句型轉(zhuǎn)換是中考必考的重點題型之一。在歷年的中考中,句型轉(zhuǎn)換題所占的分值一直挺大,而且有愈來愈高之勢。這是因為這種題型可以有效地幫助學(xué)生理解并鞏固所學(xué)的句型,掌握各種句型的內(nèi)在含義,幫助學(xué)生掌握各種句型的句式結(jié)構(gòu)和不同句式的變化技巧,理解并掌握句型與句型間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)律。學(xué)生如能掌握句型轉(zhuǎn)換的解題技巧,對于他們理解并運用所學(xué)句型,形成語感,進(jìn)而培養(yǎng)他們的英語綜合運用能力有著極其重要的意義。在日常英語教學(xué)中,每位英語教師都十分重視對學(xué)生句型轉(zhuǎn)換解題技巧的培養(yǎng),因為他們深知:只要學(xué)生掌握了句型轉(zhuǎn)換的本質(zhì)含義和解題技巧,不僅能熟練地運用各種句式和句型進(jìn)行口頭表達(dá),還能夠熟練地做句型轉(zhuǎn)換題,把所學(xué)的句型和句式舉一反三,靈活運用,這樣就把口頭運用轉(zhuǎn)換成了筆頭運用,從而培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的綜合語言運用能力。
筆者在十余年從事一線英語教學(xué)的過程中,摸索出了一些句型轉(zhuǎn)換題的解題技巧,現(xiàn)結(jié)合句型轉(zhuǎn)換的常見題型作如下歸納。
一、由肯定句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?/p>
由肯定句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧涞囊?guī)則是把助動詞置于句子的主語之前而把句子變?yōu)橐蓡栒Z序。解題時應(yīng)把握以下幾點:
1. 句子的謂語動詞如果是be動詞,則把be動詞直接提到主語之前。
注意:在肯定句和一般疑問句中主語的一、二人稱要互換。
例如:
(1) We are in Class 1, Grade 7.
→Are you in Class 1, Grade 7?
(2) Hes polite and helpful.
→Is he polite and helpful?
(3) There are some birds in the big tall tree.
→Are there any birds in the big tall tree?
(4) Some Americans are going to visit our school next week.
→Are some Americans going to visit your school next week ?
(5) A new modern bridge is being built over the Changjiang River.
→Is a new modern bridge being built over the Changjiang River?
2. 句子的謂語動詞中如果有情態(tài)動詞,則把情態(tài)動詞直接提到主語之前。
例如:
(1) They can park their cars in front of the supermarket.
→Can they park their cars in front of the supermarket?
(2) Id like some more dumplings.
→Would you like some more dumplings?
(3) Children must be kept away from fire.
→Must children be kept away from fire?
3. 句子的謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在完成時或過去完成時,把時態(tài)中的助動詞have、has或had 提到主語之前即可。
例如:
(1) I have finished reading the interesting book.
→Have you finished reading the interesting book?
(2) The old woman had been dead before her daughter arrived.
→Had the old woman been dead before her daughter arrived?
4. 句子的謂語動詞如果是行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時,在改為一般疑問句的時候,根據(jù)主語的人稱和單、復(fù)數(shù),需要添加助動詞do、does或did。
例如:
(1) We enjoy the football matches very much.
→Do you enjoy the football matches very much?
(2) Her mother does some cleaning every morning.
→Does her mother do some cleaning every morning?
(3)She went to see her doctor yesterday.
→Did she go to see her doctor yesterday?
注意:在添加了助動詞的一般疑問句中,行為動詞一律為動詞原形。
二、由肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň?/p>
由肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň涞囊?guī)則是在句中的助動詞之后添加否定詞not。如果句中的謂語動詞的情況和上述1、2、3點相同,則直接在be動詞、情態(tài)動詞和have、has或had之后添加否定詞not。除了be動詞的am詞形外,否定詞not可以和助動詞縮寫為“助動詞 + nt”。而如果句中的謂語動詞是行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時,則要先添加助動詞do、does或did,再在其后添加否定詞not,分別可以縮寫為dont、doesnt和didnt 。endprint
注意:在行為動詞一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的否定句中,行為動詞也一律為動詞原形。
例如:
(1) He is from England.
→He isnt from England .
(2) They can look for things on the Internet in Computer lessons.
→They cant look for things on the Internet in computer lessons.
