楊帆等
[摘要] 目的 評(píng)價(jià)癲癇患者骨密度及骨代謝相關(guān)指標(biāo)的改變,探討癲癇患者骨代謝異常的性別差異及其相關(guān)影響因素,旨在為臨床治療提供依據(jù)。方法 入選110例女性癲癇患者及96例男性癲癇患者進(jìn)行觀察,并設(shè)立健康女性45例及健康男性40例作對(duì)照。收集癲癇患者相關(guān)臨床資料,對(duì)各組分別測(cè)定骨密度及骨代謝相關(guān)生化指標(biāo),并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。 結(jié)果 癲癇組骨密度異常比例及甲狀旁腺素均較健康對(duì)照組升高,女性癲癇組骨密度異常比例高于男性癲癇組(均P<0.05)。影響因素分析中,年齡、藥程、藥物數(shù)量、癲癇發(fā)作對(duì)骨密度均有負(fù)面作用(均P<0.05),年齡對(duì)女性患者骨密度影響更加明顯,病程、藥物種類僅對(duì)女性患者骨密度影響顯著。多因素回歸分析顯示,年齡、病程、藥物數(shù)量是女性患者骨質(zhì)異常的危險(xiǎn)因素,而藥程、藥物數(shù)量是男性患者骨質(zhì)異常的危險(xiǎn)因素(均P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 癲癇病及抗癲癇藥(AEDs)均影響患者骨密度,并可繼發(fā)甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)。女性患者骨密度異常比例高于男性患者,且骨質(zhì)異常的影響因素更多,在臨床治療中應(yīng)給予更多的關(guān)注。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 癲癇;骨密度;抗癲癇藥物;性別差異
[中圖分類號(hào)] R742.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2014)33-0009-04
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the bone mineral density(BMD) and relative biochemical indicators of bone metabolism in patients with epilepsy,to explore influencing factors and gender differences of abnormal bone metabolism in patients with epilepsy,to provide reference data for clinical treatment. Methods A total of 110 female with epilepsy and 96 male with epilepsy were observed, compared to 45 healthy women and 40 healthy men as control groups.Clinical data of patients with epilepsy were collected, BMD and biochemical indicators were measured in the experimental groups and the control groups respectively. The all of the data were analyzed by statistical methods. Results Incidence of low BMD and the parathyroid hormone increased in the patients groups compared to the healthy groups,incidence of low BMD in female patients group was higher than male patients group(P<0.05). Analysis of influencing factors,age、time on treatment、number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and seizures all have adverse impact on BMD(P<0.05). The effect of age on BMD was more visible in female patients group. Significant effect of course and type of AEDs on BMD was only found in female patients group. Mutivariate regression analysis showed,age、course、number of AEDs were risk factors to female patients with abnormal bone metabolism,while time on treatment、number of AEDs were risk factors to male patients(P<0.05). Conclusion Epilepsy and AEDs both have negative impact on BMD, and may lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Incidence of low BMD in female patients group was higher than male patients group, and more influencing factors contribute to abnormal BMD in female patients than male patients, so more attention should be paid to female patients in clinical treatment.
[Key words] Epilepsy; Bone mineral density; Antiepileptic drugs; Gender differences
癲癇是神經(jīng)科常見(jiàn)的慢性疾病,通過(guò)抗癲癇治療,約70%的患者可控制發(fā)作。但長(zhǎng)期的藥物治療可帶來(lái)多種副作用。早在60、70年代的研究即發(fā)現(xiàn)抗癲癇藥物(AEDs)及癇性發(fā)作可影響骨代謝,而后越來(lái)越多的研究認(rèn)為抗癇藥物可減低骨密度[1-3],出現(xiàn)骨代謝相關(guān)生化指標(biāo)的改變[4],并有研究證實(shí)在抗癇治療的早期即可監(jiān)測(cè)到這些變化[5]。在普通人群中, 與骨質(zhì)疏松有關(guān)的骨折,男性約50%,女性約70%~80%[6]。癲癇患者比普通人群有更高的骨病發(fā)病率[7],因而面臨更高的骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但癲癇患者的骨質(zhì)問(wèn)題尚未得到神經(jīng)科醫(yī)生的重視,且未有統(tǒng)一預(yù)防措施及管理辦法制定[8-10]。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)研究多是針對(duì)兒童癲癇患者的骨代謝,本文通過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)成人癲癇患者骨密度及生化指標(biāo)改變,探討癲癇患者骨代謝異常的性別差異及相關(guān)影響因素,為臨床治療提供依據(jù)。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
