單穎軍(綜述),周永新(審校).同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬東方醫(yī)院耳鼻喉科,上海 000;.同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院胸心外科,上海 00065
原發(fā)性自發(fā)性氣胸發(fā)病機(jī)制及復(fù)發(fā)原因的研究進(jìn)展
單穎軍1(綜述),周永新2(審校)
1.同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬東方醫(yī)院耳鼻喉科,上海 200120;
2.同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院胸心外科,上海 200065
原發(fā)性自發(fā)性氣胸(PSP)是臨床常見肺科急癥,其典型癥狀為胸痛、胸悶或呼吸困難。氣胸范圍較小時(shí),可采用保守治療,范圍較大時(shí)需要行胸腔閉式引流術(shù),外科手術(shù)是PSP有效的治療方式,目前主要采用胸腔鏡下肺大泡切除術(shù)。PSP的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不十分明確,多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為肺大泡為氣胸的主要危險(xiǎn)因素,肺大泡的形成可能與非特異性炎癥、瘦高體型及遺傳因素等有關(guān)。扁平胸一直被認(rèn)為是青少年發(fā)作PSP的危險(xiǎn)因素,吸煙與氣胸病因?qū)W途徑緊密相關(guān),可以使氣胸患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提高,但吸煙并不是氣胸的決定性因素。PSP易反復(fù)發(fā)作,復(fù)發(fā)率在20%~60%左右。多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為氣胸發(fā)作的次數(shù)越多,復(fù)發(fā)的概率越高。氣胸的復(fù)發(fā)概率與患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良狀況、氣胸的量等相關(guān)。術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)因素可歸為患者因素和手術(shù)因素兩大類。
自發(fā)性氣胸;原發(fā)性;復(fù)發(fā);發(fā)病機(jī)制
原發(fā)性自發(fā)性氣胸(primary spontaneous pneumothorax,PSP)是指肺部常規(guī)X線檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯病變的健康者,在沒(méi)有明顯誘因及肺部基礎(chǔ)疾病的情況下肺組織和臟層胸膜破裂,或靠近肺表面的細(xì)微氣腫泡破裂,肺和支氣管內(nèi)空氣逸入胸膜腔,是臨床常見肺科急癥,近年來(lái)其發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),且具有反復(fù)發(fā)作的特點(diǎn),嚴(yán)重威脅患者健康。
據(jù)報(bào)道PSP在健康人群中發(fā)生率為8/100000[1]。氣胸復(fù)發(fā)為臨床上主要關(guān)心的問(wèn)題,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道PSP的復(fù)發(fā)率為20%~60%[2-3]。本文總結(jié)分析了氣胸的發(fā)病機(jī)制、治療以及復(fù)發(fā)的機(jī)制。
PSP的典型癥狀為胸痛、胸悶或呼吸困難,但臨床上很多患者沒(méi)有相關(guān)的表現(xiàn)[4]?;颊叩暮粑щy程度與氣胸范圍不一定成比例,所以患者的臨床表現(xiàn)不能作為氣胸范圍大小的預(yù)估指標(biāo)。當(dāng)癥狀嚴(yán)重伴有心肺衰竭征象時(shí),必須要考慮張力性氣胸的可能,并給予緊急施救。
PSP患者體格檢查特征性的表現(xiàn)包括:患側(cè)胸廓活動(dòng)度減小、語(yǔ)顫減弱、呼吸音低、面色蒼白、虛汗、重度呼吸窘迫、心動(dòng)過(guò)速、血壓過(guò)低往往預(yù)示張力性氣胸。動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治隹梢姰惓#?5%的患者動(dòng)脈血氧分壓<10.9 kPa。診斷氣胸的主要方法還是放射檢查,包括X線胸片、CT等,同時(shí)可提供準(zhǔn)確肺壓縮范圍及肺部病變。
隨著PSP發(fā)病率的上升,其治療問(wèn)題經(jīng)歷了不斷的認(rèn)識(shí)和發(fā)展。胸腔內(nèi)氣體自我吸收的速率大約為一側(cè)胸腔容積的1.25%~2.2%/24h[5-6]。所以,一側(cè)肺完全壓縮的氣胸大約需要至少6周的時(shí)間才會(huì)自行吸收完全,若同時(shí)存在持續(xù)漏氣,時(shí)間會(huì)更長(zhǎng)。
氣胸范圍較小時(shí),保守治療己經(jīng)被證實(shí)有效[7]。只要患者無(wú)呼吸困難就可以考慮院外觀察,前提是當(dāng)癥狀加重時(shí)可以方便盡快就醫(yī)。氣胸范圍<15%的患者高達(dá)80%無(wú)持續(xù)漏氣,單純觀察后的復(fù)發(fā)率要低于胸管引流后的患者[8],但必須建議患者定期復(fù)查。
目前PSP的治療多以胸腔閉式引流術(shù)為主。臨床上對(duì)于單純穿刺抽氣與胸腔閉式引流的優(yōu)劣仍存在不同見解。多數(shù)學(xué)者采用細(xì)導(dǎo)管抽氣方法(導(dǎo)管抽氣后保留于胸腔內(nèi),并連接一單向活瓣),待肺組織復(fù)張后拔出,如果氣胸持續(xù)存在,則需要連接閉式引流瓶持續(xù)引流。
