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鈣激活中性蛋白酶-2對(duì)整合素β4水解的影響*
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/52.5012.R.20150113.1906.020.html
胡曉霞1, 霍建云1, 張金娟2, 潘婭1, 王晉星一1, 陳妮1, 張祥令3, 陳騰祥1**
(1.貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院 生理學(xué)教研室, 貴州 貴陽550004; 2.貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院 機(jī)能學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 貴州 貴陽550004; 3.貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院 組織胚胎學(xué)教研室, 貴州 貴陽550004)
[摘要]目的: 觀察乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MCF7細(xì)胞中,鈣激活中性蛋白酶2(calpain-2)對(duì)整合素(integrin)β4水解的影響。方法: 利用“短發(fā)夾”RNA(shRNA)和微小RNA(mirRNA)技術(shù)結(jié)合的calpain-2基因沉默(gene silencing)慢病毒質(zhì)粒(GIPZ lentiviral shRNAmir)轉(zhuǎn)染乳腺癌細(xì)胞株MCF7,嘌呤霉素篩選穩(wěn)定沉默calpain-2基因的細(xì)胞株,細(xì)胞株傳4代,用熒光顯微鏡觀察轉(zhuǎn)染效率,用蛋白質(zhì)印跡(Western blot)實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測calpain-2基因沉默效率及integrin β4水解的情況。結(jié)果: 嘌呤霉素篩選、細(xì)胞傳4代,熒光顯微鏡下觀察顯示轉(zhuǎn)染和篩選后,EGFP表達(dá)陽性的MCF7細(xì)胞的比例分別達(dá)到(95.6±2.6)%(空shRNAmir 載體)、(97.1±1.7)%(Calpain-2 shRNAmir 1)和(97.7±0.2)%(Calpain-2 shRNAmir 2),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);Western blot結(jié)果顯示,基因沉默的MCF7細(xì)胞中calpain-2的表達(dá)被明顯抑制,相對(duì)于空shRNAmir 載體轉(zhuǎn)染的MCF7細(xì)胞,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),calpain-2的表達(dá)下調(diào)到21.5%(Calpain-2 shRNAmir 1)和18.8%(Calpain-2 shRNAmir 2),空shRNAmir 載體轉(zhuǎn)染的MCF7細(xì)胞中calpain-2的表達(dá)與未轉(zhuǎn)染的MCF7細(xì)胞比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);比較calpain-2基因沉默和空shRNAmir載體轉(zhuǎn)染的MCF7細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)integrin β4均被水解,水解片段的分子量主要有200 kD、130和95 kD;calpain-2基因沉默后,calpain-2基因沉默MCF7細(xì)胞中200 kD的水解片段比空shRNAmir載體轉(zhuǎn)染的MCF7細(xì)胞減少(P<0.01)。結(jié)論: 在乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF7中,calpain-2可能參與integrin β4的200 kD片段的形成,從而參與調(diào)整integrin β4的構(gòu)象變化。
[關(guān)鍵詞]乳腺腫瘤; 鈣激活中性蛋白酶 2; 整合素β4; 蛋白水解; 基因沉默
Research on the Effect of Calpain-2 on the Proteolysis
整合素(integrin)β4是整合素亞家族成員之一,整合素屬細(xì)胞表面的黏附分子,構(gòu)成細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)及細(xì)胞之間的聯(lián)系。在上皮細(xì)胞膜表面,integrin β4與另外1個(gè)亞家族成員integrin α5形成二聚體,作為一個(gè)功能單元與網(wǎng)格蛋白(plectin)、大天皰瘡抗原2(bullous pemphigoid antigen 2,BPAG2)以及大天皰瘡抗原1e(BPAG1e)構(gòu)成半橋粒(hemidesmosomes),半橋粒與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中的laminin 5結(jié)合,使細(xì)胞錨定在基質(zhì)膜(basement membrane)上[1]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)細(xì)胞膜上的半橋粒被解體,細(xì)胞就會(huì)與基質(zhì)膜解離,失去錨定,而且通過信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞間的連接解體,使細(xì)胞游離出來,成為可以轉(zhuǎn)移的細(xì)胞[2]。在這些過程中,integrin β4扮演著重要的角色,integrin β4胞內(nèi)Ser1424位點(diǎn)的磷酸化是調(diào)控半橋粒的解體的重要步驟,而蛋白質(zhì)相應(yīng)位點(diǎn)的磷酸化通常需要蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生構(gòu)象的改變。蛋白質(zhì)剪切修飾是改變蛋白質(zhì)構(gòu)象和功能的主要方式之一[3]。有研究報(bào)道integrin家族成員可以被水解成小片段,而鈣激活中性蛋白酶(calpain)是integrin的水解酶之一[4-5]。目前尚未清楚calpain對(duì)integrinβ4的水解形式。本課題擬通過基因沉默下調(diào)calpain-2在MCF7細(xì)胞中的表達(dá),檢測integrinβ4被水解的情況,從而了解calpain-2對(duì)integrinβ4的水解影響。