以2012年3月~2014年6月在我院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科癲癇門診長(zhǎng)期隨診的206例癲癇患者為研究對(duì)象,其中男96例,年齡(38.09±13.65)歲,病程(13.73±12.2)年,BMI(22.38±4.78)kg/m2。女110例,年齡(37.01±13.64)歲,病程(16.11±12.39)年,BMI(22.71±4.2)kg/m2。入選健康人群85例作為對(duì)照,其中男40例,年齡(37.16±11.23)歲,BMI(22.31±4.12)kg/m2。女45例,年齡(37.11±12.66)歲,BMI(22.47±3.87)kg/m2;各組間年齡、病程、BMI比較無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。癲癇診斷符合國(guó)際抗癲癇聯(lián)盟2001年癲癇發(fā)作及癲癇病和癲癇綜合征診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。癲癇患者入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡在20~60歲;②病程及服藥時(shí)間均在半年以上;③日常起居、生活飲食正常;④近3個(gè)月內(nèi)無(wú)癲癇持續(xù)狀態(tài)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①腦性癱瘓和精神發(fā)育遲滯患者;②既往患有其他影響骨代謝的疾病,如軟骨發(fā)育不全、成骨不全、佝僂病等骨骼肌肉疾病,甲狀腺或甲狀旁腺功能異常、糖尿病、嚴(yán)重的肝腎疾病及心肺疾??;③長(zhǎng)期服用激素類及補(bǔ)充維生素D、鈣劑的患者;④吸煙酗酒不良嗜好。健康對(duì)照組入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡在20~60歲,無(wú)器質(zhì)性疾病,未服用影響骨代謝及內(nèi)分泌的藥物。
1.2 方法
對(duì)癲癇患者收集基本臨床資料,包括一般情況(性別、年齡、體重、身高),癲癇病史,用藥及發(fā)作控制情況,腦電圖及影像學(xué)資料。對(duì)全部入選者記錄其日常飲食、光曬時(shí)間、每日平均運(yùn)動(dòng)量、煙酒史、其他病史及用藥史。
1.3 生化指標(biāo)測(cè)定
癲癇患者及健康人群分別采取晨8時(shí)空腹靜脈血,采用日本日立公司全自動(dòng)生化分析儀,測(cè)定鈣、磷、堿性磷酸酶。血鈣測(cè)定采用鄰甲酚酞絡(luò)合劑直接比色法,血磷測(cè)定采用硫酸亞鐵磷鉬藍(lán)比色法。血清總堿性磷酸酶測(cè)定采用金式法。采用美國(guó)DPC公司生產(chǎn)的IMMULITE2000型全自動(dòng)任選式酶放大化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析系統(tǒng),測(cè)定血清全段甲狀旁腺素(iPTH)。
1.4 骨密度測(cè)量
采用SONOST 3000超聲波BMD測(cè)定儀(儀器設(shè)定的是亞洲人群的參考值),統(tǒng)一測(cè)量受檢人右側(cè)足跟。根據(jù)中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)骨質(zhì)疏松及骨礦鹽分會(huì)2005年制定的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以T值為診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):骨質(zhì)正常 T>-1,骨質(zhì)缺鈣 -2.5 1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析處理,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較用方差分析,偏態(tài)分布的樣本資料以中位數(shù)表示,采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,組間比較用單向有序列聯(lián)表分析。多因素分析采用非條件Logistic回歸。 2 結(jié)果 2.1 骨密度結(jié)果比較 見(jiàn)表1。女性癲癇組與健康女性組比較,骨質(zhì)異常比例升高(P=0.001),男性癲癇組與健康男性組比較,骨質(zhì)異常比例升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.033)。女性癲癇組較男性癲癇組骨質(zhì)異常比例升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.048)。健康女性組與健康男性組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.992)。 2.2影響因素分析 見(jiàn)表2。年齡分組顯示,骨密度異常比例隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而增加,女性癲癇組更為明顯。女性癲癇組40歲以上骨密度異常率高于40歲以內(nèi)患者(P<0.01),男性癲癇組中該兩組比較(P=0.407)。同年齡組比較,50~60歲年齡組中,女性癲癇組骨質(zhì)異常比例高于男性癲癇組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.044)。 病程分組顯示,女性癲癇組病程15年以上骨密度異常比例高于15年以內(nèi),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.007)。男性癲癇組中該兩組間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.424)。 AEDs藥程分組顯示,女性癲癇組及男性癲癇組藥程10年以上骨密度異常比例均高于10年以內(nèi)(女性P=0.005,男性P=0.022),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 藥物數(shù)量分組顯示,女性癲癇組及男性癲癇組的多藥治療組骨密度異常比例均高于單藥治療組(女性P=0.017,男性P=0.007),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 將單藥治療分為肝酶誘導(dǎo)組及非肝酶誘導(dǎo)組,女性癲癇組肝酶誘導(dǎo)組骨質(zhì)異常比例高于非肝酶誘導(dǎo)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.045)。男性癲癇組兩組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.368)。 