夏兆云,顏朝暉,徐榮泰
新兵集訓(xùn)期膝關(guān)節(jié)未完全閉合生長板損傷的MRI表現(xiàn)與特點(diǎn)
夏兆云1,顏朝暉2,徐榮泰1
目的 探討新兵集訓(xùn)期膝關(guān)節(jié)未閉合生長板損傷的MRI表現(xiàn)與特點(diǎn)。方法 采用生長板閉合程度Tanner分級(jí)及損傷S-H(Salter-Harris)Ⅰ~Ⅶ型分類,回顧分析36例新兵集訓(xùn)期膝關(guān)節(jié)未閉合生長板損傷MRI影像資料。結(jié)果 (1)36例膝關(guān)節(jié)生長板損傷計(jì)39塊,股骨下段10塊,脛骨上段29塊,其中股骨下段及脛骨上段同時(shí)損傷3例計(jì)6塊。(2)39塊生長板閉合程度Tanner分級(jí):1級(jí)19塊,2級(jí)17塊,3級(jí)3塊。(3)生長板損傷S-H分型:Ⅱ型2塊,Ⅲ型5塊,Ⅳ型4塊,Ⅴ型22塊,Ⅵ型6塊,無Ⅰ型及Ⅶ型。(4)損傷急性期MR表現(xiàn)出血、水腫信號(hào),隨時(shí)間變化可出現(xiàn)長T2、等T2及短T2多信號(hào),后期水腫減輕或消退、出血吸收、組織壞死囊變及纖維化等病理組織信號(hào)。(5)影像隨訪:生長板同步閉合27塊;非同步閉合12塊(提前4塊、延時(shí)8塊)均為Ⅴ型損傷;形態(tài)良好21塊,形態(tài)改變18塊(局部肥大或類似骨橋形成9塊、不均勻變薄9塊),其中Ⅴ型損傷11塊。(6)36例臨床預(yù)后良好29例,輕度關(guān)節(jié)畸形7例(膝輕度內(nèi)翻2例、膝輕度外翻4例、患肢輕度縮短1例)均為Ⅴ型損傷病例。結(jié)論 本組資料顯示新兵集訓(xùn)期膝關(guān)節(jié)未閉合生長板損傷多發(fā)生于一側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)和集訓(xùn)早期,生長板閉合程度低和年齡小越容易損傷。臨床及時(shí)處理可獲良好預(yù)后。
新兵;集訓(xùn);生長板; 損傷;磁共振成像;膝關(guān)節(jié)
正常二次骨化中心完全閉合的年齡個(gè)體差異較大。依據(jù)筆者前期的調(diào)研,新戰(zhàn)士膝關(guān)節(jié)生長板尚未完全閉合約占56%,且不完全閉合的生長板介于軟骨和骨之間的組織特性,保持相對(duì)薄弱特點(diǎn)[1]。臨床上不完全閉合生長板損傷并不少見,由于X線攝影及CT檢查價(jià)值非常有限,易漏診。本研究收集了新兵集訓(xùn)期膝關(guān)節(jié)不完全閉合生長板損傷MRI影像資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析。
1.1 一般資料 收集2010-2013年武警某部男性新兵集訓(xùn)期(90 d內(nèi))膝關(guān)節(jié)未閉合生長板損傷資料36例(共39塊),年齡17.5~23.3歲,平均(17.49±0.88)歲。采取影像生長板閉合程度Tanner分級(jí)[2](不確定者以健側(cè)評(píng)估)和生長板損傷S-H(Salter-Harris)Ⅰ~Ⅶ分型[3],分析初、復(fù)診時(shí)MRI等影像檢查表現(xiàn),隨訪觀察關(guān)節(jié)形態(tài)、行走步態(tài),測量下肢長度,必要時(shí)作膝關(guān)節(jié)影像學(xué)脛股畫線測量。
1.2 損傷經(jīng)過 36例受傷于集訓(xùn)30 d內(nèi)21例,30~60 d共9例,61~90 d共6例;均為單側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié),右21例,左15例。隱體攀爬項(xiàng)目落地17例,單杠著地13例,原地起跳4例,助跑時(shí)受傷2例。其中9例在受傷過程中感覺膝部“壓榨感(音)”,傷后膝部急性疼痛,活動(dòng)受限。排除打擊傷、暴力傷及交通事故等意外傷害。
1.3 影像學(xué)檢查 采用GE 3.0T HDxt及GE 0.35T singna EXCIT磁共振成像儀,F(xiàn)OV 16~18 cm,膝關(guān)節(jié)表面線圈,自旋回波T1加權(quán)序列(SE T1WI),快速自旋回波T2加權(quán)(FSE T2WI),質(zhì)子加權(quán)(FS-PDWI)及短時(shí)間翻轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)(STIR、SPIR)等脂肪抑制序列成像;X線雙側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)攝片及患肢全長片,CT雙膝同步掃描、三維重建。受傷至MRI首次檢查時(shí)間為0.5 h~7 d,平均(36±11) h,復(fù)查3~8次,平均3.2次/例。首次復(fù)診時(shí)間2~4個(gè)月,平均(2.3±1.4)個(gè)月;后期復(fù)診6~27個(gè)月,平均(13±5.7)個(gè)月。體內(nèi)有鐵磁性金屬植入固定者,拔除后再行MRI復(fù)查。