(3) I have seen the interesting film already.
→I havent seen the interesting film yet.
(4) His brother often plays football after school.
→His brother doesnt often play football after school.
(5) My grandma came for dinner yesterday evening.
→My grandma didnt come for dinner yesterday evening.
下面幾種句型在變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r情況特殊一些,做題時須引起注意:
a. I think +賓語從句。
該句型在變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r,否定詞not應(yīng)放在主句上,即為:I dont think +賓語從句。
例如:
I think it will rain tomorrow.
→I dont think it will rain tomorrow.
b. 祈使句
祈使句的特征是沒有主語,以動詞原形開頭。在變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r,應(yīng)在動詞原形之前添加助動詞dont.
例如:
(1) Water the flowers.
→Dont water the flowers .
(2) Please clean the blackboard.
→Please dont clean the blackboard.
三、句子的單復(fù)數(shù)互換
句子的單復(fù)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換的規(guī)則是:對應(yīng)句中的名詞、代詞、動詞等,能變則變,不能變的,要么保留,要么去掉。要做到熟練掌握并運用這一規(guī)則,必須掌握名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)則,代詞對應(yīng)的人稱和單復(fù)數(shù),動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)的變化規(guī)則等。在解題過程中,還必須具體情況具體對待。
例如:
(1) The girl is from England.
→The girls are from England.
(2) He is a polite and helpful boy.
→They are polite and helpful boys.
上述例句中,劃線的為能變的,沒劃線的為該保留的,加下劃線的a(an)為該去掉的。反之,在由復(fù)數(shù)變?yōu)閱螖?shù)時,則要根據(jù)句意在名詞之前補上一個a (an)。
例如:
They are English girls.
→She is an English .
但是對于“There be“句型,單復(fù)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換時句中的a/an不能去掉,而要根據(jù)句式將其與some或any互換。
例如:
(1) There is a boat on the lake.
→There are some boats on the lake .
(2) There isnt a tree behind the house.
→There arent any trees behind the house.
(3) Is there a pet dog in your home?
→Are there any pet dogs in your home?
(4) There arent any pictures on the wall of our classroom.
→There isnt a picture on the wall of our classroom.
四、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換就是將所給的句子換個說法。這一題型包含的內(nèi)容多,形式雜。有詞匯的同義轉(zhuǎn)換,句型的同義轉(zhuǎn)換等。掌握該題型的解題技巧,可以很好地幫助學(xué)生理解、掌握所學(xué)的詞匯和句型的含義,并在此基礎(chǔ)上加以靈活應(yīng)用,對學(xué)生形成語言綜合運用能力有極大的幫助。要掌握該題型的正確的解題方法,需要在日常的英語學(xué)習(xí)中不斷練習(xí)、歸納、積累。一般說來,同義句轉(zhuǎn)換主要有以下幾種形式:
1. 詞匯的同義轉(zhuǎn)換
詞匯的同義轉(zhuǎn)換主要有同義詞、近義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換,反義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換,和同一個詞在不同的句式中的不同的語序的轉(zhuǎn)換等。
例如:
(1) I spent 50 yuan on the coat.
→I paid 50 yuan for the coat.(同義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換)
(2) He likes playing football too.
→He also likes playing football.(近義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換)endprint
(3) Millie sits behind Daniel.
→Daniel sits in front of Millie.(反義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換)
(4) They are all from America.
→All of them are from America.(詞序的轉(zhuǎn)換)
2. 句型的同義轉(zhuǎn)換
常見的句型的同義轉(zhuǎn)換主要有以下幾種形式:簡單句和簡單句的互換,簡單句和祈使句的互換,復(fù)合句和簡單句的互換,復(fù)合句和復(fù)合句的互換等。
例如:
(1) My favourite lesson is English.
→I like English best.(簡單句和簡單句的互換)
(2) Its lunchtime.
→Its time for lunch. / Its time to have lunch.(簡單句和簡單句的互換)
(3) Lets go boating.
→Shall we go boating?
→Why not go boating?
→What about going boating?(簡單句和簡單句的互換)
(4) I spend about half an hour reading English in the morning.
→It takes me about half an hour to read English in the morning.(簡單句和簡單句的互換)
(5) He is too young to go to school.
→He isnt old enough to go to school.(簡單句和簡單句的互換)
→He is so young that he cant go to school.(簡單句和復(fù)合句的互換)
(6) You cant play basketball in the street.
