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血小板相關(guān)檢測(cè)指標(biāo)在非酒精性脂肪肝中的研究進(jìn)展

2015-02-21 16:59:30周方行楊燕
新醫(yī)學(xué) 2015年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:酒精性生化纖維化

周方行 楊燕

綜述

血小板相關(guān)檢測(cè)指標(biāo)在非酒精性脂肪肝中的研究進(jìn)展

周方行 楊燕

近年來非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的發(fā)病率逐年升高,加強(qiáng)對(duì)NAFLD的早期診斷、治療以及提高對(duì)治療效果及預(yù)后的判斷準(zhǔn)確率顯得尤為重要。目前NAFLD的診斷多以臨床表現(xiàn)為主,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查為輔,其中,與血小板相關(guān)的生化指標(biāo)被認(rèn)為具有很好的輔助診斷作用,同時(shí)在疾病的預(yù)后評(píng)價(jià)中具有重要意義。因此該文就血小板相關(guān)的生化指標(biāo)在NAFLD中應(yīng)用的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了綜述。目前,在與血小板相關(guān)的生化指標(biāo)中,AST/血小板及纖維化-4指數(shù)對(duì)NAFLD診斷過程中疾病的陰性預(yù)測(cè)值較高;血小板計(jì)數(shù)在診斷NAFLD肝臟炎癥病變中的敏感性最好;而平均血小板體積、血小板生成素等指標(biāo)的相關(guān)評(píng)價(jià)尚需要進(jìn)一步研究檢驗(yàn),各指標(biāo)與NAFLD的關(guān)系也有待進(jìn)一步的深入探討。

血小板;非酒精性脂肪肝;生化指標(biāo)

非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)是指除外酒精攝入過多、病毒感染、自身免疫藥物等所導(dǎo)致的肝臟實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞的脂肪變性,是以彌漫性肝細(xì)胞大泡性脂肪變?yōu)橹饕卣鞯呐R床病理綜合征,其發(fā)病與代謝綜合征密切相關(guān),胰島素抵抗以及“二次打擊”學(xué)說等被大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為是NAFLD的發(fā)病機(jī)制[1-3]。NAFLD患者常伴有超體質(zhì)量或肥胖、糖耐量異?;?型糖尿病以及血脂紊亂等,其發(fā)生繼發(fā)性動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、高血脂等疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)增加,肝纖維化以及肝硬化病變的程度也會(huì)加劇[2-4]。因此,盡早診斷NAFLD,對(duì)患者的治療以及預(yù)后都有極大意義。目前,NAFLD的診斷多以臨床表現(xiàn)為主,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查為輔,肝活組織病理學(xué)檢查(活檢)是其診斷金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但在行肝活檢時(shí)應(yīng)考慮被檢者有無罕見的疾病,以及有無危及生命的并發(fā)癥,如出血等,應(yīng)有節(jié)制地進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。因此,除了肝活檢以外,越來越多的學(xué)者建議采用兩種或以上的生化檢測(cè)方法進(jìn)行聯(lián)合檢測(cè),以代替肝活檢對(duì)NAFLD進(jìn)行診斷[5]。

生化指標(biāo)在NAFLD的診斷以及預(yù)后的評(píng)價(jià)中起著重要作用。其中,與血小板相關(guān)的生化指標(biāo)已逐漸引起學(xué)者們的重視,盡管這些指標(biāo)暫時(shí)不能取代肝活檢作為診斷NAFLD的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但有研究證實(shí)其可起到很好的輔助作用[6-7]。越來越多的研究顯示,血小板可以作為一種炎癥與免疫細(xì)胞,參與多種慢性非傳染性疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程[8]。其中,在NAFLD的發(fā)生過程中,血小板作為炎癥觸發(fā)的重要因素值得關(guān)注,血小板很可能參與了NAFLD的炎癥反應(yīng),刺激NAFLD的發(fā)生,但機(jī)制尚未清楚。有研究顯示血小板可作為NAFLD心血管疾病合并癥的主要診斷指標(biāo)之一,同時(shí)也可作為NAFLD中晚期肝纖維化的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)之一[9]。因此,總結(jié)與血小板相關(guān)的生化指標(biāo)在NAFLD中所起的作用有助于指導(dǎo)疾病的診斷、治療。目前主要的研究指標(biāo)有AST/血小板(APRI)、血小板計(jì)數(shù)(PC)、平均血小板體積(MPV)、纖維化-4指數(shù)(FIB-4)、血小板生成素(TPO)等。本文將對(duì)上述與血小板相關(guān)的生化指標(biāo)進(jìn)行綜述性評(píng)價(jià)及總結(jié)。