1材料與方法
1.1藥物和試劑
“短發(fā)夾”RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)mir慢病毒(lentiviral)質(zhì)粒和菌株購于美國Open Biosystems公司,calpain-2 large subunit (M-type) antibody、integrin β4 antibody購于美國cell signaling technology公司,DMEM、胎牛血清(FBS)購于美國invitrogen公司,聚丙烯酰胺、雙甲叉丙烯酰胺購于美國sigma-aldrich公司,其它試劑均為進(jìn)口或國產(chǎn)分析純。
1.2主要儀器及設(shè)備
電泳儀及微型垂直電泳槽購于美國GE公司, GBOX iChemiXR化學(xué)發(fā)光及凝膠成像儀購于美國Syngene公司,倒置熒光顯微鏡購于奧林巴斯公司,高速冷凍離心機(jī)購于美國Beckman公司。
1.3細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及基因沉默
MCF7細(xì)胞株購買于中國科學(xué)院典型培養(yǎng)物保藏委員會(huì)細(xì)胞庫,于DMEM培養(yǎng)液、37 ℃、10%FBS和5% CO2培養(yǎng)。分別用shRNAmir lentiviral空載體GIPZ質(zhì)粒(vecter)、含calpain-2基因(GenBank登錄號(hào)NM-001748)沉默核酸片段(Calpain-2 shRNA1為CCC TTG GCA GGG AAT ATT T,Calpain-2 shRNA2為GCC AAG ATA TCA AGT CAG A為美國Open Biosystems公司設(shè)計(jì)合成)的GIPZ lentiviral轉(zhuǎn)染MCF7細(xì)胞,用2 mg/L嘌呤霉素進(jìn)行逐代篩選,于熒光顯微鏡下和激光共聚焦掃描顯微鏡下觀察報(bào)告基因增強(qiáng)型綠色熒光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescence protein, EGFP)的表達(dá)情況。用圖像分析軟件Image-Pro Plus6.0進(jìn)行細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)分析,每個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)皿中觀察6個(gè)視野,計(jì)算細(xì)胞數(shù)的均數(shù)及shRNAmir lentiviral質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染效率。
1.4calpain-2基因沉默效率及integrin β4水解的情況
采用Western blot方法檢測calpain-2基因沉默效率及integrin β4水解的情況。將細(xì)胞鋪6 cm培養(yǎng)皿,擴(kuò)大培養(yǎng)至80%的細(xì)胞滿度,洗滌后加入預(yù)冷RIPA細(xì)胞裂解液(20 mmol/L Tris-HCl pH 7.5,1% NP40,0.5% Na Deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS,10% glycerol,137 mmol/L NaCl,1 mmol/L CaCl2,1 mmol/L MgCl2,50 mmol/L NaF,1 mmol/L Na Vanadate,1 mmol/L PMSF),冰上裂解10 min,刮取裂解物,4 ℃ 12 000 r/min離心30 min,上樣行SDS-PAGE電泳,轉(zhuǎn)印至PVDF膜,室溫封閉1 h,4 ℃ I抗孵育過夜,室溫II抗(HRP耦合)孵育1 h,加入化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑,GBOX iChemiXR進(jìn)行化學(xué)發(fā)光檢測。用圖像分析軟件對(duì)目的蛋白進(jìn)行灰度定量,除于內(nèi)參灰度,計(jì)算相對(duì)灰度值(relative gray scale)。每組Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
利用SPSS 16.0對(duì)細(xì)胞數(shù)均值、Western blot蛋白質(zhì)條帶相對(duì)灰度值均數(shù)進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.01為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1shRNAmir lentiviral質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染效率
通過熒光顯微鏡觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),shRNAmir lentiviral空載體GIPZ質(zhì)粒(vecter)、含calpain-2基因沉默shRNAmir片段的GIPZ lentiviral質(zhì)粒(calpain-2 shRNAmir1、calpain-2 shRNAmir2)轉(zhuǎn)染的MCF7細(xì)胞均有報(bào)告基因EGFP表達(dá)(圖1A)。利用嘌呤霉素進(jìn)行篩選,未含質(zhì)粒抗性基因的細(xì)胞逐漸凋亡,表達(dá)質(zhì)?;蚧騭hRNAmir片段的細(xì)胞比例增加,篩選到第4代后,EGFP表達(dá)陽性的MCF7細(xì)胞的比例分別達(dá)到(95.6±2.6)%(空shRNAmir 載體)、(97.1±1.7)%(Calpain-2 shRNAmir 1)和(97.7±0.2)%(Calpain-2 shRNAmir 2),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(圖1B),表明空載體質(zhì)粒和含基因沉默片段的質(zhì)粒的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染效率沒有差異。2.2calpain-2 shRNAmir 對(duì)MCF7細(xì)胞calpain-2的基因沉默效果