→Dont play basketball in the street.(簡單句和祈使句的互換)
(7) She didnt go to the bookshop yesterday; she went to the library instead.
→She went to the library instead of the bookshop yesterday.(復(fù)合句和簡單句的互換)
(8) I went to bed after my mother came back last night.
→I didnt go to bed until my mother came back last night.(復(fù)合句和復(fù)合句的互換)
五、對句中的劃線部分提問
對句中的劃線部分提問是句型轉(zhuǎn)換題的重要組成部分。該題型的主旨是確定劃線部分在句子中是什么成分,用合適的疑問詞放在句首代替該部分而構(gòu)成特殊疑問句。解答該題型可使用“三步提問法”。具體步驟如下:
1. 先選擇一個合適的疑問詞。
英語中主要的疑問詞有:what, who, when, whose, where, why, which, how, how old, how many, how much, how long, how often, how soon, how far等。疑問詞的確定要根據(jù)句中的劃線部分作什么成分。上述疑問詞的用法主要為:
What:用來詢問事物、人的姓名和職業(yè)。另外,和不同的詞一起使用還可詢問具體的方面, 如用what time詢問時間,用what color詢問顏色等。
Who:用來詢問人,尤其指人與人之間的關(guān)系。
Whose:用來詢問歸屬,即和人之間的所有關(guān)系。
When:用來詢問時間,一般指較大的時間范圍(小范圍的時間可用what time )。
Where:用來詢問地點。
Which:用來詢問哪一個,主要針對名詞的定語提問。
Why:用來詢問原因,標(biāo)志是because。
How:用來詢問方式、程度。
How old:用來詢問年齡。
How many:用來詢問可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量,其后要接名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
How much:用來詢問不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量,其后要接不可數(shù)名詞。如單獨使用則表示詢問多少錢或?qū)κ挛锪私饣蛳矚g的程度。
How long:用來詢問事物的長度,也可詢問時間長短。
How often:用來詢問某件事或某個動作在一定的時間范圍內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的次數(shù),即頻度。
How soon:用來詢問某件事或某個動作從說話時候起要過多久才會發(fā)生,即詢問將來的情況,一般與將來時態(tài)連用。
How far:用來詢問空間距離。
2. 把原句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧洹?/p>
3. 把確定的疑問詞放在句首,其后跟上一般疑問句的語序,把劃線部分省略即可。
注意:如果句中的劃線部分是主語或主語的定語,則可用疑問詞直接替換而不用一般疑問句的語序。
例如:
(1) Her mother often gives her nice presents.
思考:本句中的劃線部分Her mother 在句中作主語,因而在確定了疑問詞who之后,不用將原句改為一般疑問句,直接替換即可。改寫后的句子為:endprint
Who often gives her nice presents?
(2) The boy on the yellow bike is Lucys brother.
思考:本句中的劃線部分on the yellow bike 在句中作主語The boy 的定語,限定是哪一個男孩,因而確定的疑問詞是which, 直接替換后的句子為:
Which boy is Lucys brother?
(3) I spend about half an hour a day reading English.
思考:本句中的劃線部分不是作主語,也不是作主語的定語,因而適用“三步提問法”。
a. 先確定疑問詞。
劃線的about half an hour 表示一個時間長度,因而疑問詞為how long.
b. 把原句改為一般疑問句為:Do you spend about half an hour a day reading English?
c. 把疑問詞how long 放在句首,其后跟上一般疑問句,把劃線部分去掉,最終的句子為:
How long do you spend a day reading English?
(4) Our teacher will be back in ten minutes.
思考:本句中的劃線部分不是作主語,也不是作主語的定語,因而也適用“三步提問法”。
a. 先確定疑問詞。
劃線的in ten minutes 和一般將來時態(tài)連用,表示“在十分鐘后”或“過十分鐘”,因而疑問詞為how soon.
b. 把原句改為一般疑問句為:Will your teacher be back in ten minutes?
c. 把疑問詞how soon 放在句首,其后跟上一般疑問句,把劃線部分去掉,最終的句子為:
How soon will your teacher be back?
總之,句型轉(zhuǎn)換的解題技巧不是一朝一夕就能形成的,還需要大家在平日的學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)中用心體會,認(rèn)真鉆研,勤總結(jié),多歸納,善積累。endprint