一、APRI

APRI最初為丙型肝炎病毒相關(guān)肝纖維化及肝硬化的診斷指標(biāo),而目前越來越多研究證實(shí)ARPI可作為預(yù)測(cè)NAFLD肝纖維化的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo),且有助于判斷患者的預(yù)后與疾病進(jìn)展,還可以在評(píng)價(jià)病情時(shí)代替肝活檢等侵入性檢查手段[10-11]。有研究顯示,APRI在NAFLD進(jìn)展期肝纖維化評(píng)價(jià)方面比公認(rèn)的NAFLD肝纖維化評(píng)分更具優(yōu)勢(shì),而且與AST/ALT相比,APRI能更好地預(yù)測(cè)NAFLD肝纖維化的進(jìn)展[12]。然而一項(xiàng)研究得出相反結(jié)果,在印度居民中,AST/ALT與NAFLD的相關(guān)性比APRI更大[13]。另一些研究顯示APRI是能有效評(píng)價(jià)NAFLD肝纖維化嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo)[14-15]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為APRI較高的陰性預(yù)測(cè)值提示該指標(biāo)在診斷NAFLD進(jìn)展期肝纖維化的排除意義遠(yuǎn)大于預(yù)測(cè)意義[5]。也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為APRI可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)NAFLD晚期肝纖維化的評(píng)價(jià)[16]。盡管存在以上爭(zhēng)議,APRI作為簡(jiǎn)單的非侵入性評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),在NAFLD的診治中仍起到了積極作用[17]。

APRI除了可應(yīng)用于成年NAFLD患者外,也可用于兒童患者[18]。Yang等[19]指出,在預(yù)測(cè)兒童NAFLD肝纖維化中,APRI與FIB-4可能是有用的無創(chuàng)性指標(biāo)。Sert等[20]建議在NAFLD肥胖少年中加測(cè)APRI,可能有助于預(yù)測(cè)其心血管疾病的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Alkhouri等[21]根據(jù)成人APRI在兒童患者中評(píng)價(jià)效果低的情況,開發(fā)了一種新的專用于兒科的NAFLD肝纖維化評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。綜上所述,APRI能否作為兒童NAFLD肝纖維化評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),尚值得進(jìn)一步探討。

二、PC

PC作為一種新的NAFLD檢測(cè)指標(biāo)已逐漸被重視。有研究顯示,NAFLD患者的PC較正常人低[22]。而且PC可作為判斷NAFLD肝纖維化嚴(yán)重程度的理想指標(biāo)[23]。PC的優(yōu)點(diǎn)為容易測(cè)量和處理,成本效益高,并可準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)肝纖維化的嚴(yán)重性,而且易于招募到NAFLD患者進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的PC研究。有研究顯示,包含PC的NAFLD肝纖維化評(píng)分系統(tǒng)是可行的,但其效度尚需作進(jìn)一步的驗(yàn)證[24]。盡管PC可作為評(píng)價(jià)肝纖維化嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo),但其不能單獨(dú)用于判斷患者的病情[23]。

三、MPV

MPV是血小板活化的指標(biāo)之一,還可作為不成熟或剛生成的血小板活性的判斷指標(biāo)[25]。有研究顯示,MPV水平越高,肥胖人群患NAFLD的幾率越高[25-26]。Shin等[26]的橫斷面研究表明,肥胖人群NAFLD的發(fā)病率隨著MPV水平的增加而增高,且呈顯著相關(guān)性。NAFLD患者的MPV明顯高于正常人,其與疾病的嚴(yán)重程度成正比[27]。

在NAFLD患者中,MPV也可用于評(píng)價(jià)患者心血管疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Alkhouri等[28]指出,在經(jīng)肝活檢確診的NAFLD成年患者中,肝損傷和炎癥的嚴(yán)重程度緊密聯(lián)系,而MPV較大可能會(huì)增加其心血管疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Alkhouri等[29]的另一項(xiàng)研究顯示,合并動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的NAFLD患者中存在血脂異常者的MPV大于血脂正常組。Arslan等[30]提出MPV增大可能是增加肥胖癥患者心血管疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的原因,MPV可作為檢測(cè)NAFLD患者動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度的指標(biāo)。但也有研究得出相反結(jié)果,MPV在健康人、NAFLD患者和酒精性脂肪肝患者中無明顯差異,而且MPV不能評(píng)價(jià)NAFLD的相關(guān)情況[31]。

四、FIB-4

FIB-4包含ALT、AST、血小板及年齡4個(gè)指標(biāo),是評(píng)價(jià)肝切除術(shù)預(yù)后的指標(biāo),也是評(píng)價(jià)肝臟炎癥程度的良好指標(biāo)[14]。FIB-4在預(yù)測(cè)NAFLD肝纖維化中起重要作用,而且能較好地評(píng)價(jià)中晚期NAFLD肝纖維化程度[32]。Sumida等[33]認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)IB-4優(yōu)于其他非侵入性肝纖維化檢測(cè)指標(biāo),具有較高的陰性預(yù)測(cè)值,能評(píng)價(jià)晚期肝纖維化。有研究顯示,在NAFLD的肝纖維化評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)中,F(xiàn)IB-4優(yōu)于APRI、AST/ALT等,可能是最準(zhǔn)確的評(píng)價(jià)NAFLD肝纖維化的指標(biāo)[34]。

