常 俠

教學(xué)參考

高考英語(yǔ)中狀語(yǔ)從句的考查要點(diǎn)歸納

常 俠

狀語(yǔ)從句一直是高考英語(yǔ)的熱點(diǎn)，關(guān)于其用法的考題在高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)填空題中所占比例較大。通過(guò)對(duì)近幾年全國(guó)各省、市英語(yǔ)高考真題中單項(xiàng)填空題、狀語(yǔ)從句考查的要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納及總結(jié)，對(duì)于提高中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)效果具有重要意義。

高考英語(yǔ)；狀語(yǔ)從句；考點(diǎn)

高考英語(yǔ)對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句的考查主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句連詞的選擇、從句中的省略、主從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)及狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝用法這四點(diǎn)上。因此，弄清這四點(diǎn)是解答與狀語(yǔ)從句相關(guān)題的關(guān)鍵。以下是筆者根據(jù)多年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐，并結(jié)合《高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)大全》（劉榮新2011）和《金考卷特快專遞全國(guó)各省市高考試題匯編·英語(yǔ)》（杜志建2010～2015）中的真題，對(duì)高考英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句的考查要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行的分析。

一、狀語(yǔ)從句中連詞的選擇

由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的從句在句中作狀語(yǔ)被稱作狀語(yǔ)從句，它可以修飾謂語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子。高考英語(yǔ)中對(duì)引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句從屬連詞考查的頻率較高，而且重點(diǎn)放在了比較容易混淆的連詞上，以下針對(duì)近幾年全國(guó)各省、市英語(yǔ)高考真題中單項(xiàng)填空題對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句從屬連詞的考查要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行小結(jié)。

（一）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

1.when，as和while的用法

這三個(gè)詞都可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，when表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)，意思是“在……時(shí)刻”；as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)主從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，表示主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)或交替進(jìn)行，意思是“一邊……一邊”；while與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，意思是“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”。如：

（1）It was the middle of the night when my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.（2014江西卷，35）

（2）He smiled politely as Mary apologized for her drunken friends.（2012山東卷，27）

（3）Just as I got to the school gate,I realized I had left my book in the café.(2015安徽卷，24)

（4）Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal.（2010全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，25）

但是，while還可以連接并列句，while表示對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折，意思是“而；然而”如：

（5）There's no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery while another man,also intelligent,fails.（2013課標(biāo)卷I，32）

2.before的用法

（1）表示“在……之前”，如：

We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it.（2015天津卷，12）

（2）“It will be+一段時(shí)間+before...”表示“還要多久才……”，如：

If you miss this chance,it may be years before you get another one.（2015重慶卷，4）

（3）表示“還未……就……；不到……就……；還沒(méi)來(lái)得及……就……”，如：

The young couple,who returned my lost wallet, left before I could ask for their names.（2015陜西卷，24）

3.till，until和not...until的用法

（1）肯定句：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示主句到此時(shí)才結(jié)束，意思是“某動(dòng)作持續(xù)到某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)”。如：

I'm not in a hurry,so don't worry and I will wait until you are ready.

（2）否定句：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示“某動(dòng)作到某時(shí)間點(diǎn)才開(kāi)始”。如：

Not until he went through real hardship did he realize the love we have for our families is important.（2013福建卷，34）

4.since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

（1）I have heard a lot of good things about you since I came back from abroad.（2013陜西卷，18）

（2）在句型“It is+一段時(shí)間+since從句”中，句子的意思要取決于從句的動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性還是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)since從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，意思是“自從……以來(lái)有多久了”；當(dāng)since從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，意思是“自從從句的動(dòng)作結(jié)束到現(xiàn)在有多長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間”或“多久不做……了”。如：

①As is reported,it is 100 years since Qinghua University was founded.（2011四川卷，6）

②My friend Tony moved to Shanghai last year and it is a year since he worked in our school.