張力性氣胸以及雙側(cè)氣胸都屬臨床急癥,危及生命,需立即胸管引流。同樣,伴有大量胸腔積液的氣胸患者(液氣胸/血?dú)庑兀┮残枰⒓葱毓芤鳌?/p>
氣胸范圍較小但呼吸困難嚴(yán)重的患者提示張力性氣胸的可能[8]。若患者住院觀察,應(yīng)給予高流量吸氧,不僅可改善低氧血癥,由于氧氣比氮?dú)馕湛?4倍,比二氧化碳快23倍,它可使氣胸自我愈合的幾率增加數(shù)倍[9]。
外科手術(shù)是PSP有效的治療方式,主要包括傳統(tǒng)開胸肺大泡切除術(shù)、腋下小切口肺大泡切除術(shù)和胸腔鏡(ideo-assisted thoracosopic surgery,VATS)下肺大泡切除術(shù)。傳統(tǒng)開胸術(shù)及腋下小切口手術(shù),因時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、術(shù)中出血量多、術(shù)后疼痛強(qiáng)烈,已較少使用。VATS下肺大泡手術(shù)在1991年在國(guó)外首先報(bào)道,隨后國(guó)內(nèi)外開展VATS治療的醫(yī)院逐漸增多,該術(shù)式具有創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)中出血少、術(shù)后痛苦輕、并發(fā)癥少、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是目前PSP首選的治療方案[10]。傳統(tǒng)VATS術(shù)式有3個(gè)切口,但隨著技術(shù)及器械的發(fā)展,國(guó)內(nèi)外不少臨床醫(yī)療單位開始采用單操作孔或單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)[11-13],使得該手術(shù)更加微創(chuàng)。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果顯示,該術(shù)式術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率約(5%),明顯高于傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)和腋下小切口手術(shù)(1%)[14]。
根據(jù)BTS2010的推薦,氣胸患者的手術(shù)指征為[14]:同側(cè)復(fù)發(fā)性氣胸;同時(shí)或異時(shí)的雙側(cè)氣胸;胸管引流后持續(xù)漏氣大于5~7 d,或肺膨脹不好;自發(fā)性血?dú)庑兀惶厥獾穆殬I(yè)因素;妊娠。
近年臨床上也開展了一些新技術(shù)用于氣胸的治療。如;內(nèi)科胸腔鏡,其可在局麻下進(jìn)行,損傷明顯小于VATS,而且費(fèi)用低廉,可在直視下進(jìn)行[15]。纖維支氣管鏡用于內(nèi)定位及阻塞漏氣部位,適用于難治性氣胸,但這些技術(shù)目前主要用于繼發(fā)性氣胸的治療。
目前,對(duì)于PSP的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不十分明確。PSP多見于青少年,有兩個(gè)發(fā)病年齡高峰:20~40歲和60歲以上。雖然有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道認(rèn)為肺大泡并不是氣胸發(fā)作及復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因子[16],但大多數(shù)認(rèn)為肺大泡為氣胸的主要危險(xiǎn)因素[2,17],高達(dá)47%~88% 的PSP患者胸部CT可見肺大泡[16-18]。肺大泡的形成可能與非特異性炎癥引發(fā)細(xì)支氣管纖維組織增生、瘢痕、肺彈力纖維先天發(fā)育不良、萎縮導(dǎo)致肺泡彈性減低,患者體型瘦高導(dǎo)致胸頂部組織承受較大負(fù)壓,以及遺傳因素等有關(guān)。最近自體突光研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肺大泡臨近區(qū)域臟胸膜的多孔性可能是氣胸的病因[19],小氣道阻塞加上炎癥細(xì)胞的介入可能造成小氣道早期階段的“氣腫樣改變”,也與氣胸形成有關(guān)[20]。
既往的研究認(rèn)為,青少年的身體發(fā)育特點(diǎn)引起肺大泡的產(chǎn)生,特別是瘦高體型的人[21]。由于高度發(fā)育快而胸廓的寬度發(fā)育慢,且胸膜腔負(fù)壓從胸底至胸頂遞增,所以胸頂部肺泡比底部有更大的膨脹壓力,瘦高體型患者尤為明顯。引起肺尖部負(fù)壓增加,易產(chǎn)生肺尖部肺大泡,甚至破裂產(chǎn)生氣胸[22]。W ithers等[23]認(rèn)為瘦長(zhǎng)體型的患者由于肺的快速生長(zhǎng)而引起肺尖局部缺血,易發(fā)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)性血供障礙,再加上肺尖部通氣量較大,易導(dǎo)致肺泡彈力纖維破壞形成肺尖部大泡。滕維亞等[24]對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)青少年P(guān)SP患者的身高、體質(zhì)量的易患性進(jìn)行了量化,認(rèn)為PSP多見于身高在170 cm以上、體質(zhì)量65 kg以下的瘦長(zhǎng)體型患者,原因可能與壓力梯度有關(guān)。
