李云標(biāo)

借助句子語境，通常我們可以推斷出與動(dòng)詞不定式在意義上存在主謂關(guān)系的某個(gè)詞，我們把它稱為不定式的邏輯主語。動(dòng)詞不定式的語態(tài)，則要根據(jù)它的邏輯主語與不定式動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系來確定。當(dāng)邏輯主語是不定式的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，它們是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，不定式就要用主動(dòng)語態(tài);當(dāng)邏輯主語是不定式的承受者時(shí)，它們是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，不定式就要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

[邏輯主語]

動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語，可以是句子的主語、賓語，也可以是句子的其它成分，或者由介詞for/of引出來，有時(shí)也有不在句子中出現(xiàn)的情形。為了更好地理解不定式的語態(tài)，針對(duì)以上各種情形，我們都可以把邏輯主語和動(dòng)詞不定式轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)完整的句子。

1. 不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語

①Group activities will be organized after class to help children develop team spirit.

為了幫助孩子們培養(yǎng)團(tuán)隊(duì)精神，課后將要組織一些集體活動(dòng)。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?Group activities （can） help children develop team spirit.

②To free ourselves from the physical and mental tensions， we each need deep thought and inner quietness.

為了擺脫身體和心理的緊張狀態(tài)，我們每一個(gè)人都需要深思和內(nèi)心的寧靜。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?We can free ourselves from the physical and mental tensions.

2. 不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的賓語

①She convinced me to enroll in these classes.

她說服我參加這些班。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?I enrolled/would enroll in these classes.

②Harrison Ford is considered as one of the few movie stars to have worked as a carpenter before.

哈里森·福特被認(rèn)為是為數(shù)不多的曾經(jīng)做過木匠的電影明星之一。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?The few movie stars have worked as a carpenter before.

③He did not like his intention to be laughed at.

他不喜歡自己的意圖受到嘲笑。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?His intention was laughed at.

3. 不定式的邏輯主語就是被修飾的詞

①The decision to be made at the meeting will influence the future of our company.

在會(huì)上做出的決定會(huì)影響到我們公司的未來。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?The decision will be made at the meeting.

②She may be an ideal person to look after the children.

她可能是照顧孩子們的理想人選。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?An ideal person will look after the children.

4. 不定式的邏輯主語由介詞for引出

It is hard for a person to recognize opportunities if he stays in one place.

假如一個(gè)人待在原地，就難以意識(shí)到機(jī)遇。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?A person recognizes opportunities.

5. 不定式的邏輯主語由介詞of引出

It is generous of you to have contributed so much.

你捐了這么多錢，真大方。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?You have contributed so much.

6. 不定式表示泛指時(shí)邏輯主語不出現(xiàn)

①To make your children capable of honesty is the beginning of education.

讓你的孩子誠(chéng)實(shí)是教育的開端。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?You make your children capable of honesty.

②The greatest power that a person possesses is the power to choose.

一個(gè)人所擁有的最大權(quán)力就是選擇的權(quán)力。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?A person chooses.

③The idea “happiness”， to be sure， will not sit still for easy definition.

不可否認(rèn)，“幸?！钡母拍畈皇庆o態(tài)、簡(jiǎn)單的定義。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?We are sure.

[ 不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)]

邏輯主語的確定有助于我們掌握動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)有兩種形式：一般式（to be done）和完成式（to have been done）。也有用動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義的情況。

1. 不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般式，可以轉(zhuǎn)換為一般時(shí)態(tài)或者將來時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)句來理解

①He hurried to the station only to be told the train had left.

他匆忙來到車站，卻被告知火車已經(jīng)離開了。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?（...but） He was told the train had left.

②Its important for the figures to be updated regularly.

經(jīng)常更新這些數(shù)字很重要。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?The figures are updated regularly.

③There are benefits to be found in almost everything that happens to you.

發(fā)生在你身上的每一件事都能發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的有利之處。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?Benefits will be found in almost everything that happens to you.

2. 不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)的完成式，可以轉(zhuǎn)換為過去時(shí)態(tài)或者完成時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)句來理解

①He claimed to have been badly treated in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.

他聲稱昨天在超市購物的時(shí)受到了虐待。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?He was badly treated in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.

②He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party.

他認(rèn)為被邀請(qǐng)參加聚會(huì)是一件很榮幸的事情。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?He was invited to the party.

③The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight the other day.

當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)紙報(bào)道，前幾天有人在光天化日之下?lián)尳倭算y行。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?The bank was robbed in broad daylight the other day.

3. 一些動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)語態(tài)，表示被動(dòng)意義，也可以轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的簡(jiǎn)單句來理解

1）某些后置定語結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式主動(dòng)語態(tài)。雖然動(dòng)詞不定式與前面的詞有修飾關(guān)系，但不定式的邏輯主語不是所修飾的詞，而是句子的主語或者賓語。

①He has a large family to support.

他有一大家子人要養(yǎng)活。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?He supports a large family.

②Have you got a key to unlock the door？

你有打開門鎖的鑰匙嗎？

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?You （can） unlock the door.

2）某些表語形容詞后面的不定式主動(dòng)語態(tài)。這些不定式動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，可以理解為省去了邏輯主語（for you/me/us/them/he...）。

Mark was very anxious because the maths problems were too hard to work out.

Mark非常焦急，因?yàn)檫@些數(shù)學(xué)題太難了，做不出來。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?Mark didnt work out the maths problems.

3）某些用作表語的不定式主動(dòng)語態(tài)。這些動(dòng)詞與句子主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

His house is to let because he has been badly off now.

現(xiàn)在他很缺錢，所以他的房子要出租。

轉(zhuǎn)換 ?His house will be rented.