五、TPO

TPO是一種生長(zhǎng)因子,主要調(diào)控巨核細(xì)胞的增殖分化與成熟,繼而生成血小板。TPO的分泌水平受外周PC的影響,與其呈負(fù)相關(guān)。有研究顯示,在肝硬化過程中血漿TPO的水平明顯增高,TPO水平的增高可能是為了減輕NAFLD的炎癥程度,臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)該提高患者體內(nèi)TPO的水平[35]。TPO可作為新的檢測(cè)NAFLD的指標(biāo),但其對(duì)疾病診斷及預(yù)后的指導(dǎo)作用還有待進(jìn)一步的研究。

六、其他相關(guān)指標(biāo)

除以上與血小板直接相關(guān)的指標(biāo)外,與血小板間接相關(guān)的指標(biāo)也對(duì)NAFLD的診斷與評(píng)價(jià)起不同作用,這些間接指標(biāo)包括脾臟大小、肝脾比、凝血系統(tǒng)的部分指標(biāo)等。

有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,在NAFLD患者中,血小板減少可能是由脾功能亢進(jìn)引起的[36]。脾臟功能亢進(jìn)會(huì)減少紅細(xì)胞及血小板。有研究顯示,超聲檢查脾臟的縱軸長(zhǎng)度可對(duì)NAFLD進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)[37]。脾臟具有抵抗局部感染的免疫能力,與肥胖、免疫、炎癥等相關(guān),有研究顯示肝脾比有助于區(qū)分單純性脂肪肝與NAFLD[37]。檢測(cè)脾臟不僅操作簡(jiǎn)單、經(jīng)濟(jì),同時(shí)還有助于明確是否需要降低患者的體質(zhì)量[38]。

NAFLD可能會(huì)破壞凝血系統(tǒng)的平衡,使凝血因子Ⅷ增多,CRP減少,引發(fā)肝纖維化以及心血管疾病[39]。同時(shí),NAFLD可使纖溶酶原激活物抑制劑-1(PAI-1)的水平升高,進(jìn)而增加患者心血管疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[40]。但也有研究顯示,PAI-1在NAFLD患者中無升高[41]。另有研究顯示,凝血因子Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅺ、Ⅻ在NAFLD患者中增多,并與胰島素抵抗相關(guān),獨(dú)立于年齡、性別等因素,說明NAFLD患者發(fā)生血栓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高[42]。

另外還有學(xué)者探討了脂聯(lián)素、選擇素、血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子等血小板間接指標(biāo)在NAFLD中的作用,但目前尚未得出明確的結(jié)論,需要進(jìn)一步深入研究。

七、展 望

綜上所述,血小板相關(guān)的生化指標(biāo)在NAFLD的診斷以及預(yù)后中起一定作用,并越來越受到學(xué)者們的關(guān)注。但當(dāng)前的研究多集中于血小板與NAFLD疾病的發(fā)生、對(duì)NAFLD繼發(fā)心血管疾病的影響上,建議下一步可探討血小板與NAFLD其他并發(fā)癥的相關(guān)性。另外,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步提高無創(chuàng)的血小板相關(guān)指標(biāo)對(duì)NAFLD的檢測(cè)效能,發(fā)展完善的測(cè)量模型[43]。目前,血小板與NAFLD的研究多集中于國(guó)外,國(guó)內(nèi)的相關(guān)研究較少,而且國(guó)外的研究多為橫斷面研究,樣本量較少,且研究對(duì)象多為年輕患者,因此,進(jìn)一步開展大樣本量、不同年齡段的研究非常必要。

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Research progress of platelet-related biochemical indicators in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Zhou Fanghang,Yang Yan.Department of Nutrition,School of Public Health,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510080,China

In recent years,the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has increased year by year.It is of critical significance to improve early diagnosis and treatment,and enhance prediction of therapy efficacy and prognosis of NAFLD.Currently,NAFLD is mainly diagnosed through clinical symptoms,assisted by laboratory examination.Biochemical indicators related to platelet are considered to contribute to accurate diagnosis and evaluation of clinical prognosis.Therefore,this article summarized the research progress of platelet-related biochemical indicators in NAFLD.At present,the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase/platelet and FIB-4 index have higher predictive value of negative NAFLD.The sensitivity of platelet count has the highest sensitivity in hepatic inflammation of NAFLD patients.However,the predictive values of mean platelet volume,thrombopoietin and other indicators remain to be further elucidated.In addition,the relationship between NAFLD and each indicator should be further investigated.

Platelet;Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;Biochemical indicators

2015-06-29)

(本文編輯:洪悅民)

10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2015.12.003

510080廣州,中山大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)系

,楊燕,E-mail:yangyan3@m(xù)ail.sysu.edu.cn

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