扁平胸一直被認(rèn)為是青少年發(fā)作PSP的危險(xiǎn)因素[25]。國(guó)內(nèi)有學(xué)者從力學(xué)機(jī)制方面進(jìn)行了研究,認(rèn)為扁平胸前胸壁近似平面,與正常胸廓相比明顯缺少弧度,當(dāng)胸壁在相同的大氣壓或外力的作用下,肺組織受到的壓力或沖擊力明顯大于正常胸廓[26]。按應(yīng)力分解和壓強(qiáng)原理,外力最終傳導(dǎo)至肺尖部,在肺尖部得到釋放,因此肺尖部受到的壓力最大,這可能是扁平型胸廓青少年P(guān)SP患者易在肺尖部出現(xiàn)肺小泡的主要原因。
吸煙與氣胸病因?qū)W途徑緊密相關(guān),吸煙引起支氣管炎癥,導(dǎo)致肺泡的過(guò)度膨脹或塌陷,引起氣胸發(fā)作[27],被認(rèn)為可以使女性氣胸患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提高9倍,男性達(dá)22倍之多[28]。在健康男性中,吸煙者氣胸發(fā)生率為12%,而非吸煙者發(fā)生率僅為0.1%[28]。但吸煙并不是氣胸的決定性因素[3]。盡管氣胸跟吸煙之間存在明顯的關(guān)聯(lián),且戒煙可以降低氣胸復(fù)發(fā)的概率[29]。然而,在成人中氣胸吸煙的比例仍達(dá)到75%[30],80%~86%的年輕患者在首次發(fā)作自發(fā)性氣胸后仍未戒煙[31]。PSP復(fù)發(fā)率在最初4年內(nèi)可以高達(dá)54%,獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素包括吸煙、身高和年齡>60歲[32]。因此,對(duì)于氣胸患者一定要努力戒煙。
PSP的一個(gè)顯著特征是易反復(fù)發(fā)作,復(fù)發(fā)率在20%~60%[2-3]。經(jīng)傳統(tǒng)胸腔閉式引流后復(fù)發(fā)率高達(dá)30%[33],兒童的復(fù)發(fā)概率則高達(dá)50%~60%[34-35],二次或三次再發(fā)后復(fù)發(fā)率更高。Ayed等[36]統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示,首次氣胸后再發(fā)同側(cè)氣胸,其發(fā)生率達(dá)到25%;第二次氣胸非手術(shù)治療后,第三次氣胸的發(fā)生率>50%;三次氣胸發(fā)作后再發(fā)率>80%。多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,氣胸發(fā)作的次數(shù)越多,胸腔內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的粘連越重,越有可能在胸廓內(nèi)壓力改變的情況下,造成肺大泡的破裂[37]。因此不同的臨床指南明確指出復(fù)發(fā)性氣胸手術(shù)治療的必要性[14]。
有較多的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,氣胸的復(fù)發(fā)概率與患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良狀況相關(guān)[7]。然而,目前仍缺乏有效的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良評(píng)估系統(tǒng),如果將來(lái)能有一個(gè)有效的評(píng)估系統(tǒng),將對(duì)氣胸患者的手術(shù)選擇起到指導(dǎo)作用。體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BM I)常用于評(píng)估患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,并且與氣胸的復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)[35]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,氣胸的量與氣胸復(fù)發(fā)概率相關(guān)[3],所以在很多文獻(xiàn)里也把氣胸的量作為氣胸手術(shù)的參考因素。
胸腔鏡肺大泡切除相比于傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)有其眾所周知的優(yōu)勢(shì)。然而,手術(shù)治療術(shù)后仍有一定的復(fù)發(fā)率[38-39]。術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)可能與患者新生肺大泡和手術(shù)處理不當(dāng)遺漏肺大泡有關(guān),因此可將術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)因素歸為患者因素和手術(shù)因素兩大類?;颊咭蛩匾曰颊叩囊话闱闆r和臨床特點(diǎn)為主,包括性別、年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量、BM I、術(shù)前氣胸發(fā)作次數(shù)、發(fā)病部位、術(shù)中肺大泡分型等;手術(shù)因素以手術(shù)相關(guān)操作為主,包括引流時(shí)間、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥聯(lián)合胸膜固定術(shù)等。