5.在表示“一……就……”的as soon as,the moment,immediately，hardly...when，no sooner...than等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。

We'll offer you a larger one as soon as it becomes available.（2010安徽卷，33）

6.在each/every/any/next time及the first/second/last time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如：

“Every time you eat a sweet,drink green tea.”This is what my mother used to tell me.（2014浙江卷，8）

（二）條件狀語(yǔ)從句

引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有if,unless,as long as等，在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)代替將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如：

1.If you come to China,you will experience a culture of amazing depth and variety.（2015安徽卷, 22）

2.You won't find paper cutting difficult as long as you keep practicing it.（2015北京卷,28）

3.You will never gain success unless you are fully devoted to your work.（2014湖南卷，26）

4.Once the damage is done,it will take many years for the farmland to recover.（2015北京卷，28）

5.I'll be out for some time.In case anything important happens,call me up immediately.（2014四川卷，8）

（三）原因狀語(yǔ)從句

連詞有because,as,since,now that,in that。because語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，一般放在句首，語(yǔ)氣要比because弱，而since比as較正式，now that相當(dāng)于since，in that相當(dāng)于because。如：

1.I am so grateful to all those volunteers because they helped my terrible day end happily.（2015安徽卷，26）

2.Mark needs to learn Chinese since his company is opening a branch in Beijing.（2013山東卷，26）

（四）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

1.Where he once felt like giving up,he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.（2014安徽，34）

2.Half an hour later,Lucy still couldn't get a taxi where the bus had dropped her.（2014重慶，14）

（五）目的狀語(yǔ)從句

從句謂語(yǔ)常用could或can,may,might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：

The team are working hard to analyze the problem so that/in order that they can find the best solution.（2015湖北卷，25）

（六）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

連詞由so...that或such...that引導(dǎo)，當(dāng)so或such置于句首時(shí)，主句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。如：

1.There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors.（2014新課標(biāo)I改錯(cuò)題）

2.So hard does Jack work that he has made great progress recently.

（七）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

1.although/though和even though/even if引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，although與though可互換,可與yet（或still）連用，但不可與but連用。如：

（1）Although the job takes a significant amount of time,most students agree that the experience is worth it.（2015湖南卷，33）

（2）Though scientists have learned a lot about the universe,there is much we still don't know.（2015安徽卷，23）

（3）Even though the forest park is far away,a lot of tourists visit it every year.（2014北京卷，29）

2.疑問(wèn)詞+ever與no matter+疑問(wèn)詞和whether...or...引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，如：

Whenever I have to give a speech,I get extremely nervous before I start.（2013山東卷，28）

3.as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)用倒裝語(yǔ)序。如：

Busy as they are,they come to help us from time to time.

4.while通常位于句首，相當(dāng)于although，意思是“雖然”。

While the students came from different countries,they got quite well in the summer camp.（2015福建卷，31）

（八）方式狀語(yǔ)從句

方式狀語(yǔ)從句常用as,just as,as if,as though等引導(dǎo)，如：

1.Just as a single world can change the meaning of a sentence,a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.（2015浙江卷，9）

2.It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I had done it?（2014重慶卷，14）

（九）比較狀語(yǔ)從句

比較狀語(yǔ)從句常由下列詞語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)：as...as，not so/as...as,more/less...than，the more+adj./adv., the more+adj./adv.如：

1.It's said that the power plant is now twice as large as what it was.（2013安徽卷，33）

2.The more friends we have，the more we can learn from each other.（2014大綱卷改錯(cuò)題）

【解題對(duì)策】解答狀語(yǔ)從句中連詞的選擇題的關(guān)鍵是分清狀語(yǔ)從句的句意及邏輯關(guān)系，弄清每個(gè)從屬連詞的語(yǔ)意和語(yǔ)用特征，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷狀語(yǔ)從句的類別，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)意就可以選擇正確的連詞。

二、狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略

當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致，或者狀語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)是it且從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中含有be時(shí)，常常把從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)部分的be一起省略掉。

（一）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略

如：1.While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted,Henry did his best to perform his duty.（2014安徽卷，32）

2.Children，when accompanied by their parents, areallowed to enterthe stadium.（2014湖南卷,21）

（二）條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略

如：1.It is so cold that you can't go outside unless fully covered in thick clothes.（2015江蘇卷,26）

2.If accepted for the job，you'll be informed soon.（2015北京卷，31）

（三）方式狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略

如：In class，students often get involved in class activities and play games as told.

