濤,李勇杰,王玉平,等.枕葉癲癇的術(shù)前定位[J].腦與神經(jīng)疾病雜志,2004,12:161-164.
[7] Kernan JC,Devinsky O,Luciano DJ,et al. Lateralizing significance of head and eye deviation in secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures[J].Neurology,1993,43,1308-1310.
[8] Godoy JLH,Lüders H,Dinner DS,et al.Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain[J].Neurology,1990,40:296-299.
[9] Wyllie E,Lüders H,Morris HH,et al.The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures[J].Neurology,1986,36:606-661.
[10] Munari C,Bonis A,Kochen S,et al. Talairach J. Eye movements and occipital seizures in man[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,1984,33:47-52.
[11] Williamson PD,Thadani VM,Darcey TM,et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,seizure spread patterns,and results of surgery[J].Ann Neurol,1992,31:3-13.
[12] Bleasel A,Kotagal P, Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.
[13] Blume WT. Focal motor seizures and epilepsia partialis continua.In:Wyllie E.(Ed.)[M].The Treatment of Epilepsy:Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia,2001:329-343.
(收稿日期:2014-07-07)endprint
[4] Lee SK,Lee SY,Kim DW, et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,surgical outcom,and role of diagnostic modalities[J].Epilepsia,2005,46:688-695.
[5] 吳英,陳述花,張瑋,等.顳一枕葉交界區(qū)癲癇的致癇區(qū)定位研究[J].中華神經(jīng)外科雜志,2013,29:3-6.
[6] 遇濤,李勇杰,王玉平,等.枕葉癲癇的術(shù)前定位[J].腦與神經(jīng)疾病雜志,2004,12:161-164.
[7] Kernan JC,Devinsky O,Luciano DJ,et al. Lateralizing significance of head and eye deviation in secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures[J].Neurology,1993,43,1308-1310.
[8] Godoy JLH,Lüders H,Dinner DS,et al.Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain[J].Neurology,1990,40:296-299.
[9] Wyllie E,Lüders H,Morris HH,et al.The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures[J].Neurology,1986,36:606-661.
[10] Munari C,Bonis A,Kochen S,et al. Talairach J. Eye movements and occipital seizures in man[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,1984,33:47-52.
[11] Williamson PD,Thadani VM,Darcey TM,et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,seizure spread patterns,and results of surgery[J].Ann Neurol,1992,31:3-13.
[12] Bleasel A,Kotagal P, Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.
[13] Blume WT. Focal motor seizures and epilepsia partialis continua.In:Wyllie E.(Ed.)[M].The Treatment of Epilepsy:Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia,2001:329-343.
(收稿日期:2014-07-07)endprint