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腎臟動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記功能磁共振成像的研究進(jìn)展

2015-01-27 03:30范雪姣郭啟勇
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)裝備 2015年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:血流量磁共振腎功能

范雪姣 郭啟勇

腎臟動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記功能磁共振成像的研究進(jìn)展

范雪姣①郭啟勇①

動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記磁共振功能成像(ASL-fMRI)可以通過(guò)測(cè)定局部組織血流量,進(jìn)而反映器官的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)及病理生理學(xué)的變化,為臨床治療以及科研提供了一種新方法。隨著MR成像技術(shù)的不斷改進(jìn), 動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記技術(shù)作為一種MR灌注成像新方法已得到應(yīng)用,并具有無(wú)創(chuàng)性、可重復(fù)性高和組織對(duì)比度較好的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。目前腎臟ASL-fMRI的臨床研究不斷增多,主要包括移植腎、腎腫瘤、急性腎損傷以及慢性腎功能不全等患者腎臟血流變化的研究。

動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記;腎臟;磁共振功能成像

DOI∶ 10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-8270.2015.11.023

[First-author’s address] Department of Radiology, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, ShenYang, 110004, China.

腎臟是機(jī)體血供量最豐富的器官,靜息狀態(tài)下成人腎臟的血流灌注約占心輸出量的20%~25%;其中80%血流供應(yīng)腎皮質(zhì),血流量約440 ml/(100 g.min),15%供應(yīng)外髓部,血流量約150 ml/(100 g.min),剩余約5%供應(yīng)內(nèi)髓[1]。同時(shí),腎臟也是疾病的多發(fā)器官,腎臟腫瘤、炎性病變及梗阻性病變等都可導(dǎo)致腎臟局部血流的變化。動(dòng)脈血質(zhì)子自旋標(biāo)記(arterial spin labeling,ASL)MRI灌注成像是近年來(lái)發(fā)展的用來(lái)反映組織的微血管分布及血流灌注情況的磁共振新技術(shù),可以提供血流動(dòng)力學(xué)方面的信息[2]。與動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)磁共振相比,動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記磁共振功能成像(ASL-fMRI)能夠量化分析皮質(zhì)腎血流量,具有無(wú)創(chuàng)性、可重復(fù)性好及空間分辨率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),目前已廣泛應(yīng)用于腎臟功能研究[3-4]。

1 腎臟ASL-fMRI基本原理及技術(shù)方法

ASL-fMRI方法是指利用選擇性的反轉(zhuǎn)脈沖標(biāo)記供血?jiǎng)用}中的氫質(zhì)子(即標(biāo)記),磁標(biāo)記的動(dòng)脈血作為內(nèi)源性對(duì)比劑。待標(biāo)記血進(jìn)入組織,與組織發(fā)生物質(zhì)交換后成像,所成圖像(即標(biāo)記像)包括原靜態(tài)組織以及流經(jīng)成像區(qū)組織標(biāo)記血的量。為了消除靜態(tài)組織的信號(hào),對(duì)感興趣區(qū)進(jìn)行再一次未標(biāo)記血成像(即控制像),包括靜態(tài)組織信號(hào)。標(biāo)記像與控制像減影,所得的差值像只與流入成像平面的標(biāo)記血有關(guān)。這種變化反映了組織局部的血流量(即灌注)[5]。

ASL技術(shù)根據(jù)標(biāo)記方式的不同分為連續(xù)式(continuous arterial spin labeling,CASL)和脈沖式(pulsed arterial spin labeling,PASL)兩大類(lèi)[6-7]。CASL的成像原理由Detre等[9]首次提出,于成像層面近端固定的層面對(duì)供血?jiǎng)用}的水質(zhì)子進(jìn)行持續(xù)標(biāo)記[7-9]。PASL與CASL相比,成像原理是在成像層面近端應(yīng)用反轉(zhuǎn)脈沖來(lái)標(biāo)記供血?jiǎng)用}中的質(zhì)子,且持續(xù)到標(biāo)記的質(zhì)子進(jìn)入成像層面為止[10]。血流敏感性的交替反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)(flow sensitive alternating inversion recovery,F(xiàn)AIR)技術(shù)在腹部成像中應(yīng)用較為廣泛。張帆等學(xué)者比較單次激發(fā)快速自旋回波-流動(dòng)敏感反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列(SSFSE-FAIR)與平面回波-流動(dòng)敏感反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列(EPI-FAIR)所測(cè)量的健康人腎臟的相對(duì)血流量值(rBFV),從而評(píng)價(jià)兩種序列在正常腎臟檢查中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[11]。實(shí)驗(yàn)采用3.0T磁共振掃描儀掃描,按3種方式采集圖像:EPI-FAIR屏氣法、SSFSE-FAIR自由呼吸法及SSFSE-FAIR屏氣法,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)SSFSE-FAIR圖像空間分辨率較高,可區(qū)分腎臟皮髓質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),并較好評(píng)判腎臟皮髓質(zhì)的灌注狀態(tài)。