注:A圖為質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞后48 h EGFP的表達(dá),BF為激光共聚焦顯微鏡明場視野下的觀察,Merge為相應(yīng)的EGFP和BF觀察圖的疊加;B圖為嘌呤霉素篩選后表達(dá)EGFP的細(xì)胞數(shù),P1、P2、P3和P4分別為篩選細(xì)胞的傳代數(shù)圖1 shRNAmir GIPZ lentiviral質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染MCF7后篩選的效果Fig.1 The effect of transfection by shRNAmir GIPZ lentiviral plasmid after puromycin screening
(1)與未轉(zhuǎn)染與空shRNAmir載體MCF7比較,P<0.01圖2 MCF-7細(xì)胞中Calpain-2的表達(dá)(Western blot)Fig.2 The expression of calpain-2 in the stably transfected MCF-7 cells
通過Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),基因沉默的MCF7細(xì)胞中calpain-2的表達(dá)被明顯抑制,相對(duì)于空shRNAmir 載體轉(zhuǎn)染的MCF7細(xì)胞,calpain-2的表達(dá)下調(diào)至21.5%(Calpain-2 shRNAmir 1)和18.8%(Calpain-2 shRNAmir 2),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),空shRNAmir 載體轉(zhuǎn)染的MCF7細(xì)胞中calpain-2的表達(dá)與未轉(zhuǎn)染的MCF7細(xì)胞比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見圖2。2.3calpain-2基因沉默MCF7細(xì)胞中integrin β4的水解模式
如圖3,MCF7細(xì)胞中integrin β4未被水解的原始片段大小約為210 kD,被水解的小分子片段,主要片段的分子量大小約為200、130和95 kD。calpain-2基因沉默MCF7細(xì)胞中200 kD的水解片段比空shRNAmir載體轉(zhuǎn)染的MCF7細(xì)胞減少(P<0.01)。
圖3 MCF-7細(xì)胞中integrin β4的水解模式(Western blot)Fig.3 The effect of calpain-2 gene silence on the proteolysis of integrin β4 in MCF7 cell
3討論
基因沉默是指基因在轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯時(shí)受到阻礙,導(dǎo)致表達(dá)下調(diào)和缺失,從而喪失其蛋白質(zhì)所執(zhí)行的功能。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中,通過非編碼RNA分子(non-coding RNA)的干擾(RNA interference,RNAi)來沉默基因是目前的主要手段。在非編碼RNA中,微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)是最主要的干擾片段。miRNA含有18~25個(gè)氨基酸,根據(jù)堿基互補(bǔ)配對(duì)原則與靶mRNA結(jié)合形成沉默復(fù)合物,影響mRNA的穩(wěn)定性或阻遏mRNA的翻譯。內(nèi)源性的miRNA的前體是含莖環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的shRNA,在Dicer酶的降解作用下,產(chǎn)生miRNA。本研究采用的基因沉默技術(shù)方法稱為shRNAmir技術(shù),設(shè)計(jì)的RNA片段含有shRNA,在兩側(cè)還分別有miRNA片段,這些片段重組構(gòu)建在lentiviral載體上,可以轉(zhuǎn)染或感染細(xì)胞后,可以在細(xì)胞內(nèi)降解產(chǎn)生數(shù)量較多的miRNA,比較高效地沉默靶mRNA[6]。在本研究中,針對(duì)calpain-2設(shè)計(jì)的shRNAmir lentiviral載體及未含靶基因shRNAmir的空載體對(duì)細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)染效率是相同的,但是針對(duì)靶基因calpain-2的2個(gè)shRNAmir(Calpain-2 shRNAmir 1和Calpain-2 shRNAmir 2)具有很好的基因沉默效率,使MCF7細(xì)胞的calpain-2的表達(dá)下調(diào)了80%。
Calpain是由鈣離子激活的中性蛋白酶,最常見的有calpain-1和calpian-2,calpain-1可被微摩爾級(jí)濃度的鈣離子激活,而calpain-2則需要毫摩爾級(jí)濃度的鈣離子才能激活[7]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),calpain-2的基因沉默引起integrin β4 的降解模式發(fā)生了改變。在乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF7中,完整的integrin β4的分子量為210 kD。本研究檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)integrin β4有水解片段,水解片段的分子量大小約為200、130和95 kD, calpain-2的基因沉默后,integrin β4的200 kD水解片段明顯減少,表明integrin β4有限水解成為200 kD的蛋白分子與calpain-2有關(guān)。Integrin可以被一些蛋白酶水解修飾,從而導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)的改變。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),integrin β4可以被多種水解酶降解,其中基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9 (matrix metalloproteinases 9, MMP9) 可以水解integrin calpain-2的細(xì)胞外段,使得胞漿中產(chǎn)生大約100 kD的片段,使得半橋粒解體,使細(xì)胞與基質(zhì)脫離[8]。