2.1 生長板閉合分級(jí)、年齡分布與損傷類型 36例計(jì)39塊生長板閉合分級(jí)、年齡分布與損傷類型對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系見表1。年齡越小分級(jí)越低(P<0.05),生長板分級(jí)越低其損傷越多見(P<0.05)。39塊生長板損傷以Ⅴ型多見(χ2=17.228,P<0.01),無Ⅰ型及Ⅶ型。脛骨上段多于股骨下段,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
表1 36例患者39塊生長板閉合程度Tanner分級(jí)、年齡分布與損傷S-H類型對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系
注:①年齡越小分級(jí)越低(P=0.0037),②生長板分級(jí)越低其損傷越多(P=0.0070)
2.2 影像表現(xiàn) 39塊生長板損傷急性期MR顯示生長板點(diǎn)狀出血、水腫信號(hào)及形態(tài)異常,鄰近骨髓水腫(圖1A、圖1B),2~4個(gè)月MR復(fù)查顯示生長板水腫及鄰近骨髓水腫逐步消退,出現(xiàn)不規(guī)則混雜信號(hào),表現(xiàn)長T2、等T2及短T2信號(hào)。6個(gè)月后復(fù)查,水腫消退,含鐵血紅素沉積,表現(xiàn)生長板厚薄不均勻,出現(xiàn)局部纖維化、硬化和囊變信號(hào)(圖1C)。36例中合并脛骨內(nèi)側(cè)平臺(tái)塌陷骨折1例,脛骨縱型骨折1例,髁間嵴骨折1例,膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)及其周圍韌帶損傷7例,其中膝關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)副韌帶損傷3例,內(nèi)側(cè)副韌帶損傷2例,髕韌帶及前交叉韌帶損傷各1例;半月板病損或破裂3例,外側(cè)盤狀半月板2例,關(guān)節(jié)囊積液17例,36例膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍軟組織不同程度腫脹。急性期X線及CT檢查明確損傷7例8塊,可疑2例2塊,不明確27例29塊。
2.3 隨訪 33例均及時(shí)采取膝關(guān)節(jié)外固定制動(dòng)、避免和減輕患肢負(fù)重,保持臥床休息4~6周;因合并其他損傷手術(shù)處理3例。隨訪9~41個(gè)月,平均(14.04±7.51)個(gè)月,臨床預(yù)后良好29例,輕度關(guān)節(jié)畸形7例(膝輕度內(nèi)翻2例、膝輕度外翻4例、患肢輕度縮短1例)均為Ⅴ型損傷病例。此外,36例中膝部外觀13例不同程度局部隆起或軟組織萎縮,無重殘病例,因合并其他損傷致髕腱萎縮1例。39塊損傷生長板MR復(fù)查顯示同步閉合27塊,非同步閉合12塊(提前4塊、延時(shí)8塊)均為Ⅴ型損傷;形態(tài)良好21塊,形態(tài)改變18塊(局部肥大和類似骨橋形成9塊、不均勻變薄9塊),其中11塊為Ⅴ型損傷。
圖1 新兵集訓(xùn)期膝關(guān)節(jié)未完全閉合生長板損傷
新兵男戰(zhàn)士,17.8歲,脛骨上段MRI顯示:生長板tanner 2級(jí)閉合、S-H損傷Ⅴ型。A.開訓(xùn)24 d,在一次攀越隱體單腳著地后,左膝部劇烈疼痛,傷后6 h行MRI檢查FS-PDWI序列冠狀位顯示,左膝關(guān)節(jié)脛骨上段生長板損傷,生長板內(nèi)側(cè)出血、水腫(白箭頭所示);B. 傷后6 h行MRI檢查FS-PDWI序列矢狀位;C.傷后13個(gè)月MR:脛骨上段生長板內(nèi)側(cè)提前閉合,局部硬化、纖維化(灰箭頭所示),脛骨上端骨骺內(nèi)側(cè)高度明顯小于外側(cè),臨床預(yù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)輕度外翻畸形,周圍軟組織萎縮
3.1 臨床意義 本組資料顯示,不完全閉合生長板損傷發(fā)生類型,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的少年兒童時(shí)期生長板損傷存在一定差異。少年兒童時(shí)期生長板損傷S-H分型中以Ⅱ型發(fā)生為常見(32%~45%),Ⅴ型損傷占各型比例小于1%,且提示Ⅴ型預(yù)后不良[3-6]。本組集訓(xùn)新兵36例39塊生長板損傷中Ⅴ型22塊(56.41%,22/39),明顯多于其他各型17塊(43.59%,17/39)。此外,本組資料顯示,生長板損傷集訓(xùn)早期多于后期,且年齡越小,閉合級(jí)別越低,越容易損傷;發(fā)生于一側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)、脛骨上段損傷多于股骨下段,這主要是膝關(guān)節(jié)生長板是人體中閉合相對(duì)較遲的部位,脛骨上段生長板閉合相對(duì)于股骨下段相對(duì)遲6~12個(gè)月,脛骨上段支持組織較股骨下段相對(duì)薄弱有關(guān)[1,5]。膝關(guān)節(jié)是最主要的運(yùn)動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié),運(yùn)動(dòng)方式多、強(qiáng)度大、外部剪力強(qiáng),單肢著地是膝關(guān)節(jié)容易損傷主要因素[7,8]。在新兵集訓(xùn)中,當(dāng)發(fā)生一側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)突然疼痛、局部壓痛和活動(dòng)受限不能緩解,且不能用關(guān)節(jié)損傷、韌帶及周圍肌群受損等解釋臨床癥狀時(shí),要及時(shí)做MRI檢查,排除生長板損傷。