2 ASL-fMRI在腎臟病變中的應(yīng)用

2.1 移植腎

腎臟移植是腎功能衰竭患者最理想的腎臟替代方法,由于手術(shù)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和免疫抑制劑的發(fā)展,腎移植術(shù)后1年的存活率極大提高。腎移植穿刺活檢是目前診斷移植腎功能異常的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但該技術(shù)為有創(chuàng)檢查,伴有出血及感染等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),就為腎臟磁共振功能成像的無(wú)創(chuàng)性、可重復(fù)及動(dòng)態(tài)觀測(cè)移植腎功能的手段提供了應(yīng)用前景。Lanzman等[13]首次對(duì)20位腎移植患者采用1.5TMR設(shè)備,行非增強(qiáng)流動(dòng)敏感交互反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)(FAIR-TrueFISP)ASL-fMRI技術(shù)進(jìn)行成像,評(píng)價(jià)移植腎功能穩(wěn)定者與功能急劇下降者的腎灌注,并且進(jìn)行定量計(jì)算。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),急性腎功能惡化者皮質(zhì)灌注降低具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Artz等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)FAIRASL磁共振灌注成像在腎移植患者中腎皮質(zhì)的腎血流量重復(fù)性較好,而對(duì)于腎髓質(zhì)沒(méi)有很好的重復(fù)性。Heusch等[15]同樣應(yīng)用ASL-fMRI評(píng)價(jià)移植腎功能,結(jié)果顯示,腎臟輕中度受損的腎移植患者的腎皮質(zhì)腎血流灌注值與腎臟嚴(yán)重受損的移植腎患者的腎血流灌注值有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。因此,ASL-fMRI可以用于腎移植后的腎血流灌注功能監(jiān)測(cè),早期發(fā)現(xiàn)排斥反應(yīng),積極爭(zhēng)取治療時(shí)間,從而觀察治療效果。

2.2 腎腫瘤

臨床上腎臟腫瘤的診斷多依靠穿刺活檢及外科手術(shù)病理,而影像上腎臟腫瘤的診斷多倚重其形態(tài)學(xué)。ASL-fMRI對(duì)于腫瘤的結(jié)構(gòu)成分的研究已有報(bào)道,Lanzman等[16]對(duì)42例懷疑腎腫物的患者在進(jìn)行常規(guī)1.5 T臨床MRI檢查前,進(jìn)行了ASL-fMRI檢查,并計(jì)算腎臟腫瘤灌注的平均值和峰值水平,與手術(shù)后病理結(jié)果相比照,發(fā)現(xiàn)乳頭型腎細(xì)胞癌的平均灌注值低于透明細(xì)胞型;腎嗜酸細(xì)胞瘤的灌注平均值和峰值水平高于乳頭型腎細(xì)胞癌;腎嗜酸細(xì)胞瘤的平均腫瘤灌注值高于透明細(xì)胞癌。表明ASL-fMRI成像可在腎血流灌注水平上區(qū)分和診斷不同病理類(lèi)型的腎臟腫物。同樣的結(jié)果見(jiàn)于Masarapu等[17]對(duì)癌患者的研究。對(duì)于腎臟功能受損的腎腫瘤患者,磁共振灌注成像可以無(wú)創(chuàng)評(píng)價(jià),以免對(duì)腎臟造成二次傷害[18-19]。