卜梁等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肺泡再生是氣胸復(fù)發(fā)的首位原因,氣胸手術(shù)并不能完全達(dá)到治愈,只是明顯降低復(fù)發(fā)率而已。同時(shí)有合并癥及同側(cè)氣胸手術(shù)史的患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的概率增加[41],在這方面不難理解,主要與患者具有肺部或其他部位的基礎(chǔ)疾病有關(guān),或與既往的手術(shù)使肺的容量減少,術(shù)后肺的過(guò)度膨脹產(chǎn)生新的肺大泡有關(guān)[42],但對(duì)于對(duì)側(cè)有氣胸手術(shù)史的患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的概率是否增加,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道不一致[41,43]。
手術(shù)方式明顯影響氣胸的復(fù)發(fā),首先術(shù)中肺大泡處理方式與氣胸的復(fù)發(fā)有關(guān),采用結(jié)扎或夾閉方法的患者氣胸復(fù)發(fā)的概率高于采用切割閉合器處理的患者[41-42]。雖然,手術(shù)同時(shí)行胸膜固定術(shù)被廣泛采用及推薦[9],被認(rèn)為可以降低氣胸的復(fù)發(fā)率,然而,仍有統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表明胸膜固定并不能降低氣胸的復(fù)發(fā)率[44]。
雖然吸煙是氣胸的誘發(fā)因素,但據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道吸煙患者的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的概率低于非吸煙患者[41],這可能與非吸煙患者術(shù)后肺的過(guò)度膨脹產(chǎn)生新的肺大泡或存在一些引起氣胸的機(jī)制有關(guān)。
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Recent research of pathogenesisand causesof recurrence of p rimary spontaneous pneum othorax
SHAN Yingjun1,ZHOU Yongxin2
1.DepartmentofOtorhinolaryngology,EastHospital,TongjiUniversity SchoolofMedicine,Shanghai 200120,China;
2.DepartmentofThoracic-Cardiovascular Surgery,TongjiHospital,TongjiUniversity Schoolof Medicine,Shanghai 200065,China
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax(PSP)is common acute disease.Classical symptoms are chest pain,chest distress and dyspnea.An asymptomatic patient w ith a m inimal or small pneumothorax is treated w ith supplemental oxygen,conservative treatment.Moderate to large pneumothorax are treated by chest tube drainage.Surgery represents themosteffectivemethod.Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery(VATS)is now regarded as the gold standard for the surgicalmanagement of PSP.Pathogenesis of PSPhas not yet been well elucidated.Most PSP result from spontaneous rupture of a sub-pleural bleb or bulla,which leaks air into the pleural cavity.There are some mechanisms for bleb or bulla formation,nonspecific inflammation,pleural cavity pressure in a tall individual and congenital cause.Flat chest is considered as the risk factor for PSP in adolescent.Smoking is closely related to PSP,and increases the risk of pneumothorax,butsmoking is not the determ inant.Recurrence is a common and serious problem of PSP,and the recurrence ratehas been variably reported as 20%-60%,and it is related tohypotrophy and the size of pneumothorax.Causesof postoperative recurrence include patient’s cause and operative cause
Spontaneous pneumothorax;Primary;Recurrence;Pathogenesis
R655.3
A
2095-378X(2015)01-0052-05
10.3969/j.issn.2095-378X.2015.01.016
單穎軍(1975—),女,主治醫(yī)師,碩士研究生,從事耳鼻喉科
周永新,電子信箱:zhou6302@#edu.cn