3.2 影像診斷 MRI檢查是診斷生長板損傷主要手段,正常不完全閉合生長板(3級(jí)以下)MR可見軟骨、纖維、松質(zhì)骨及密質(zhì)骨四種信號(hào),不含液體信號(hào)[1,9,10]。急性生長板損傷MR顯示出血、水腫液體信號(hào),呈現(xiàn)長T1長T2信號(hào)和形態(tài)異??擅鞔_生長板損傷[5,14];MR階段復(fù)查受傷時(shí)間延長,生長板水腫及鄰近骨髓水腫逐步消退,可出現(xiàn)長T2、等T2及短T2不規(guī)則混雜信號(hào);后期復(fù)查MR表現(xiàn)水腫消退、含鐵血紅蛋白沉積,生長板厚薄不均勻,局部出現(xiàn)纖維化、硬化和囊變信號(hào)。MR隨訪39塊生長板閉合時(shí)間異常12塊,36例預(yù)后關(guān)節(jié)輕度畸形7例,均為Ⅴ型損傷病例,這與新戰(zhàn)士二次骨化中心接近閉合或完全閉合狀態(tài),其不完全閉合生長板(tanner1~3級(jí))介于軟骨與骨的組織特性,具備了一定韌性和硬度有關(guān)。本組36例X線及CT首次檢查明確診斷僅7例(19.44%)。
3.3 預(yù)后 生長板損傷雖然與一般骨折修復(fù)過程相似,與S-H分型有關(guān),損傷后可使生長板細(xì)胞增殖停滯,骨骼生長緩慢或停止,導(dǎo)致肢體短縮畸形,或損傷軟骨過度增殖,軟骨、骨質(zhì)肥大導(dǎo)致骨骼的彎曲及畸形[10,11,13]。本組臨床及時(shí)診斷與處理,采取減輕負(fù)重、制動(dòng)和臥床休息等措施,未造成重殘和明顯預(yù)后不良,預(yù)后良好29例(80.56%),輕度關(guān)節(jié)畸形和輕度患肢縮短共7例(19.44%)。
總之,預(yù)防膝關(guān)節(jié)生長板損傷,要了解和觀察新戰(zhàn)士生理特點(diǎn)、心理素質(zhì)、運(yùn)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)性與發(fā)育狀態(tài),做好新兵集訓(xùn)適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練[14,15],反復(fù)傳授訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作要領(lǐng)。尤其是在助跑和原地跳(遠(yuǎn)),隱體攀爬、杠上運(yùn)動(dòng)等垂直落地運(yùn)動(dòng)中,避免在未熱身情形下,增加訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度、難度和突然的劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)。一旦發(fā)生損傷時(shí),要立刻減少和避免患肢負(fù)重,以防加劇損傷。本研究進(jìn)一步完善了身高、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、營養(yǎng)等數(shù)據(jù)與膝關(guān)節(jié)生長板損傷發(fā)生的對(duì)照研究,可為預(yù)防新兵集訓(xùn)生長板損傷提供幫助。
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(2014-08-13收稿 2014-11-15修回)
(責(zé)任編輯 梁秋野)
MRI of injury of incomplete closed growth plate of knee in the recruits during military training
XIA Zhaoyun1,YAN Chaohui2,and XU Rongtai1.
1.Department of Radiology,2.Department of Ultrasound,Jiangsu Provincial Corps Hospital, Chinese People’s Armed Polices Forces, Yangzhou 225003,China