2.3 急性腎損傷

急性腎損傷(acute kidney injury,AKI)是臨床常見(jiàn)疾病,病因由于藥物中毒性、感染性、缺血性以及尿路梗阻性疾病導(dǎo)致。患者常發(fā)展為慢性腎臟病、終末期腎病,甚至導(dǎo)致死亡[20]。研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,急性腎損傷發(fā)病中的6%患者需要透析治療[21]。隨著RIFLE標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和AKIN標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的提出,急性腎損傷的診斷取得進(jìn)展,但目前尚無(wú)有效的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物對(duì)早期診斷急性腎損傷的報(bào)道,而且除了有創(chuàng)傷性的腎穿刺活檢可明確診斷外,臨床上尚缺乏有效的無(wú)創(chuàng)性快速診斷和隨訪腎功能的有效手段[22-23]。

ASL-fMRI技術(shù)提供了一個(gè)無(wú)創(chuàng)評(píng)價(jià)急性腎損傷腎功能的手段。Hueper等[24]利用藥物誘導(dǎo)小鼠建立AKI模型,應(yīng)用ASL-fMRI功能成像進(jìn)行腎臟血流量的測(cè)量,結(jié)果顯示,中度AKI小鼠及重度AKI小鼠與術(shù)誘導(dǎo)前相比,腎灌注血流量值有顯著差異性;中度和重度AKI小鼠腎臟體積、腎小管損傷程度與菊粉及對(duì)氨基馬尿酸清除率有顯著相關(guān)性。另有研究采用ASL-fMRI成像量化分析AKI患者的腎血流量(renal blood flow,RBF),結(jié)果表明,F(xiàn)AIR-SSFSE序列在不引入對(duì)比劑的情況下,可對(duì)健康志愿者及AKI患者的RBF進(jìn)行可靠的量化分析AKI,患者的腎臟皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)RBF均降低,這為AKI疾病的診斷提供了有價(jià)值的信息,對(duì)腎功能不全的患者尤為重要[25]。

2.4 慢性腎病

對(duì)慢性腎臟病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者進(jìn)行早期診斷、對(duì)腎功能以及病理?yè)p傷程度進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估,是延緩CKD進(jìn)展、減慢形成終末期腎臟病的有效手段。目前檢測(cè)腎功能的主要方法是檢測(cè)血清肌酐水平,但此方法不能敏感地反映腎功能的早期變化。同位素示蹤檢測(cè)腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)是目前國(guó)際公認(rèn)評(píng)價(jià)CKD臨床分期的主要指標(biāo),但其具有輻射性,而且空間分辨率低,在臨床廣泛應(yīng)用有一定的局限性[26]。腎臟病理活檢是評(píng)價(jià)CKD腎功能損害程度的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但其具有創(chuàng)傷性,不易被患者接受。因此,研究一種無(wú)創(chuàng)評(píng)價(jià)腎臟形態(tài)與功能的檢查手段,是臨床亟待解決的問(wèn)題。ASL-fMRI對(duì)于CKD的研究國(guó)內(nèi)外較少見(jiàn)。Rossi等[27]學(xué)者對(duì)9例輕中度腎功能不全(CKD分期1~3)進(jìn)行1.5TMR設(shè)備進(jìn)行掃描,采用FAIR-True-FISP序列量化腎臟血流量,并利用直方圖進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,結(jié)果顯示,中度CKD患者腎皮質(zhì)及髓質(zhì)的腎血流量RBF值明顯低于健康者。ASL-fMRI數(shù)據(jù)直方圖分析可能有助于檢測(cè)慢性腎臟疾病,在臨床環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)CKD疾病的進(jìn)展。在對(duì)于CKD的腎灌注國(guó)內(nèi)外研究中,應(yīng)用血氧水平依賴(lài)磁共振成像方法研究較多見(jiàn),因其可以反映組織的氧含量及血氧飽和度情況,從而了解組織的局部代謝[28]。

2.5 對(duì)比劑腎病

對(duì)比劑腎病是指經(jīng)血管內(nèi)注射碘對(duì)比劑后72 h內(nèi)發(fā)生的AKI。最新的定義為血清肌醉SCr升高0.5 mg/dl(44.2 μmol/L)或比基礎(chǔ)值升高25%。對(duì)比劑腎病不僅明顯延長(zhǎng)患者的住院時(shí)間,更顯著增加病死率[29]。有學(xué)者將29只SD大鼠腎注入碘對(duì)比劑后分別于20 min、24 h、48 h及72 h利用ASL-fMRI進(jìn)行腎臟血流量動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),腎臟的內(nèi)、外髓對(duì)照組與注入對(duì)比劑后20 min、24 h、48 h及72 h各觀察組RBF值有顯著差異,從而證實(shí)ASL-fMRI成像技術(shù),可定量的反映注入碘對(duì)比劑后腎臟的血流變化。