發(fā)作類型分組顯示,女性癲癇組及男性癲癇組驚厥型發(fā)作骨密度異常比例高于非驚厥型發(fā)作(女性P=0.032,男性P=0.027),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。驚厥組按發(fā)作頻率分組中,女性及男性驚厥發(fā)作頻率>10次/年組骨密度異常比例高于頻率≤10次/年組(女性P=0.035,男性P=0.032),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 2.3生化檢測(cè)結(jié)果比較 見(jiàn)表3。癲癇患者血鈣、血磷、堿性磷酸酶均在正常范圍內(nèi),各組比較,血鈣、血磷、血堿性磷酸酶差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。甲狀旁腺素各組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其中女性癲癇組與健康女性比較(P=0.012),男性癲癇組與健康男性比較(P=0.004),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 2.4女性癲癇患者多因素回歸分析 癲癇患者不同性別骨密度異常多因素回歸分析,將年齡、病程、藥程、藥物數(shù)量、發(fā)作類型作為影響因素進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表4、表5。女性患者分析結(jié)果納入了3個(gè)影響因素,即病程、年齡和藥物數(shù)量是其骨密度異常的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。男性患者納入了2個(gè)影響因素,即藥程和藥物數(shù)量是其獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。 3討論 骨組織是由骨礦物質(zhì)及骨基質(zhì)構(gòu)成的,其中鈣磷是骨礦物質(zhì)中的主要成分。骨代謝包括骨形成和骨吸收,取決于成骨細(xì)胞和破骨細(xì)胞的成骨及溶骨作用[10]。這種相對(duì)作用保持一種動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,一旦平衡被打破,骨代謝就會(huì)受到影響。一個(gè)骨重塑周期約3個(gè)月[9],30歲時(shí),人的骨量達(dá)到峰值,并維持至50歲左右。
目前抗癲癇藥物對(duì)骨密度影響的機(jī)制尚不確定,國(guó)內(nèi)外研究支持最多是肝酶誘導(dǎo)的抗癲癇藥可加速維生素D分解,減少鈣吸收、鈣沉積[11],繼發(fā)甲狀旁腺素升高,溶骨效應(yīng)增加,骨密度減低。這與本研究結(jié)果中女性癲癇患者骨密度受肝酶誘導(dǎo)抗癲癇藥影響一致。同樣,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)癲癇患者甲狀旁腺激素較健康對(duì)照明顯升高,但血鈣、血磷、血清堿性磷酸酶水平與正常對(duì)照組無(wú)差異,這與某些研究中血鈣水平降低不同。推測(cè)血鈣維持在正常水平與甲狀旁腺素代償性升高,骨吸收增加有關(guān),且癲癇患者可能對(duì)甲狀旁腺素的作用存在抵抗[10],這也許能解釋血鈣沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步升高。許多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)非肝酶誘導(dǎo)或者肝酶抑制抗癇藥(如丙戊酸鈉)同樣對(duì)骨代謝有負(fù)面作用,這可能與藥物導(dǎo)致的代謝性酸中毒有關(guān)。酸性環(huán)境中,骨形成減少,自身組織吸收增加,骨組織中鈣、磷與其它陰離子交換,使鈣磷減少,從而加速骨組織的溶骨吸收,且代謝性酸中毒可干擾1,25-(OH)2D3合成,間接減低鈣吸收[6]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示癲癇患者骨密度較正常對(duì)照明顯減低,證實(shí)抗癲癇藥及癲癇發(fā)作對(duì)骨密度均有負(fù)面影響。女性患者較男性患者骨密度異常比例升高,進(jìn)一步分析影響因素,年齡對(duì)女性患者骨密度影響更加明顯,在50~60歲年齡組女性患者骨密度異常比例高于男性患者,推測(cè)可能與雌激素撤退有關(guān)。雌激素水平下降,破骨細(xì)胞活躍,骨吸收大于骨形成,繼發(fā)骨質(zhì)流失。且有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),女性在圍絕經(jīng)到絕經(jīng)期過(guò)渡階段,癲癇發(fā)作頻率增加,骨折概率相應(yīng)增加[12]。所以,對(duì)于更年期女性癲癇患者更應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)骨密度及相關(guān)指標(biāo)的監(jiān)測(cè)。除此之外,藥程、藥物數(shù)量、發(fā)作頻率、發(fā)作類型對(duì)癲癇患者骨密度均有負(fù)面作用。病程、服藥種類僅對(duì)女性患者骨密度有顯著影響?;貧w分析顯示,病程、年齡、藥物數(shù)量是女性患者骨密度異常的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,藥程、藥物數(shù)量是男性患者骨密度異常的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。由此可見(jiàn),改善患者骨密度應(yīng)控制癲癇發(fā)作及合理選擇用藥,女性患者骨密度異常比例高于男性患者,且發(fā)現(xiàn)的影響因素、獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素多于男性患者,所以女性患者更應(yīng)加強(qiáng)這方面管理。
本研究中,4例有骨折史,其中2例與癲癇發(fā)作相關(guān),2例與創(chuàng)傷相關(guān)。國(guó)外研究認(rèn)為癲癇患者骨折與癲癇發(fā)作、癲癇藥物引起的嗜睡、平衡障礙有關(guān),且易發(fā)生非創(chuàng)傷性骨折[13,14]。
目前對(duì)癲癇患者長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)測(cè)骨質(zhì)變化、補(bǔ)充鈣劑及維生素D的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一認(rèn)識(shí),但多建議補(bǔ)充。骨質(zhì)異?;颊邞?yīng)至少2年復(fù)查一次骨密度[15],骨質(zhì)疏松患者應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)治療效果。激素替代治療,曾作為絕經(jīng)期女性預(yù)防骨質(zhì)疏松,保持骨密度的治療方法,但增加了患乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并有可能增加癲癇發(fā)作[16]。女性癲癇患者較男性患者更容易出現(xiàn)骨質(zhì)問(wèn)題[17],并可能有更高的骨折概率[18],并且女性患者同時(shí)面臨妊娠、生產(chǎn)、避孕、哺乳等更多問(wèn)題,女性患者作為一特殊群體,應(yīng)得到更多的關(guān)注。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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(收稿日期:2014-09-25)