（四）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略

如：Although small，the company has about 1,000 buyers in over 30 countries.（2013天津卷，5）

【解題對(duì)策】不僅要認(rèn)真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，了解句子和連詞的意思，準(zhǔn)確把握句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，同時(shí)還要弄清楚狀語(yǔ)從句的省略的要求和用法，這才是解題的關(guān)鍵。不過(guò)，對(duì)于此類問(wèn)題，運(yùn)用翻譯的方法也有助于解決。

三、狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)

（一）在when,as soon as,the moment，if,unless等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則，常常要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的意義

1.That's why I help brighten people's days.If you don't,who's to say that another person will?（2015湖南卷，35）

2.As you go through this book,you will find that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.（2015湖南卷，22）

（二）since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句用完成時(shí)態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

如：1.His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.（2011陜西卷，12）

2.I have to see the doctor because I have been coughing a lot lately.（2010陜西卷，21）

（三）no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely…when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。

如：1.I hardly finished my work when Li Lei asked me to help him with his work.

2.No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.（2014陜西卷，17）

（四）在by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中：這個(gè)詞組常用來(lái)指到某一時(shí)間為止，主句常用完成時(shí)態(tài)。從句若用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句則用將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)；從句若用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句則用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。

如：By the time Jack returned home from England,his son had graduated from college.（2011遼寧卷，34）

【解題對(duì)策】解答含有狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)題時(shí)，要了解到一些引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句從的屬連詞是要求主從句時(shí)態(tài)的相呼應(yīng)的，要牢記幾組常用的固定時(shí)態(tài)的狀語(yǔ)從句的句子，就可以正確使用時(shí)態(tài)。

四、狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝用法

（一）not...until,no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：如果把這些詞放在句首時(shí)，主句部分則要用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序

如：Not until he went through real hardship did he realize the love we have for our families is important.（2013福建卷，34）

（二）if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句：如果省去if，就可以把從句中的were,had,should放在句首，就要用部分倒裝

如：1.Had I known the schedule,it might have saved me much trouble.(2015江蘇卷,28)

2.Were there no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.（2014福建卷，32）

（三）在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前，當(dāng)表語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式時(shí)要省去a/an

如：Child as Betty is,she is interested in reading.

（四）在so...that或such...that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)so或such置于句首時(shí)，主句則要用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序

如：So interesting is the film Night at the Museum that it is worth seeing again.

（五）no matter how,however等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句：把需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的形容詞或副詞提至句首，但主謂并不倒裝

如：No matter how carefully you plan your finances,no one can predict when the unexpected will happen.（2014浙江卷，9）

（六）only修飾的狀語(yǔ)從句提至句首時(shí)，則要用部分倒裝

如：Only when Lily walked into the office did she realize that she had left the contract at home.（2015天津卷，3）

【解題對(duì)策】解題時(shí)，要認(rèn)真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清句意，熟知狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝用法，利用有關(guān)狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝知識(shí)解答此類試題，靈活運(yùn)用這幾類含有倒裝句的狀語(yǔ)從句。

因此，要解答好高考英語(yǔ)對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句考查的題型，就必須要掌握比較全面的狀語(yǔ)從句相關(guān)知識(shí)，了解引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的每個(gè)從屬連詞的意思，明白了省略和倒裝在狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法，注意到部分從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句要求主從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)，靈活地運(yùn)用狀語(yǔ)從句這一語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。總之，連詞是前提，時(shí)態(tài)是保障，省略和倒裝是升華。

引用文獻(xiàn)

劉榮新.2011.高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)大全[M].天津：新蕾出版社：150-155.

杜志建.2010～2015.金考卷特快專遞全國(guó)各省市高考試題匯編.英語(yǔ)[M].烏魯木齊：新疆青少年出版社.

作者信息：727000，陜西銅川，陜西省銅川礦務(wù)局第一中學(xué)