ASL-fMRI成像可以無(wú)創(chuàng)的、在不引入對(duì)比劑的條件下,對(duì)使用對(duì)比劑后發(fā)生AKI患者的腎血流量進(jìn)行可靠的分析。與正常對(duì)照組相比,腎皮質(zhì)、髓質(zhì)的腎血流量值的降低具有潛在診斷對(duì)比劑腎病的價(jià)值。

2.6 其他

腎動(dòng)脈狹窄(RAS)是繼發(fā)性高血壓的主要原因,磁共振血管成像已成為重要的診斷工具。Fenchel等[30]應(yīng)用動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記成像無(wú)創(chuàng)性對(duì)腎血流進(jìn)行腎功能評(píng)估,從而對(duì)無(wú)腎動(dòng)脈狹窄史的人中證實(shí)出患腎動(dòng)脈狹窄疾病。

同時(shí),A S L-f M R I對(duì)于藥物治療評(píng)價(jià)也有報(bào)道[31]。有學(xué)者對(duì)誘導(dǎo)腎細(xì)胞癌的小鼠注入sorafenib索拉非尼(一種針對(duì)促進(jìn)血管生長(zhǎng)的蛋白藥劑),利用ASL-fMRI對(duì)于腎臟腫瘤的灌注值進(jìn)行測(cè)量,從而證實(shí)動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記成像可以評(píng)價(jià)藥物對(duì)腎腫瘤的局部療效[32]。

最新的研究表明,ASL-fMRI對(duì)藥物誘導(dǎo)的大鼠腎臟血流灌注具有很強(qiáng)的敏感性,并且對(duì)各種嚙齒類(lèi)動(dòng)物模型的腎血流量具有可行性[33]。體外沖擊波碎石術(shù)治療上尿路結(jié)石是一種非侵入性治療的有效性,Abd Ellah等[34]利用ASL-fMRI評(píng)估了體外沖擊波碎石(ESWL)患者的腎血流量的變化。

3 展望

隨著影像技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,影像學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)腎臟已從傳統(tǒng)的超聲、CT單純形態(tài)學(xué)研究進(jìn)展到磁共振功能成像研究階段[35]。相關(guān)成像技術(shù)包括如血氧水平依賴(lài)成像(BOLD)、彌散加權(quán)成像已在腎臟研究中發(fā)展較為迅速[36]。ASL-fMRI能夠無(wú)創(chuàng)提供腎臟局部血流灌注的情況,在未來(lái)的研究中有望對(duì)其他腎臟疾病,比如糖尿病腎病、狼瘡腎炎及免疫球蛋白A(IgA)腎病等方面進(jìn)行研究的可行性。隨著ASL-fMRI技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和完善,更多的成果將會(huì)不斷應(yīng)用到臨床實(shí)踐中。

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Research on the progress of ASL functional magnetic resonance imaging of kidney

FAN Xue-jiao, GUO Qi-yong
China Medical Equipment,2015,12(11)∶71-74.

ASL-fMRI by measuring tissue blood flow, thus reflects the pathophysiology of organ blood flow dynamics and change, provides a new method for clinical and scientific research.With the improvement of MR image technology, technology as a MR perfusion imaging of arterial spin labeling method has been applied.It is non-invasive, repeatable high tissue contrast with a good advantage. Current clinical studies of renal ASL-fMRI is increasing. Includes renal transplantation, kidney tumors, acute kidney injury, patients with chronic renal dysfunction renal blood flow studies. Below reviews the progress of renal ASL-fMRI.

Arterial spin labeling; Kidney; Functional magnetic resonance imaging

范雪姣,女,(1989- ),碩士研究生。中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院放射科,研究方向:醫(yī)學(xué)影像。

1672-8270(2015)11-0071-04

R445.2

A

2015-05-19

①中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院放射科 遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110004

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