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[10] Beerhorst K,Van der Kruijs SJ,Verschuure P,et al. Bone disease during chronic antiepileptic drug therapy:general versus specific risk factors[J]. J Neurol Sci,2013,331(1-2):19-25.
[11] Pack AM, Morrell MJ, Randall A, et al. Bone health in young women with epilepsy after one year of antiepileptic drug monotherapy[J]. Neurology, 2008,70(18):1586-1593.
[12] Harden CL. Menopause and bone density issues for women with epilepsy[J]. Neurology,2003,61(suppl 2):S16-S22.
[13] Shiek Ahmad B, Hill KD, O'Brien TJ, et al. Falls and fractures in patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs[J]. Neurology, 2012,79(2):145-151.
[14] Jette N,Lix LM,Metge CJ,et al. Association of antiepileptic drugs with nontraumatic fractures:A population-based analysis[J]. Arch Neurol,2011,68(1):107-112.
[15] Sheth RD,Harden CL. Screening for bone health in epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia,2007,48(Suppl 9):s39-41.
[16] Pack AM. The association between antiepileptic drugs and bone disease[J]. Epilepsy Curr,2003,3(3): 91-95.
[17] Sheth RD,Binkley N,Hermann BP. Gender differences in bone mineral density in epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia,2008,49(1):125-131.
[18] Nicholas JM,Ridsdale L,Richardson MP,et al. Fracture risk with use of liver enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs in people with active epilepsy:Cohort study using the general practice research database[J]. Seizure,2013,22(1):37-42.
(收稿日期:2014-09-25)
[9] Phabphal K,Geater A,Limapichart K,et al. The association between BsmI polymorphism and bone mineral density in young patients with epilepsy who are taking phenytoin[J].Epilepsia,2013,54(2): 249-255.
[10] Beerhorst K,Van der Kruijs SJ,Verschuure P,et al. Bone disease during chronic antiepileptic drug therapy:general versus specific risk factors[J]. J Neurol Sci,2013,331(1-2):19-25.
[11] Pack AM, Morrell MJ, Randall A, et al. Bone health in young women with epilepsy after one year of antiepileptic drug monotherapy[J]. Neurology, 2008,70(18):1586-1593.
[12] Harden CL. Menopause and bone density issues for women with epilepsy[J]. Neurology,2003,61(suppl 2):S16-S22.
[13] Shiek Ahmad B, Hill KD, O'Brien TJ, et al. Falls and fractures in patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs[J]. Neurology, 2012,79(2):145-151.
[14] Jette N,Lix LM,Metge CJ,et al. Association of antiepileptic drugs with nontraumatic fractures:A population-based analysis[J]. Arch Neurol,2011,68(1):107-112.
[15] Sheth RD,Harden CL. Screening for bone health in epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia,2007,48(Suppl 9):s39-41.
[16] Pack AM. The association between antiepileptic drugs and bone disease[J]. Epilepsy Curr,2003,3(3): 91-95.
[17] Sheth RD,Binkley N,Hermann BP. Gender differences in bone mineral density in epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia,2008,49(1):125-131.
[18] Nicholas JM,Ridsdale L,Richardson MP,et al. Fracture risk with use of liver enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs in people with active epilepsy:Cohort study using the general practice research database[J]. Seizure,2013,22(1):37-42.
(收稿日期:2014-09-25)