Werner ME[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)caspase-3和caspase-7 則可以對(duì)integrin β4的胞內(nèi)段進(jìn)行水解,導(dǎo)致半橋粒不能組裝,誘使上皮細(xì)胞凋亡;Potts AJ[4]發(fā)現(xiàn),calpain可以將integrin β4水解為205、165和125 kD的片段;Giancotti FG[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)calpain可以將integrin β4水解為165 和130 kD的片段。但是,這些實(shí)驗(yàn)還未解析calpain-2在其中所扮演的角色,在腫瘤細(xì)胞中,鈣離子的波動(dòng)較大,使得calpain-2在腫瘤細(xì)胞的活動(dòng)中扮演了重要的角色[10]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),calpain-2可以促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞的浸潤[7]。因此,搞清楚calpain-2對(duì)integrin β4的水解作用,有利于理解期對(duì)半橋粒的影響和腫瘤的浸潤能力的作用機(jī)制。本研究表明,calpain-2可能參與integrin β4的200 kD片段的形成,從而參與調(diào)整integrin β4的構(gòu)象變化。
參考文獻(xiàn)4
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(2014-12-08收稿,2014-12-28修回)
中文編輯: 文箐潁; 英文編輯: 周凌
·專題研究·
of Integrin β4 in MCF7 Cell
HU Xiaoxia1, HE Jianyun1, ZHANG Jinjuan2, PAN Ya1, WANG Jingxingyi1,
CHEN Ni1, ZHANG Xiangling3, CHEN Tengxiang1
(1.DepartmentofPhysiology,GuiyangMedicalCollege,Guiyang550004,Guizhou,China; 2.FunctionalLaboratory,
GuiyangMedicalCollege,Guiyang550004,Guizhou,China; 3.DepartmentofHistologyandEmbryology,
GuiyangMedicalCollege,Guiyang550004,Guizhou,China)
[Abstract]Objective: To observe the effect of calcium-activated neutral proteases 2(calpain-2) on proteolysis of integrin β4 in breast cancer cell line, MCF7. Methods: Plasmids of GIPZ lentiviral shRNAmir combined with shRNA and microRNA (miRNA) technology were transfected into MCF7 cells to silence the expression of calpain-2. The puromycin was used to screen MCF7 with 4 passages to acquire the stable calpain-2-silenced cell lines. The transfected rates were evaluated with immunofluorecence method under microscope, and efficiency of calpain-2 silencing and integrin β4 proteolysis condition were detected with Western blot. Results: As immunofluorescence microscope result showing, the ratios of the cells expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) were (95.6±2.6)%(empty shRNAmir), (97.1±1.7)%(calpain-2 shRNAmir 1)and(97.7±0.2)%(calpain-2 shRNAmir 2), without statistic diversity (P>0.05) . The expression of calpain-2 had no distinctive diversity (P>0.05) in empty shRNAmir transfected MCF7 cells and in control, while was decreased to 21.5%, 18.8% in calpain-2 shRNAmir 1 and 2 transfected cells respectively V.S. control (P<0.01). In MCF7 cell, integrin β4 were cut into low molecular weight (LMW) fragment as 200 kD, 130 kD and 95 kD. However, in calpain-2 silenced MCF7 cell, 200 kD fragments were decreased. Conclusion: Formation of 200 kD fragments of integrin β4 is associated with calpain-2.
[Key words]breast neoplasms; calcium-activated neutral proteases 2; integrein β4; proteolysis; gene silencing
[中圖分類號(hào)]R737.9; R73-37
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1000-2707(2015)01-0001-05
通信作者**E-mail:gzctxin@qq.com網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2015-01-13
[基金項(xiàng)目]*國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(NO. 81060176);貴州省科技廳自然 [黔科合J字(2008)2280];貴陽市科技局社會(huì)發(fā)展公關(guān)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目[筑科農(nóng)字(2010)1號(hào)]