Objective To study MRI performance and characteristics of the incomplete closed growth plate injury of knee in the recruits during intensive training. Methods Retrospective analysis was made of MRI of growth plate injury of 36 recruits knees in military training. Tanner’s grading of the growth plate closure degree was used, and adopting S-H (Salter-Harris,S-H) Ⅰ~Ⅶ classification of the growth plate damaged was adopted. Results (1)There were 39 pieces of growth plate injury among 36 cases(knee):10 pieces in the distal femora and 29 pieces in the proximal tibia,including 6 pieces of 3 cases of the femur and tibia injuries at the same time on them. (2) Tanner’s staging of the closure degree displayed growth plate in 36 recrruits by imaging: 19 of 39 were degree 1, 17 were degree 2, 3 were degree 3. (3) S-H classification: 2 of 39 were typeⅡ, 5 were type Ⅲ, 4 were type Ⅳ, 22 were type Ⅴ and 6 were typeⅥ. There were no typeⅠand type Ⅶ.(4) MRI signal of hemorrhage and edema were displayed in the acute phase of growth plate injury.MRI signals changed with time, could manifest signals of more than short T2, such as T2and long T2. However, edema relieved or subsided in the later, stage and MRI signal displayed a variety of changes with the pathological events such as bleeding absorbed, necrosis, cystic degeneration and fiberosis of damaged tissue of growth plate. (5) Followed up by imaging: 27 pieces were closed over the same period of the unaffected side in the growth plate injury of 39 pieces. 12 pieces of growth plate were asynchronously closed (early 4, delayed 8) ,which were the damage of typeⅤ. In shape, 21 pieces were of normal form. The rest of the 18 changed in the form (local bone hypertrophy or similar bone bridge form 9, non-uniform thickness and thinning 9). 11 of 18 were the damage of the type Ⅴ.(6)Good clinical prognosis in 29 cases of 36 cases. 7 cases with joint deformity (knee varus 2, knee valgus 4, limb slightly shorter 1),they were of typeⅤ. Conclusions The incompletely closed growth plate of knee may be damaged during the recruit military training. Most occurred at the beginning of the training and only one side of knee. Recruits are relatively young, their growth plate closure degree is low and susceptible to injury mostly of type Ⅴ. Timely clinical treatment promises good prognosis.
recruits; intensive training; growth plate; injury; MR imaging; knee
醫(yī)學(xué)期刊常用字詞正誤對(duì)照表
夏兆云,博士,主任醫(yī)師,E-mail:shinezy@163.com
225003揚(yáng)州,武警江蘇總隊(duì)醫(yī)院:1. 醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,2.超聲科
顏朝暉,E-mail:shinezy_wj@126.com
R814.46;R684